2005 年伯克希尔完整年报

完整年报 · 原文约 47835 词
译文与英文原文逐段对齐可在本页展开英文,也可打开发布者原址核对上下文。
打开来源正文

伯克希尔·哈撒韦公司(Berkshire Hathaway Inc.)

BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY INC.

2005 年年报

2005 ANNUAL REPORT

目录

TABLE OF CONTENTS

业务活动 内封

Business Activities.................................................... Inside Front Cover

公司业绩与标普 500 指数对比 2

Corporate Performance vs. the S&P 500 ................................................ 2

董事长致股东的信* 3

Chairman’s Letter* ................................................................................. 3

“我最中意的证券”——1951 年一篇关于 GEICO 的文章 24

“The Security I Like Best” – An Article About GEICO from 1951....... 24

收购标准 25

Acquisition Criteria ................................................................................ 25

独立注册公共会计师事务所报告 25

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm................... 25

合并财务报表 26

Consolidated Financial Statements ......................................................... 26

管理层关于财务报告内部控制的报告 54

Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting ................................................................... 54

过去五年精选财务数据 55

Selected Financial Data For The Past Five Years .................................................................................. 55

管理层讨论 56

Management’s Discussion ...................................................................... 56

股东手册 74

Owner’s Manual ..................................................................................... 74

普通股数据与公司治理事项 79

Common Stock Data and Corporate Governance Matters...................... 79

经营业务公司 80

Operating Companies ............................................................................. 80

公司董事及高级职员 内页封底

Directors and Officers of the Company .........................Inside Back Cover

*版权所有 © 2006 沃伦·E·巴菲特

保留所有权利

*Copyright © 2006 By Warren E. Buffett All Rights Reserved

商业活动

Business Activities

伯克希尔·哈撒韦公司是一家控股公司,拥有众多从事不同业务活动的子公司。其中最重要的是财产及意外险保险业务,通过多家子公司以直接承保和再保险两种方式开展。这组子公司中包括 GEICO(美国四大汽车保险公司之一),以及全球最大的两家再保险公司——通用再保险和伯克希尔·哈撒韦再保险集团。

众多业务活动通过非保险子公司进行。非保险子公司中包括几家大型制造业企业。Shaw Industries 是全球最大的簇绒满铺地毯制造商。Benjamin Moore 是一家建筑和工业涂料的配方、制造和零售商。Johns Manville 是保温材料和建筑产品的领先制造商。Acme Building Brands 生产面砖和混凝土砌块产品。MiTek Inc. 为建筑构件市场生产钢连接件产品和工程软件。Fruit of the Loom、Garan、Fechheimer、H.H. Brown Shoe Group 和 Justin Brands 通过多种品牌进行服装和鞋类的制造、授权和分销。McLane Company 是一家向便利店、仓储式会员店、大型零售商、快餐连锁及其他客户批发销售食品和非食品杂货的批发商。

FlightSafety International 为飞机和船舶操作员提供培训。NetJets 提供通用航空飞机的部分所有权计划。内布拉斯加家具城、R.C. Willey 家居用品、Star Furniture 和 Jordan’s Furniture 是家居用品零售商。Borsheim’s、Helzberg Diamond Shops 和 Ben Bridge Jeweler 是精品珠宝零售商。伯克希尔的金融及金融产品业务主要从事自有投资策略(BH Finance)、商业和消费贷款(伯克希尔·哈撒韦信贷公司和 Clayton Homes),以及运输设备和家具租赁(XTRA 和 CORT)。

此外,伯克希尔的其他非保险业务活动包括:《布法罗新闻》,一家每日和周日出版的报纸出版商;喜诗糖果,盒装巧克力及其他糖果产品的制造商和销售商;斯科特-费泽,一家多元化的工业和商业产品制造商和分销商,主要产品以 Kirby 和 Campbell Hausfeld 品牌销售;Albecca,高品质画框产品的设计商、制造商和分销商;CTB International,畜牧和农业设备制造商;International Dairy Queen,向约 6000 家提供乳品甜点和食品的门店提供许可和服务的公司;The Pampered Chef,美国领先的厨房工具直销商;以及 Forest River,美国休闲车辆的主要制造商。

