国家如何破产——参考文献
关于国家如何走向破产:大周期循环的引文与参考书目
CITATIONS AND BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR HOW COUNTRIES GO BROKE: THE BIG CYCLE
雷·达利欧著
BY RAY DALIO
本书所用资料来源的详细出处见于以下各页,引用方式为页码加相关文本的开头几字。
The following pages provide more detailed attributions of sources used in the book. References are made via page number and opening words of relevant text.
数据来源说明
除下文特别指出的具体案例外,《国家如何走向破产》一文所展示的内部分析,其数据和信息均来自公开渠道、私人渠道及内部来源。
NOTE ON DATA SOURCES In addition to the specific cases, which we call out in the following pages, the internal analyses shown in How Countries Go Broke utilize data and information from public, private and internal sources.
所用重要数据来源(部分列举)包括:日本不动产证券化协会(ARES)、英格兰银行、BCA 研究、彭博经济、彭博财经、Bond Radar、Candeal、CEIC 数据公司、Ceras Analytics、中国牛市研究、Clarus 金融科技、Clio Infra、CLS 处理解决方案、加拿大会议委员会、美国国会预算办公室、共识经济公司、DTCC 数据仓库、Ecoanalitica、实证研究伙伴、Energy Aspects 公司、Entis(Axioma Qontigo Simcorp)、Enverus、EPFR Global、欧亚集团、Evercore ISI、FactSet 研究系统、Fastmarkets 全球有限公司、美联储、《金融时报》有限公司、Finaeon 公司、FINRA、Gapminder、GaveKal 研究有限公司、GlobalSource Partners、全球主权财富基金、《哈佛商业评论》、Haver Analytics 公司、机构股东服务公司(ISS)、加拿大投资基金协会、ICE 衍生数据(英国)、投资公司协会、国际金融协会、税收联合委员会、摩根大通、JTSA 顾问、LSEG 数据与分析、Maddison 历史统计、MarketAxess、Metals Focus 有限公司、MSCI 公司、美国全国经济研究所、Neudata、经济合作与发展组织、Our World in Data、宾夕法尼亚大学沃顿预算模型、养老金与投资研究中心、Pitchbook、Political Alpha、复兴资本研究、荣鼎集团、RP Data、Rubinson 研究、Rystad Energy、标普全球市场情报、Sentix 有限公司、SGH Macro、上海金属市场、Smart Insider 有限公司、史密森学会、Sustainalytics、Swaps Monitor、Tradeweb、联合国、美国商务部、民主多样性研究所(V-DEM)、Visible Alpha、Vote View、Wells Bay、万得金融信息有限公司、With Intelligence、伍德麦肯兹有限公司、世界银行开放数据、世界金属统计局、世界经济论坛、世界不平等数据库,以及 YieldBook。
A partial list of notable data sources used includes: Association for Real Estate Securitization in Japan (ARES), Bank of England, BCA, Bloomberg Economics, Bloomberg Finance L.P., Bond Radar, Candeal, CEIC Data Company Ltd., Ceras Analytics, China Bull Research, Clarus Financial Technology, Clio Infra, CLS Processing Solutions, Conference Board of Canada, Congressional Budget Office, Consensus Economics Inc., DTCC Data Repository, Ecoanalitica, Empirical Research Partners, Energy Aspects Corp, Entis (Axioma Qontigo Simcorp), Enverus, EPFR Global, Eurasia Group, Evercore ISI, FactSet Research Systems, Fastmarkets Global Limited, Federal Reserve, The Financial Times Limited, Finaeon, Inc., FINRA, Gapminder, GaveKal Research Ltd., GlobalSource Partners, Global SWF, Harvard Business Review, Haver Analytics, Inc., Institutional Shareholder Services (ISS), The Investment Funds Institute of Canada, ICE Derived Data (UK), Investment Company Institute, International Institute of Finance, Joint Committee on Taxation, JP Morgan, JTSA Advisors, LSEG Data and Analytics, Maddison Historical Statistics, MarketAxess, Metals Focus Ltd, MSCI, Inc., National Bureau of Economic Research, Neudata, Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, Our World in Data, Penn Warton Budget Model, Pensions & Investments Research Center, Pitchbook, Political Alpha, Renaissance Capital Research, Rhodium Group, RP Data, Rubinson Research, Rystad Energy, S&P Global Market Intelligence, Sentix GmbH, SGH Macro, Shanghai Metals Market, Smart Insider Ltd., Smithsonian Institution, Sustainalytics, Swaps Monitor, Tradeweb, United Nations, US Department of Commerce, Varieties of Democracy (V-DEM), Visible Alpha, Vote View, Wells Bay, Wind Financial Information LLC, With Intelligence, Wood Mackenzie Limited, World Bank Open Data, World Bureau of Metal Statistics, World Economic Forum, World Inequality Database, and YieldBook.
注释与引用
4 同我的其他著作一样:关于债务与货币周期的全面阐述,请参见我的著作《应对大债务危机的原则》以及《应对变化中的世界秩序的原则》(第一部分:第 3 章和第 4 章)。
NOTES AND CITATIONS 4 As in my other books: Please see my books, Principles for Navigating Big Debt Crises and Principles for Dealing with the Changing World Order (Part 1: Chapter 3 and 4), for a comprehensive explanation of debt and currency cycles.