伯克希尔各项业务的运营决策由各业务单元的经理们制定。投资决策以及伯克希尔及其子公司的所有其他资本配置决策,由沃伦·E·巴菲特在咨询查尔斯·T·芒格后做出。巴菲特先生担任伯克希尔董事会主席,芒格先生担任副主席。

Berkshire Hathaway Inc. is a holding company owning subsidiaries engaged in a number of diverse business activities. The most important of these is the property and casualty insurance business conducted on both a direct and reinsurance basis through a number of subsidiaries. Included in this group of subsidiaries is GEICO, one of the four largest auto insurers in the United States and two of the largest reinsurers in the world, General Re and the Berkshire Hathaway Reinsurance Group. Numerous business activities are conducted through non-insurance subsidiaries. Included in the non-insurance subsidiaries are several large manufacturing businesses. Shaw Industries is the world’s largest manufacturer of tufted broadloom carpet. Benjamin Moore is a formulator, manufacturer and retailer of architectural and industrial coatings. Johns Manville is a leading manufacturer of insulation and building products. Acme Building Brands is a manufacturer of face brick and concrete masonry products. MiTek Inc. produces steel connector products and engineering software for the building components market. Fruit of the Loom, Garan, Fechheimer, H.H. Brown Shoe Group and Justin Brands manufacture, license and distribute apparel and footwear under a variety of brand names. McLane Company is a wholesale distributor of groceries and nonfood items to convenience stores, wholesale clubs, mass merchandisers, quick service restaurants and others. FlightSafety International provides training of aircraft and ship operators. NetJets provides fractional ownership programs for general aviation aircraft. Nebraska Furniture Mart, R.C. Willey Home Furnishings, Star Furniture and Jordan’s Furniture are retailers of home furnishings. Borsheim’s, Helzberg Diamond Shops and Ben Bridge Jeweler are retailers of fine jewelry. Berkshire’s finance and financial products businesses primarily engage in proprietary investing strategies (BH Finance), commercial and consumer lending (Berkshire Hathaway Credit Corporation and Clayton Homes) and transportation equipment and furniture leasing (XTRA and CORT). In addition, Berkshire’s other non-insurance business activities include: Buffalo News, a publisher of a daily and Sunday newspaper; See’s Candies, a manufacturer and seller of boxed chocolates and other confectionery products; Scott Fetzer, a diversified manufacturer and distributor of commercial and industrial products, the principal products are sold under the Kirby and Campbell Hausfeld brand names; Albecca, a designer, manufacturer, and distributor of high-quality picture framing products; CTB International, a manufacturer of equipment for the livestock and agricultural industries; International Dairy Queen, a licensor and service provider to about 6,000 stores that offer prepared dairy treats and food; The Pampered Chef, the premier direct seller of kitchen tools in the U.S.; and Forest River, a leading manufacturer of leisure vehicles in the U.S. Operating decisions for the various Berkshire businesses are made by managers of the business units. Investment decisions and all other capital allocation decisions are made for Berkshire and its subsidiaries by Warren E. Buffett, in consultation with Charles T. Munger. Mr. Buffett is Chairman and Mr. Munger is Vice Chairman of Berkshire’s Board of Directors.

****

****

注:下表出现在年报印刷版中致股东信的对面页。

Note: The following table appears in the printed Annual Report on the facing page of the Chairman's Letter

伯克希尔的公司业绩 vs. 标普 500 指数

Berkshire’s Corporate Performance vs. the S&P 500

伯克希尔每股账面价值变动标普500(含股息)的年度百分比变化相对结果
年度(1)(2)(1)-(2)
196523.810.013.8
196620.3(11.7)32.0
196711.030.9(19.9)
196819.011.08.0
196916.2(8.4)24.6
197012.03.98.1
197116.414.61.8
197221.718.92.8
19734.7(14.8)19.5
19745.5(26.4)31.9
197521.937.2(15.3)
197659.323.635.7
197731.9(7.4)39.3
197824.06.417.6
197935.718.217.5
198019.332.3(13.0)
198131.4(5.0)36.4
198240.021.418.6
198332.322.49.9
198413.66.17.5
198548.231.616.6
198626.118.67.5
198719.55.114.4
198820.116.63.5
198944.431.712.7
19907.4(3.1)10.5
199139.630.59.1
199220.37.612.7
199314.310.14.2
199413.91.312.6
199543.137.65.5
199631.823.08.8
199734.133.4.7
199848.328.619.7
1999.521.0(20.5)
20006.5(9.1)15.6
2001(6.2)(11.9)5.7
200210.0(22.1)32.1
200321.028.7(7.7)
200410.510.9(.4)
20056.44.91.5
1965-2005年平均年度收益21.510.311.2
总收益 — 1964-2005305,1345,583
in Per-Share Book Value of BerkshireAnnual Percentage Change in S&P 500 with Dividends IncludedRelative Results
Year(1)(2)(1)-(2)
196523.810.013.8
196620.3(11.7)32.0
196711.030.9(19.9)
196819.011.08.0
196916.2(8.4)24.6
197012.03.98.1
197116.414.61.8
197221.718.92.8
19734.7(14.8)19.5
19745.5(26.4)31.9
197521.937.2(15.3)
197659.323.635.7
197731.9(7.4)39.3
197824.06.417.6
197935.718.217.5
198019.332.3(13.0)
198131.4(5.0)36.4
198240.021.418.6
198332.322.49.9
198413.66.17.5
198548.231.616.6
198626.118.67.5
198719.55.114.4
198820.116.63.5
198944.431.712.7
19907.4(3.1)10.5
199139.630.59.1
199220.37.612.7
199314.310.14.2
199413.91.312.6
199543.137.65.5
199631.823.08.8
199734.133.4.7
199848.328.619.7
1999.521.0(20.5)
20006.5(9.1)15.6
2001(6.2)(11.9)5.7
200210.0(22.1)32.1
200321.028.7(7.7)
200410.510.9(.4)
20056.44.91.5
Average Annual Gain — 1965-200521.510.311.2
Overall Gain — 1964-2005305,1345,583

年均涨幅 — 1965-2005 21.5% 10.3% 11.2%

总涨幅 — 1964-2005 305,134% 5,583%

注释:数据按日历年度计算,但以下情况除外:1965 年和 1966 年截至 9 月 30 日;1967 年为截至 12 月 31 日的 15 个月。

从 1979 年起,会计准则要求保险公司以市价而非原先的成本与市价孰低法来计量其持有的权益证券。在本表中,伯克希尔 1978 年之前的结果已按调整后的规则重新列示。其他所有方面,结果均按最初报告的数字计算。

标普 500 指数的数字是税前数据,而伯克希尔的数字是税后数据。如果一家公司(如伯克希尔)只是持有标普 500 指数并计提相应税款,那么在该指数显示正回报的年份,其业绩会落后于标普 500;而在该指数显示负回报的年份,其业绩会超过标普 500。多年累积下来,税务成本会导致总体落后幅度相当可观。

Average Annual Gain — 1965-2005 21.5 10.3 11.2 Overall Gain — 1964-2005 305,134 5,583 Notes: Data are for calendar years with these exceptions: 1965 and 1966, year ended 9/30; 1967, 15 months ended 12/31. Starting in 1979, accounting rules required insurance companies to value the equity securities they hold at market rather than at the lower of cost or market, which was previously the requirement. In this table, Berkshire’s results through 1978 have been restated to conform to the changed rules. In all other respects, the results are calculated using the numbers originally reported. The S&P 500 numbers are pre-tax whereas the Berkshire numbers are after-tax. If a corporation such as Berkshire were simply to have owned the S&P 500 and accrued the appropriate taxes, its results would have lagged the S&P 500 in years when that index showed a positive return, but would have exceeded the S&P 500 in years when the index showed a negative return. Over the years, the tax costs would have caused the aggregate lag to be substantial.