第 2 章机制的字面表达与核心概念
CHAPTER 2THE MECHANICS IN WORDS AND CONCEPTS
我会深入探讨这几股力量:关于驱动变革的五大力量及其他决定性因素,请参阅我的著作《应对变化中的世界秩序》(第一部分:第 1 章和第 2 章)。
36 I will go into these forces: Please see my book Principles for Dealing with the Changing World Order (Part 1: Chapters 1 and 2), for discussion of the five big forces, and other determinants, that drive change.
60 想要了解更多:请参阅我的著作《应对大债务危机的原则》(第一部分:36–39 页),其中对良性去杠杆有更深入的阐述。
60 If you want to learn more: Please see my book, Principles for Navigating Big Debt (Part 1: 36–39), for a more in-depth description of beautiful deleveraging.
63 关于案例研究:请参阅我的著作《应对大债务危机的原则》(第 2 部分),其中详细分析了德国债务危机与恶性通货膨胀(1918-1924 年)、美国债务危机与调整(1928-1937 年),以及美国债务危机与调整(2007-2011 年)。
63 For the case studies: Please see my book, Principles for Navigating Big Debt (Part 2), for a breakdown of the German Debt Crisis and Hyperinflation (1918-1924), US Debt Crisis and Adjustment (1928-1937), and US debt crisis and adjustment (2007-2011).
关于这个话题,我在之前的报告中已进行了详尽阐述,这里不再赘述。若想深入了解驱动变革的因素,可参阅我的著作《应对变化中的世界秩序的原则》(第一部分:第 1 章和第 2 章),其中做了全面解析。
63 They were covered extensively: Please see my book, Principles for Dealing with the Changing World Order (Part 1: Chapter 1 and 2), for an extensive explanation of the determinants that drive change.
数字与方程中的机制
82 我在前一章中概述了这一点:请参阅我的著作《应对大债务危机的原则》(第一部分:16),以进一步了解政策制定者的四大杠杆。
CHAPTER 3: THE MECHANICS IN NUMBERS AND EQUATIONS 82 I outlined this in the prior chapter: Please see my book, Principles for Navigating Big Debt Crises (Part 1: 16), for further description of the policy makers’ four levers.
第 8 章整体大周期
CHAPTER 8THE OVERALL BIG CYCLE
164 我全面解释过:关于整体大周期在过去 500 年间的体现,请参阅我的著作《应对变化中的世界秩序》(第二部分),其中有全面阐述。
164 I comprehensively explained: Please see my book, Principles for Dealing with the Changing World Order (Part II), for a comprehensive explanation how the Overall Big Cycle was manifest over the last 500 years.
168 在《应对变化中的世界秩序的原则》中:关于大周期的历史案例研究,请参阅我的著作《应对变化中的世界秩序的原则》(第二部分)。
168 In Principles for Dealing with the Changing World Order: Please see my book, Principles for Dealing with the Changing World Order (Part II), for historical case studies of the Big Cycle.
需要重申的是,我不是在说:请参阅我的著作《应对变化中的世界秩序的原则》(第一部分:第五章),该书概述了一个国家国内秩序变化的阶段和时间尺度。
170 To reiterate, I don’t mean: Please see my book, Principles for Dealing with the Changing World Order (Part I: Chapter 5), for an overview of the stages and timescale for changes in a country’s domestic order.
173-174 一条相关的好原则:阿克顿勋爵致曼德尔·克莱顿主教的书信,1887 年 4 月 5 日,补编 MS 6871,阿克顿勋爵文件集,剑桥大学图书馆,英国。
173-174 A relevant good principle: Lord Acton, letter to Bishop Mandell Creighton, April 5, 1887, Add. MS 6871, Papers of Lord Acton, Cambridge University Library, UK.
关于国内秩序变化的案例研究,我在《应对变化中的世界秩序》一书(第一部分:第五章)中做了更详尽的阐述,请参阅。
174 In ways that were more thoroughly explained: Please see my book, Principles for Dealing with the Changing World Order (Part I: Chapter 5), for case studies in changes in domestic order.
第 9 章1865 年至 1945 年浓缩精华版
CHAPTER 9FROM 1865 TO 1945 IN A TINY NUTSHELL
189 坚持金本位制成为:威廉·詹宁斯·布莱恩,《金十字架演说》,芝加哥民主党全国代表大会,1896 年 7 月 9 日,摘录载于《旧金山呼声报》,1896 年 7 月 11 日。
189 Sticking to the gold standard became: William Jennings Bryan, “Cross of Gold Speech” Democratic National Convention, Chicago, July 9, 1896, excerpt printed in San Francisco Call, July 11, 1896.
194 如前文所述:关于第二次世界大战及战前时期的研究案例,请参阅我的著作《原则:应对变化中的世界秩序》(第一部分:第 6 章)。
194 As previously explained: Please see my book, Principles for Dealing with the Changing World Order (Part I: Chapter 6), for a case study on World War II and the period leading up to it.
第十章1945 年至今的大债务周期简评
CHAPTER 10A BRIEF REVIEW OF THE BIG DEBT CYCLE FROM 1945 TO NOW
210 政府债务水平(占 GDP 比重):本图表基于彭博经济(Bloomberg Economics)数据制作。此处债务以占国内生产总值的比例表示。
210 GOVT DEBT LEVEL (% GDP): This chart was produced based on data from Bloomberg Economics. Debt is represented here as a proportion of gross domestic product.
215 因为美国当时很富有:《战后黄金与美元外汇储备的外流》。《联邦储备公报》第 34 卷第 4 期(1948 年):第 375 页。
215 Because the US was rich: “The Postwar Drain on Foreign Gold and Dollar Reserves.” Federal Reserve Bulletin 34, no. 4 (1948): 375.