2

2

伯克希尔·哈撒韦公司

BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY INC.

致伯克希尔·哈撒韦公司的股东们:

To the Shareholders of Berkshire Hathaway Inc.:

2005 年我们的净资产增加了 56 亿美元,A 股和 B 股的每股账面价值均增长 6.4%。过去 41 年(即现任管理层接手以来),账面价值从 19 美元增至 59,377 美元,年复合增长率 21.5%。*

Our gain in net worth during 2005 was $5.6 billion, which increased the per-share book value of both our Class A and Class B stock by 6.4%. Over the last 41 years (that is, since present management took over) book value has grown from $19 to $59,377, a rate of 21.5% compounded annually.*

伯克希尔在 2005 年表现尚可。我们启动了五项收购(其中两项尚未完成),旗下大部分经营子公司也蒸蒸日上。就连我们的保险业务整体表现也不错,尽管卡特里娜飓风给伯克希尔和整个行业都造成了创纪录的损失。我们估计卡特里娜带来的损失为 25 亿美元,而她那两个凶残的姐妹——丽塔和威尔玛——又让我们额外损失了 9 亿美元。

Berkshire had a decent year in 2005. We initiated five acquisitions (two of which have yet to close) and most of our operating subsidiaries prospered. Even our insurance business in its entirety did well, though Hurricane Katrina inflicted record losses on both Berkshire and the industry. We estimate our loss from Katrina at $2.5 billion – and her ugly sisters, Rita and Wilma, cost us an additional $.9 billion.

GEICO——及其杰出的 CEO 托尼·奈斯利——为我们在这个多灾多难之年取得出色的保险业绩立下了功劳。有一项数据格外突出:仅仅两年时间,GEICO 的生产效率就提升了 32%。令人称奇的是,保单数量增长了 26%,员工人数却减少了 4%——而更大的提升还在后面。当我们以如此大幅度的方式降低单位成本时,就能为客户提供越来越高的价值。回报是:去年,GEICO 赢得了更多市场份额,赚取了可观的利润,品牌也得到强化。如果你在 2006 年喜得贵子或添了孙子,就给他取名叫托尼吧。

我写这份报告的目标,是向你提供估算伯克希尔内在价值所需的信息。我说“估算”,是因为内在价值的计算虽然至关重要,但必然不会精确,而且常常会错得离谱。一门生意的未来越不确定,计算结果出现严重偏差的可能性就越大。(关于内在价值的解释,见第 77–78 页。)在这一点上,伯克希尔有一些优势:种类繁多且相对稳定的收入来源,加上充裕的流动性和极低的债务。这些因素意味着,伯克希尔的内在价值能够比大多数公司计算得更精确。

Credit GEICO – and its brilliant CEO, Tony Nicely – for our stellar insurance results in a disaster- ridden year. One statistic stands out: In just two years, GEICO improved its productivity by 32%. Remarkably, employment fell by 4% even as policy count grew by 26% – and more gains are in store. When we drive unit costs down in such a dramatic manner, we can offer ever-greater value to our customers. The payoff: Last year, GEICO gained market-share, earned commendable profits and strengthened its brand. If you have a new son or grandson in 2006, name him Tony.

My goal in writing this report is to give you the information you need to estimate Berkshire’s intrinsic value. I say “estimate” because calculations of intrinsic value, though all-important, are necessarily imprecise and often seriously wrong. The more uncertain the future of a business, the more possibility there is that the calculation will be wildly off-base. (For an explanation of intrinsic value, see pages 77 – 78.) Here Berkshire has some advantages: a wide variety of relatively-stable earnings streams, combined with great liquidity and minimum debt. These factors mean that Berkshire’s intrinsic value can be more precisely calculated than can the intrinsic value of most companies.

然而,尽管伯克希尔的财务特征有助于提升精确性,但正由于收入来源如此之多,计算内在价值的工作反而变得更加复杂。回想 1965 年,我们只有一家小型纺织业务时,计算内在价值易如反掌。如今,我们拥有 68 家截然不同的企业,其经营和财务特征千差万别。这一系列互不相关的企业,加上我们庞大的投资持仓,使得你根本无法仅仅通过审视我们的合并财务报表,就对内在价值做出有依据的估计。

Yet if precision is aided by Berkshire’s financial characteristics, the job of calculating intrinsic value has been made more complex by the mere presence of so many earnings streams. Back in 1965, when we owned only a small textile operation, the task of calculating intrinsic value was a snap. Now we own 68 distinct businesses with widely disparate operating and financial characteristics. This array of unrelated enterprises, coupled with our massive investment holdings, makes it impossible for you to simply examine our consolidated financial statements and arrive at an informed estimate of intrinsic value.

我们试图通过将旗下业务归为四个逻辑分组来缓解这一问题,每组将在本报告后文中分别讨论。在这些讨论中,我们会提供每个分组及其重要组成部分的关键数据。当然,伯克希尔的价值可能高于或低于这四部分之和。结果取决于我们的众多经营单元作为更大企业的一部分是运转得更好还是更差,也取决于资本配置在控股公司的指挥下是改善还是恶化。换句话说,伯克希尔的所有权到底是带来了加分,还是说我们的股东直接持有我们这 68 家企业各自的股票会更好?这些都是重要的问题,但得靠你自己来回答。

We have attempted to ease this problem by clustering our businesses into four logical groups, each of which we discuss later in this report. In these discussions, we will provide the key figures for both the group and its important components. Of course, the value of Berkshire may be either greater or less than the sum of these four parts. The outcome depends on whether our many units function better or worse by being part of a larger enterprise and whether capital allocation improves or deteriorates when it is under the direction of a holding company. In other words, does Berkshire ownership bring anything to the party, or would our shareholders be better off if they directly owned shares in each of our 68 businesses? These are important questions but ones that you will have to answer for yourself.

不过,在审视各项具体业务之前,我们先来看两组数据,它们能说明我们过去是从哪里走来的,现在又走到了哪里。第一组是我们按每股计算持有的投资金额(包括现金及现金等价物)。在计算时,我们剔除了金融业务中持有的投资,因为这些投资在很大程度上被借款所抵消:

Before we look at our individual businesses, however, let’s review two sets of figures that show where we’ve come from and where we are now. The first set is the amount of investments (including cash and cash-equivalents) we own on a per-share basis. In making this calculation, we exclude investments held in our finance operation because these are largely offset by borrowings:

*本报告使用的所有数字均适用于伯克希尔 A 股,A 股是公司 1996 年之前唯一对外发行股票的后续股票。B 股的经济权益相当于 A 股的 1/30。

*All figures used in this report apply to Berkshire’s A shares, the successor to the only stock that the company had outstanding before 1996. The B shares have an economic interest equal to 1/30th that of the A.

3

3

年份 每股投资额*

Year Per-Share Investments*

1965 年 4 美元

1975 年 159 美元

1985 年 2,407 美元

1995 年 21,817 美元

2005 年 74,129 美元

1965-2005 年复合增长率 28.0%

1995-2005 年复合增长率 13.0%

  • 已扣除少数股东权益

1965 ..................................................................... $ 4 1975 ..................................................................... 159 1985 ..................................................................... 2,407 1995 ..................................................................... 21,817 2005 ..................................................................... $74,129 Compound Growth Rate 1965-2005.................... 28.0% Compound Growth Rate 1995-2005.................... 13.0% *Net of minority interests

除了这些有价证券(除少数例外,均由我们的保险公司持有),我们还拥有种类繁多的非保险业务。下面列出了这些业务的税前利润(不含商誉摊销),同样按每股计算:

In addition to these marketable securities, which with minor exceptions are held in our insurance companies, we own a wide variety of non-insurance businesses. Below, we show the pre-tax earnings (excluding goodwill amortization) of these businesses, again on a per-share basis:

年份 每股收益*

Year Per-Share Earnings*

1965 年 4 美元

1975 年 4 美元

1985 年 52 美元

1995 年 175 美元

2005 年 2,441 美元

1965-2005 年复合增长率 17.2%

1995-2005 年复合增长率 30.2%

  • 税前且扣除少数股东权益

1965 ..................................................................... $ 4 1975 ..................................................................... 4 1985 ..................................................................... 52 1995 ..................................................................... 175 2005 ..................................................................... $2,441 Compound Growth Rate 1965-2005.................... 17.2% Compound Growth Rate 1995-2005.................... 30.2% *Pre-tax and net of minority interests

在讨论增长率时,你有必要对为什么选取那些起始年份和终止年份保持警惕。如果其中任何一年属于异常年份,任何增长率的计算都会被扭曲。尤其是当基年盈利不佳时,可能会得出一个惊人却毫无意义的增长率。然而,在上表中,1965 年这一基年的表现异常之好;伯克希尔在那一年赚到的钱,超过此前十年中除了其中一年之外的任何一年。

When growth rates are under discussion, it will pay you to be suspicious as to why the beginning and terminal years have been selected. If either year was aberrational, any calculation of growth will be distorted. In particular, a base year in which earnings were poor can produce a breathtaking, but meaningless, growth rate. In the table above, however, the base year of 1965 was abnormally good; Berkshire earned more money in that year than it did in all but one of the previous ten.

正如你从这两张表中所见,在过去十年中,伯克希尔两大价值构成要素的相对增长率发生了变化,这反映出我们对收购企业的重视程度日益提高。尽管如此,伯克希尔副董事长、我的合伙人查理·芒格和我仍然希望两张表中的数字都能增长。打个比方说,我们希望避免重蹈那对老夫妇的覆辙——他们在感情上已有一段时间力不从心。然而,在他们 50 周年结婚纪念日的晚餐结束时,妻子在轻柔的音乐、红酒和烛光的撩拨下,感受到一阵久违的悸动,便羞怯地提议丈夫上楼亲热。丈夫痛苦地犹豫了片刻,然后回答:“这两件事,我只能干一件,没法两样都来。”

As you can see from the two tables, the comparative growth rates of Berkshire’s two elements of value have changed in the last decade, a result reflecting our ever-increasing emphasis on business acquisitions. Nevertheless, Charlie Munger, Berkshire’s Vice Chairman and my partner, and I want to increase the figures in both tables. In this ambition, we hope – metaphorically – to avoid the fate of the elderly couple who had been romantically challenged for some time. As they finished dinner on their 50th anniversary, however, the wife – stimulated by soft music, wine and candlelight – felt a long-absent tickle and demurely suggested to her husband that they go upstairs and make love. He agonized for a moment and then replied, “I can do one or the other, but not both.”

收购

Acquisitions

多年来,我们现有各项业务总体上应能实现经营利润的温和增长。但仅靠它们本身,无法创造出真正令人满意的回报。要达成这一目标,我们需要进行大规模收购。

Over the years, our current businesses, in aggregate, should deliver modest growth in operating earnings. But they will not in themselves produce truly satisfactory gains. We will need major acquisitions to get that job done.

在这方面,2005 年令人鼓舞。我们达成了五笔收购:两笔在去年完成,一笔在年底后完成交割,还有两笔预计很快完成。这些交易都不涉及发行伯克希尔股票。这一点至关重要,却常常被忽视:当管理层自豪地以股票收购另一家公司时,收购方的股东实际上是在同时出售他们所拥有的一切资产的部分权益。我自己也做过几次这类交易——总的来说,我的这些举动让你们损失了金钱。

In this quest, 2005 was encouraging. We agreed to five purchases: two that were completed last year, one that closed after yearend and two others that we expect to close soon. None of the deals involve the issuance of Berkshire shares. That’s a crucial, but often ignored, point: When a management proudly acquires another company for stock, the shareholders of the acquirer are concurrently selling part of their interest in everything they own. I’ve made this kind of deal a few times myself – and, on balance, my actions have cost you money.