216 战后初期:关于英国战后经济状况的更多内容,参见 A. N. 波特和 A. J. 斯托克韦尔所著《英国战后重建与殖民政策,1945–51 年》,收录于《英帝国政策与非殖民化,1938–64 年》(帕尔格雷夫·麦克米伦出版社,1987 年)。
216 Immediately after the war: For more on Britain’s postwar economic situation, see A. N. Porter and A. J. Stockwell. “Britain’s Post-war Reconstruction and Colonial Policy, 1945–51,” in British Imperial Policy and Decolonization, 1938–64 (Palgrave MacMillan, 1987).
CHAPTER 111945 至 1971 年——挂钩型(即固定)货币体系
CHAPTER 111945 TO 1971—A LINKED (I.E., HARD) MONETARY SYSTEM
217 英镑的衰落:关于大英帝国与英镑兴衰的案例研究,请参阅我的著作《应对变化中的世界秩序》(第二部:第十章)。
217 The decline of the British Pound: Please see my book, Principles for Dealing with the Changing World Order (Part II: Chapter 10), for a case study on the rise and decline of the British Empire and the pound.
[CHAPTER]第十二章1971 年至 2008 年——法定货币与利率驱动型货币政策
CHAPTER 121971 TO 2008—A FIAT MONEY, INTEREST-RATE-DRIVEN MONETARY
POLICY
223 我把这种货币体系称为:请参阅我的著作《应对大债务危机的原则》(第一部分:39–41 页),了解货币政策 1、货币政策 2 和货币政策 3 的内容。
223 I call this type of monetary system: Please see my book, Principles for Navigating Big Debt (Part 1: 39–41), to learn about Monetary Policy 1, Monetary Policy 2, and Monetary Policy 3.
看到美国中央银行:理查德·穆尼,《戴高乐支持扩大黄金作用》,《纽约时报》,1965 年 2 月 5 日。
220 Seeing the US central bank: Richard Mooney, “De Gaulle Backs Wider Gold Role,” New York Times, February 5, 1965.
230 更具体地说,针对失控的通胀,参见约翰·卡尼的文章《保罗·沃尔克时代及时的银行业教训》,CNBC,2012 年 4 月 5 日。https://www.cnbc.com/2012/04/05/a-timely-banking-lesson-from-the-paul-volcker-era.html。
230 More specifically, in reaction to the uncontrolled inflation: John Carney, “A Timely Banking Lesson from the Paul Volcker Era,” CNBC, April 5, 2012. https://www.cnbc.com/2012/04/05/a-timely-banking-lesson-from-the-paul-volcker- era.html.
230 “自耶稣基督诞生以来”:这是对赫尔穆特·施密特一句话的转述,参见:霍巴特·罗恩,《富国与穷国将规划贷款机构的未来》,《华盛顿邮报》,1982 年 5 月 9 日。
230 “since the birth of Jesus Christ”: This is a paraphrase of a quote by Helmut Schmidt, see: Hobart Rowen, “Rich and Poor Nations to Chart the Future of Lending Agencie,” Washington Post, May 9, 1982.
20 世纪 80 年代,前述的货币紧缩政策:C. 兰德尔·亨宁与 I. M. 德斯特勒,《从忽视到行动:美国政治与 1985 年广场协议》,《公共政策杂志》第 8 卷,第 3–4 期(1988 年):第 317–33 页。
235 In the 1980s, the previously described tight money: C. Randall Henning and I. M. Destler, “From Neglect to Activism: American Politics and the 1985 Plaza Accord,” Journal of Public Policy 8, no. 3–4 (1988): 317–33.
242“自耶稣基督诞生以来的最高水平”:这是对赫尔穆特·施密特一句话的转述,参见:罗文,《富国与穷国》。
242 “the highest levels since the birth of Jesus Christ”: This is a paraphrase of a quote by Helmut Schmidt, see: Rowen, “Rich and Poor Nations.”
第十三章2008 年至 2020 年——法定货币与债务货币化
CHAPTER 132008 TO 2020—FIAT MONEY AND DEBT MONETIZATION
251 有兴趣的读者:请参阅我的著作《应对变化中的世界秩序的原则》(第二部:第十一章),书中结合美国“大周期”的兴衰,审视了近期政治与经济的发展动态。
251 For those who are interested: Please see my book, Principles for Dealing with the Changing World Order (Part II: Chapter 11), for an examination of recent political and economic developments in the context of the United States’ “Big Cycle” rise and decline.
如果你想深入了解这些问题,请参阅我的著作《应对变化中的世界秩序》(第二部分第 13 章),其中讨论了当代中美之间不断变化的经济与地缘政治关系。
254 If you want to get into them: Please see my book, Principles for Dealing with the Changing World Order (Part II: Chapter 13), for a discussion of contemporary changing economic and geopolitical relationships between the US and China.
254 气候变化开始受到广泛关注:联合国气候变化框架公约,通过《巴黎协定》,FCCC/CP/2015/L.9(2015 年 12 月 11 日)。
254 Climate change started to get a lot of attention: United Nations, Framework Convention on Climate Change, Adoption of the Paris Agreement, FCCC/CP/2015/L.9 (December 11, 2015).
美国与财富收入占比:这两张图表基于世界不平等数据库的数据。
259-260 USA and WEALTH INCOME SHARE: These charts are based on data from the World Inequality Database.
第十四章2020 年以来——疫情与大财政赤字货币化
CHAPTER 14SINCE 2020—PANDEMIC AND BIG FISCAL DEFICITS MONETIZED
261 这种 MP3 式的财政与货币政策大规模协调机制:详见我的著作《应对大债务危机的原则》(第一部分:第 41 页;第二部分),以了解“货币政策 3”及其应用的各种案例研究。
261 This massive MP3-type of coordination of fiscal and monetary policies: Please see my book, Principles for Navigating Big Debt (Part 1: 41; Part 2), to learn about Monetary Policy 3 and various case studies of its application.
265 如果你把从过去到现在的线索串联起来:关于“大周期”模板的全面解释,请参阅我的著作《应对变化中的世界秩序的原则》(第一部分:第一章)。
265 If you connect the dots from the past to the present: Please see my book, Principles for Dealing with the Changing World Order (Part I: Chapter 1), for a comprehensive explanation of the Big Cycle template.
第十五章1945-49 年以来中国大周期的一个极简脉络
CHAPTER 15CHINA’S BIG CYCLE FROM 1945-49 UNTIL NOW IN A TINY NUTSHELL
这一指标反映的是估算的相对实力对比:关于中国大周期(Big Cycle)的分析,请参阅我的著作《应对变化中的世界秩序的原则》(第二部分:第 12 章)。
267 This measure shows the estimated relative strength: Please see my book, Principles for Dealing with the Changing World Order (Part II: Chapter 12), for analysis of China’s Big Cycle.
269 中国总债务(占 GDP 比重):本图表数据来源为苏宁主编的《中国金融统计(1949—2005)》(金融出版社,2007 年)及乔治·诺曼·埃克伦德所著《共产主义中国的国内外债务》(中央情报局,1960 年)。
269 CHINA TOTAL DEBT (% GDP): This chart was produced using data from Ning Su, ed., China Financial Statistics (1949–2005) (Finance Publishing House, 2007) and George Norman Ecklund. Foreign and Domestic Debt in Communist China. (Central Intelligence Agency, 1960).
如你在第一张图表中所见,中国的相对实力:如需查看国家实力指数,请访问 economicprinciples.org。
270-271 As you can see in the first chart, China’s relative power: To see the Country Power Index, please visit economicprinciples.org.
1971 年,联合国大会:联合国,大会,第 2758 号决议(第二十六届会议),《恢复中华人民共和国在联合国的合法权利》,A/RES/2758(XXVI) (1971 年 10 月 25 日)。
270 In 1971, the UN General Assembly: United Nations, General Assembly, Resolution 2758 (XXVI), Restoration of the lawful rights of the People's Republic of China in the United Nations, A/RES/2758(XXVI) (October 25, 1971).
”致富光荣“:这是对邓小平一句名言的简略引述,参见:凯姆·杜,《致富光荣》,《对冲基金期刊》,2005 年 1 月,https://thehedgefundjournal.com/it-is-glorious-to-be-rich/。
273 “to get rich is glorious”: This is a simplified reference to a quote by Deng Xiaoping, see: Khiem Do, “It Is Glorious to Be Rich,” Hedge Fund Journal, January 2005, https://thehedgefundjournal.com/it-is-glorious-to-be-rich/.
“不管黑猫白猫,抓住老鼠就是好猫”:这句话广泛归功于邓小平,参见《牛津谚语词典》(牛津大学出版社,2008 年)中的“不管黑猫白猫,抓住老鼠就是好猫”词条。
273 “it doesn’t matter whether a cat is black or white”: This quote is widely attributed to Deng Xiaoping, see: “It Doesn’t Matter If a Cat Is Black or White, as Long as It Catches Mice.” The Oxford Dictionary of Proverbs, Oxford University Press, 2008.
273 “共同富裕”:伯特·霍夫曼,《共同富裕并非从天而降》,墨卡托中国研究中心,2021 年 10 月 5 日,https://merics.org/en/comment/common-prosperity-did-not-fall-sky。
273 “common prosperity”: Bert Hofman, “Common Prosperity Did Not Fall from the Sky,” Mercator Institute for China Studies, October 5, 2021, https://merics.org/en/comment/common- prosperity-did-not-fall-sky.
“在 2009 年,指着 一张旧地图”:潘基文,CML/17/2009(联合国,2009 年)。
275 “In 2009, pointing to an old map”: Ban Ki-Moon, CML/17/2009 (United Nations, 2009).
276 “贫困率下降”:迪伦·沙利文、米哈伊尔·莫阿佐斯和杰森·希克尔,《资本主义改革与中国极端贫困:前所未有的进步还是收入缩水?》,《新政治经济学》第 29 期(2023 年)。
276 “poverty rate fell”: Dylan Sullivan, Michail Moatsos, and Jason Hickel. “Capitalist Reforms and Extreme Poverty in China: Unprecedented Progress or Income Deflation?” New Political Economy 29 (2023).
“‘2018 年,习近平开启第二个五年任期’:杰西卡·格里利与亚伦·克拉克,《习近平的核心圈子》,第三条道路,2023 年 7 月 28 日,https://www.thirdway.org/memo/xis-inner-circle。”
278 “In 2018, Xi began his second five-year term”: Jessica Greely and Aaron Clarke, “Xi’s Inner Circle,” Third Way, July 28, 2023, https://www.thirdway.org/memo/xis-inner-circle.
278 “习近平强调了‘共同富裕’的重要性”:霍夫曼(2021)。
278 “Xi emphasized the importance of “common prosperity’”: Hoffman (2021).
280 “用铁腕控制着 14 亿人”:唐纳德·J·特朗普,2024 年 7 月 20 日密歇根州大急流城集会记录。
280 “controls 1.4 billion people with an iron fist”: Donald J. Trump, transcript of rally in Grand Rapids, MI, July 20, 2024.
280 “多年前”:孙子,《孙子兵法》(多佛信使出版社,2019 年)。
280 “Many years ago”: Sun Tzu, The Art of War (Courier Dover Publications, 2019).
第十六章日本案例及其启示
CHAPTER 16THE JAPANESE CASE AND THE LESSONS IT PROVIDES
294 条政策中,日本政府启动了“三支箭”政策,宣称“安倍经济学正在推进!”——出自日本政府《我们是朋友》冬季刊的演讲与政策专栏,2013 年。
294 initiated their “three arrows” policy to: “Abenomics Is Progressing!” JapanGov, We Are Tomodachi, Speeches and Policy, Winter 2013
305 典型公寓月租金(约 700 平方英尺):本图表基于日本不动产证券化协会(ARES)的数据,由桥水内部分析编制而成。
305 TYPICAL APARTMENT MONTHLY RENT (ABOUT 700 SQ FT): This chart was produced using internal Bridgewater analysis, based on data from the Association for Real Estate Securitization in Japan (ARES).
最贴切的形容是“推绳效应”:关于经典通缩性债务周期的第六阶段——“推绳效应”的深入讨论,请参阅我的著作《应对大债务危机的原则》(第一部分)。
315 best characterized by “pushing on a string”: Please see my book, Principles for Navigating Big Debt (Part 1) for in-depth discussion on the sixth phase of the classic deflationary debt cycle, “pushing on a string.”
319 想更仔细地了解这些内容:要看国家电力指数,请访问 economicprinciples.org。
319 If you want to look at them more closely: To see the Country Power Index, please visit economicprinciples.org.
第十七章我的指标所显示的内容
CHAPTER 17WHAT MY INDICATORS SHOW
327-328 评估中央政府与中央银行长期债务风险:本图表基于全球主权财富基金(Global SWF)的数据制作,该平台是一个跟踪主权财富基金、公共养老金基金以及中央银行的数据与研究平台。
327-328 ASSESSING CENTRAL GOVERNMENT AND CENTRAL BANK LONG-TERM DEBT RISKS: This chart was produced based on data from Global SWF, a data and research platform that tracks sovereign wealth funds, public pension funds, and central banks.
333 关于货币贬值的回顾:请参阅我的著作《应对变化中的世界秩序》第 9 章和第 10 章,其中回顾了荷兰盾和英镑的贬值历程。
333 For a review of the declines: Please see my book, Principles for Dealing with the Changing World Order (Chapter 9 and 10), for a review of the declines of the Dutch Guilder and the British Pound.
第 18 章我的 3% 三步方案
CHAPTER 18MY 3% 3-PART SOLUTION
350 通过削减开支减少赤字的方案示例:此图表根据国会预算办公室、税收联合委员会及宾夕法尼亚大学沃顿商学院预算模型的数据制作。
350 SAMPLE OF OPTIONS FOR REDUCING DEFICITS THROUGH SPENDING CUTS: This chart was produced based on data from the Congressional Budget Office, the Joint Committee on Taxation, and Penn Wharton Budget Model.
351 通过增税减少赤字的各种方案示例:此图表基于国会预算办公室、税收联合委员会以及宾夕法尼亚大学沃顿预算模型的数据编制而成。
351 SAMPLE OF OPTIONS FOR REDUCING DEFICITS THROUGH TAX INCREASES: This chart was produced based on data from the Congressional Budget Office, the Joint Committee on Taxation, and Penn Wharton Budget Model.
第十九章我所预见的未来
CHAPTER 19WHAT THE FUTURE LOOKS LIKE TO ME
361 计算机化专家系统:如需查看达利欧市场原则课程,请访问 principles.com。
361 The computerized expert systems: To see the Dalio Market Principles course, please visit principles.com.
363 我把这个大周期拆解成六个阶段,有关这六个阶段的详细说明,请参见我的著作《原则:应对变化中的世界秩序》(第一部分第五章)。
363 I broke this Big Cycle up: Please see my book, Principles for Dealing with the Changing World Order (Part I: Chapter 5), for an explanation of the six stages in the Big Cycle template.
373-374 主要政党的意识形态立场;国会议员按党派路线投票的比例:这些图表基于 Vote View 的数据制作。
373-374 IDEOLOGICAL POSITIONS OF THE MAJOR PARTIES; SHARE OF CONGRESSIONAL MEMBERS’ VOTES CAST ALONG PARTY LINES: These charts were produced based on data from Vote View.
374% 的人表示,国内支持不同政党的人群之间存在非常或某种程度上的强烈冲突:此图表数据来源于皮尤研究中心(Pew Research Center),华盛顿特区,2022 年 11 月 16 日,https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2022/11/16/most-across-19-countries-see-strong-partisan-conflicts-in-their-society-especially-in-south-korea-and-the-u-s/。
374 % WHO SAY THERE ARE VERY/SOMEWHAT STRONG CONFLICTS BETWEEN PEOPLE WHO SUPPORT DIFFERENT POLITICAL PARTIES IN THEIR OWN COUNTRY: This chart was sourced Pew Research Center, Washington, D.C., (November 16, 2022), https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2022/11/16/most- across-19-countries-see-strong-partisan-conflicts-in-their-society-especially-in-south-korea- and-the-u-s/.
375 全球政治极化指数:此图表基于“民主多样性”项目生成,该项目由瑞典哥德堡大学主导,旨在建立覆盖治理与公民社会五大指标的标准化全球数据库。
375 GLOBAL POLITICAL POLARIZATION INDEX: This chart was produced using Varieties of Democracy (V-DEM), a project run out of the University of Gothenburg in Sweden to create standardized global databases covering five indicators of governance and civil society .
低于六年级阅读水平:美国教育部,国家教育统计中心,《美国成人识字率》,NCES 2019179,赛达·马梅多娃和艾米丽·帕夫洛夫斯基,2019 年。
378 less than a sixth-grade reading level: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Adult Literacy in the United States, NCES 2019179, Saida Mamedova and Emily Pawlowski, 2019.
385 中国,数据来源:U.S. News & World Report,“2024–2025 全球最佳大学排名”。https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/rankings
385 China, which is home to: U.S. News & World Report, “2024–2025 Best Global Universities Rankings.” https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/rankings
385 全球实际人均 GDP(自然对数):由于 1870 年前其他国家可靠数据覆盖有限,此前的全球实际 GDP 主要涵盖欧洲国家。这些图表综合了主要国家在国别层面的拼接估算。该分析部分基于麦迪森历史统计数据,以及罗杰·福凯和斯蒂芬·N·布罗德伯里合著的《欧洲经济增长与衰退的七个世纪》(《经济展望杂志》第 29 卷第 4 期,2015 年)。具体国家的数据序列(多来源于福凯和布罗德伯里的研究)包括:英国数据来自英格兰银行数据集《千年宏观经济数据》,以及斯蒂芬·布罗德伯里、布鲁斯·坎贝尔、亚历山大·克莱因、马克·奥弗顿和巴斯·范·莱文合著的《英国经济增长,1270–1870》(剑桥大学出版社,2015 年)。荷兰数据来自扬·卢滕·范·赞登和巴斯·范·莱文合著的《持续但不一致:荷兰国民收入增长,1347–1807》(《经济史探索》第 49 卷,2015 年)。意大利数据来自保罗·马拉尼马所著《领先经济体的长期衰退:意大利中北部 GDP,1300–1913》(《欧洲经济史评论》第 15 卷,2011 年)。西班牙数据来自卡洛斯·阿尔瓦雷斯-诺加尔和莱安德罗·普拉多斯·德·拉·埃斯库斯拉合著的《西班牙的兴衰(1270–1850)》(《经济史评论》第 66 卷第 1 期,2013 年)。瑞典数据来自伦纳特·舍恩和奥勒·克兰茨合著的《近代早期瑞典经济:构建历史国民账户,1560–2000》(《欧洲经济史评论》第 16 卷,2012 年)。葡萄牙数据来自努诺·帕尔马和雅伊梅·雷斯合著的《葡萄牙人口与经济增长,1500–1850》(2014 年 5 月“大分流核算”会议论文)。中国数据来自斯蒂芬·布罗德伯里所著《大分流的核算》(VoxEU,2013 年),以及邓钢和帕特里克·卡尔·奥布莱恩合著的《创造性破坏:从汉代到现代的中国人均 GDP》(欧洲历史经济学会工作论文 0063,2014 年)。
385 GLOBAL RGDP PER CAPITA (LN): Global RGDP is primarily a mix of European countries before 1870 due to limited reliable data coverage across other countries before that point. These charts combine spliced estimates at a country level for major countries. The analysis is based in part on data from Maddison Historical Statistics and from Roger Fouquet and Stephen N. Broadberry, “Seven Centuries of European Economic Growth and Decline,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 29, no. 4 (2015). Specific country series, many found via Fouquet and Broadberry, include: for the UK, the Bank of England’s dataset, “A Millennium of Macroeconomic Data”; as well as Stephen Broadberry, Bruce Campbell, Alexander Klein, Mark Overton and Bas van Leeuwen, British Economic Growth, 1270–1870 (Cambridge University Press, 2015). For NLD, Jan Luiten van Zanden and Bas van Leeuwen, “Persistent but not consistent: the growth of national income in Holland 1347–1807,” Explorations in Economic History 49 (2015). For ITA, Paolo Malanima, “The long decline of a leading economy: GDP in central and northern Italy, 1300–1913,” European Review of Economic History 15 (2011). For ESP, Carlos Alvarez-Nogal and Leandro Prados de la Escosura, “The rise and fall of Spain (1270–1850),” Economic History Review 66, no. 1 (2013). For SWE, Lennart Schön and Olle Krantz, “The Swedish economy in the early modern period: constructing historical national accounts 1560–2000,” European Review of Economic History 16 (2012). For PRT, Nuno Palma and Jaime Reis, “Portuguese demography and economic growth, 1500–1850,” Paper for Accounting for the Great Divergence Conference, May 2014. For CHN, Stephen Broadberry, “Accounting for the Great Divergence” VoxEU (2013); as well as Kent Deng and Patrick Karl O’Brien, “Creative Destruction: Chinese GDP per capita from the Han Dynasty to Modern Times,” Working Papers 0063, European Historical Economics Society (EHES), 2014.
385 全球出生时预期寿命:此图表根据 Our World in Data 和联合国数据制作,用于呈现近期历史,并依据 Clio Infra 和 Gapminder 的数据向前追溯延伸。2020 年的数据点基于截至 2021 年 8 月已报告当年数据的国家。
385 GLOBAL LIFE EXPECTANCY AT BIRTH: This chart was produced using Bridgewater analysis, based on data from Our World in Data and the UN for the front history, extended back based on data from Clio Infra and Gapminder. The 2020 point is based on countries that had reported data for the year as of August 2021.
关于最佳投资方向:要查看国家实力指数,请访问 economicprinciples.org。
387 As far as the best places to be: To see the Country Power Index, please visit economicprinciples.org.
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
与具名作者合作的作品
Works with Named Author
阿尔瓦雷斯-诺加尔,卡洛斯,与莱安德罗·普拉多斯·德·拉·埃斯库拉。《西班牙的兴衰(1270–1850)》。经济史评论 66 卷,第 1 期(2013 年):1–37。
Alvarez-Nogal, Carlos, and Leandro Prados de la Escosura. “The rise and fall of Spain (1270–1850).” Economic History Review 66, no. 1 (2013): 1–37.
布莱恩,威廉·詹宁斯。“金十字架演讲。”《旧金山呼声报》,1896 年 7 月 11 日。《纪实美国:美国历史报纸》,国会图书馆。https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85066387/1896-07-11/ed-1/seq-3/。
Bryan, William Jennings. “Cross of Gold Speech.” San Francisco Call, July 11, 1896. Chronicling America: Historic America Newspapers. Library of Congress. https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85066387/1896-07-11/ed-1/seq-3/.
布罗德贝里,斯蒂芬。《大分流的解析》。《VoxEU》网站,2013 年 11 月 16 日。
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Broadberry, Stephen. “Accounting for the Great Divergence.” VoxEU, November 16, 2013. https://voxeu.org/article/accounting-great-divergence.
布罗贝里,斯蒂芬,布鲁斯·坎贝尔,亚历山大·克莱因,马克·奥弗顿,巴斯·范·莱文。《英国经济增长,1270—1870》。剑桥大学出版社,2015 年。
Broadberry, Stephen, Bruce Campbell, Alexander Klein, Mark Overton, and Bas van Leeuwen. British Economic Growth, 1270–1870. Cambridge University Press, 2015.
卡尼,约翰。《来自保罗·沃尔克时代的及时银行业一课》。CNBC,2012 年 4 月 5 日。
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雷·达里奥,《应对变化中的世界秩序的原则:国家为何兴衰》,Avid Reader Press/西蒙与舒斯特出版社,2021 年。
Dalio, Ray. Principles for Dealing with the Changing World Order: Why Nations Succeed and Fail. Avid Reader Press/Simon & Schuster, 2021.
达利欧,雷。《应对大债务危机的原则》。热衷于读者出版社/西蒙与舒斯特,2022 年。
Dalio, Ray. Principles for Navigating Big Debt Crises. Avid Reader Press/Simon & Schuster, 2022.
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Deng, Kent, and Patrick Karl O’Brien. “Creative Destruction: Chinese GDP per Capita from the Han Dynasty to Modern Times.” European Historical Economics Society (2014). https://ideas.repec.org/p/ehs/wpaper/0063.html.
杜凯姆(Do, Khiem)。《有钱是光荣的》,《对冲基金杂志》,2005 年 1 月。
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Do, Khiem. “It Is Glorious to Be Rich,” Hedge Fund Journal, January 2005. https://thehedgefundjournal.com/it-is-glorious-to-be-rich/.
埃克伦德,乔治·诺曼:《共产党中国的内外债务》,中央情报局,1960 年。
Ecklund, George Norman. Foreign and Domestic Debt in Communist China. Central Intelligence Agency, 1960.
福凯,罗杰,与斯蒂芬·N. 布罗德伯里合著《欧洲经济增长与衰退的七个世纪》,载于《经济展望杂志》第 29 卷,第 4 期(2015 年):第 227-244 页。
Fouquet, Roger, and Stephen N. Broadberry. “Seven Centuries of European Economic Growth and Decline.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 29, no. (2015): 227–244.
格雷利,杰西卡,与亚伦·克拉克合著。 《习近平的核心圈子》。 第三条道路,2023 年 7 月 28 日。
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Greely, Jessica, and Aaron Clarke. “Xi’s Inner Circle.” Third Way, July 28, 2023. https://www.thirdway.org/memo/xis-inner-circle.
亨宁,C. 兰德尔与 I.M. 德斯特勒。《从忽视到行动:美国政治与 1985 年广场协议》。《公共政策杂志》第 8 卷,第 3–4 期(1988 年):317-333 页。
Henning, C. Randall and I.M. Destler. “From Neglect to Activism: American Politics and the 1985 Plaza Accord.” Journal of Public Policy 8, no. 3–4 (1988): 317-333.
霍夫曼、贝特。《共同富裕不是天上掉下来的》。墨卡托中国研究中心,2021 年 10 月 5 日。https://merics.org/en/comment/common-prosperity-did-not-fall-sky。
Hofman, Bert. “Common Prosperity Did Not Fall From the Sky.” Mercator Institute for China Studies, October 5, 2021. https://merics.org/en/comment/common-prosperity-did-not-fall-sky.
这份引用内容为:潘基文(Ki-Moon, Ban)所著《CML/17/2009》,纽约:联合国,2009 年。链接:https://www.un.org/depts/los/clcs_new/submissions_files/mysvnm33_09/chn_2009re_mys_vnm_e.pdf。
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马兰尼玛,保罗。《一个领先经济体的长期衰落:意大利中部和北部地区的国内生产总值,1300–1913 年》。《欧洲经济史评论》第 15 卷(2011 年):169–219。
Malanima, Paolo. “The long decline of a leading economy: GDP in central and northern Italy, 1300–1913.” European Review of Economic History 15 (2011): 169–219.
帕尔马,努诺,以及海梅·雷斯。“葡萄牙人口与经济增长,1500–1850。”在“解释大分流”会议上提交的论文,华威大学,2014 年 5 月 22–24 日。
Palma, Nuno, and Jaime Reis. “Portuguese Demography and Economic Growth, 1500–1850.” Paper presented at Accounting for the Great Divergence, University of Warwick, May 22–24 (2014).
波特,A. N.,与 A. J. 斯托克韦尔。《英国战后重建与殖民政策,1945–51》。载于《英帝国政策与非殖民化,1938–64》。帕尔格雷夫·麦克米伦出版社,1987 年。
Porter, A. N., and A.J. Stockwell. “Britain’s Post-war Reconstruction and Colonial Policy, 1945–51.” In British Imperial Policy and Decolonization, 1938–64. Palgrave Macmillan, 1987.
罗文,霍巴特。“贫富国家将规划贷款机构的未来。”《华盛顿邮报》,1982 年 5 月 9 日。https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1982/05/09/rich-and-poor-nations-to-chart-the-future-of-lending-agencie/649b6034-6a3a-42d4-a685-68181edc9469/。
Rowen, Hobart. “Rich and Poor Nations to Chart the Future of Lending Agencie.” Washington Post, May 9, 1982. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1982/05/09/rich-and-poor-nations-to- chart-the-future-of-lending-agencie/649b6034-6a3a-42d4-a685-68181edc9469/.
舍恩、伦纳特与奥勒·克兰茨合著。《近代早期瑞典经济:构建历史国民账户(1560–2000 年)》,《欧洲经济史评论》第 16 卷(2012 年),第 529–549 页。
Schön, Lennart and Olle Krantz. “The Swedish economy in the early modern period: Constructing Historical National Accounts 1560–2000.” European Review of Economic History 16 (2012): 529–549.
苏宁主编:《中国金融统计(1949—2005)》,中国金融出版社,2007 年。
Su, Ning, ed. China Financial Statistics (1949–2005). China Finance Publishing House, 2007.
Sullivan、Dylan、Michail Moatsos 和 Jason Hickel。 “资本主义改革与中国极端贫困:前所未有的进步还是收入通缩?”《新政治经济学》29.1(2023):1–21。
Sullivan, Dylan, Michail Moatsos, and Jason Hickel. “Capitalist Reforms and Extreme Poverty in China: Unprecedented Progress or Income Deflation?” New Political Economy 29.1 (2023): 1–21.
特朗普,唐纳德·J. 2024 年 7 月 20 日在密歇根州大急流城集会上的讲话实录。
https://www.rev.com/transcripts/trump-rally-in-grand-rapids-michigan.
Trump, Donald J. Transcript of rally in Grand Rapids, MI. July 20, 2024. https://www.rev.com/transcripts/trump-rally-in-grand-rapids-michigan.
孙子:《孙子兵法》,库利尔多佛出版社,2019 年。
Tzu, Sun. The Art of War. Courier Dover Publications, 2019.
范赞登,扬·勒伊滕,与巴斯·范莱文。《持久但非持续:荷兰国民收入增长 1347—1807 年》。《经济史探索》49(2015):119—130。
van Zanden, Jan Luiten, and Bas van Leeuwen. “Persistent but not consistent: the growth of national income in Holland 1347–1807.” Explorations in Economic History 49 (2015): 119–130.
无署名作者作品
联合国,《联合国气候变化框架公约》,《巴黎协定》通过案。
FCCC/CP/2015/L.9(2015 年 12 月 11 日)。
https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/cop21/eng/l09r01.pdf。
Works Without Named Author United Nations, Framework Convention on Climate Change, Adoption of the Paris Agreement. FCCC/CP/2015/L.9 (December 11, 2015). https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/cop21/eng/l09r01.pdf.
阿克顿勋爵的文件。大学图书馆手稿部。英国剑桥大学图书馆。
Papers of Lord Acton. University Library Department of Manuscripts. Cambridge University Library, UK.
皮尤研究中心,《19 国多数民众认为本国社会存在严重的党派冲突,韩国和美国尤为突出》,劳拉·西尔弗,2022 年 11 月 16 日。https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2022/11/16/most-across-19-countries-see-strong-partisan-conflicts-in-their-society-especially-in-south-korea-and-the-u-s/。
Pew Research Center, “Most across 19 Countries See Strong Partisan Conflicts in Their Society, Especially in South Korea and the U.S.,” Silver, Laura, November 16, 2022. https://www.pewresearch.org/short- reads/2022/11/16/most-across-19-countries-see-strong-partisan-conflicts-in-their-society-especially- in-south-korea-and-the-u-s/.
《战后外国黄金与美元储备的流失》,《联邦储备公报》第 34 卷第 4 期(1948 年 4 月):371–381 页。https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/files/docs/publications/FRB/pages/1945-1949/30033_1945-1949.pdf。
“The Postwar Drain on Foreign Gold and Dollar Reserves.” Federal Reserve Bulletin 34.4 (April 1948): 371– 381. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/files/docs/publications/FRB/pages/1945-1949/30033_1945- 1949.pdf.
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