4

4

以下是去年的收购情况:

Here are last year’s purchases:

• 6 月 30 日,我们收购了医疗保护公司(Medical Protective Company,简称“MedPro”),这是一家有着 106 年历史、总部位于韦恩堡的医疗责任保险公司。医疗责任保险承保难度极大,对许多保险公司而言,这块业务已沦为一片坟场。尽管如此,MedPro 应该会有出色表现。它将拥有伯克希尔旗下所有保险公司共有的理念优势:承保纪律凌驾于所有其他目标之上。此外,作为伯克希尔的一部分,MedPro 的财务实力远超竞争对手,这一特质能让医生们安心:那些理赔周期很长的案子,不会因为保险公司倒闭而最终又回到他们自己头上。最后,该公司有一位头脑聪明且精力充沛的首席执行官蒂姆·凯内西(Tim Kenesey),他本能地就像一位伯克希尔经理人那样思考问题。

• On June 30 we bought Medical Protective Company (“MedPro”), a 106-year-old medical malpractice insurer based in Fort Wayne. Malpractice insurance is tough to underwrite and has proved to be a graveyard for many insurers. MedPro nevertheless should do well. It will have the attitudinal advantage that all Berkshire insurers share, wherein underwriting discipline trumps all other goals. Additionally, as part of Berkshire, MedPro has financial strength far exceeding that of its competitors, a quality assuring doctors that long-to-settle claims will not end up back on their doorstep because their insurer failed. Finally, the company has a smart and energetic CEO, Tim Kenesey, who instinctively thinks like a Berkshire manager.

• 我们的第二笔收购——森林河公司,于 8 月 31 日完成交割。两个月前的 6 月 21 日,我收到一份两页纸的传真,上面一条一条地说明了森林河如何符合本报告第 25 页列出的收购标准。此前我从未听说过这家年销售额 16 亿美元的休闲车制造商,也不知道它的所有者兼管理者皮特·利格尔。但那份传真合情合理,我立刻要求对方提供更多数据。第二天早上数据到手,当天下午我就向皮特提出了报价。6 月 28 日,我们握手成交。

• Forest River, our second acquisition, closed on August 31. A couple of months earlier, on June 21, I received a two-page fax telling me – point by point – why Forest River met the acquisition criteria we set forth on page 25 of this report. I had not before heard of the company, a recreational vehicle manufacturer with $1.6 billion of sales, nor of Pete Liegl, its owner and manager. But the fax made sense, and I immediately asked for more figures. These came the next morning, and that afternoon I made Pete an offer. On June 28, we shook hands on a deal.

皮特是一位了不起的企业家。几年前,他把当时规模远不及如今的公司卖给了一家杠杆收购商,对方立马开始对他指手画脚,教他如何经营。没过多久,皮特就离开了,公司也很快陷入破产。随后皮特又把它买了回来。你们大可放心,我绝不会去教皮特怎么管理他的生意。

Pete is a remarkable entrepreneur. Some years back, he sold his business, then far smaller than today, to an LBO operator who promptly began telling him how to run the place. Before long, Pete left, and the business soon sunk into bankruptcy. Pete then repurchased it. You can be sure that I won’t be telling Pete how to manage his operation.

森林河公司拥有 60 家工厂、5400 名员工,在房车业务中持续扩大市场份额,同时还拓展到船舶等其他领域。皮特今年 61 岁——而且显然正处于加速状态。请翻阅本报告随附的《房车行业》(RV Business)文章,你就会明白为什么皮特与伯克希尔是天作之合。

Forest River has 60 plants, 5,400 employees and has consistently gained share in the RV business, while also expanding into other areas such as boats. Pete is 61 – and definitely in an acceleration mode. Read the piece from RV Business that accompanies this report, and you’ll see why Pete and Berkshire are made for each other.

• 2005 年 11 月 12 日,《华尔街日报》刊登了一篇关于伯克希尔独特的收购与管理实践的文章。文中皮特宣称:“把公司卖出去,比换驾照还容易。”

• On November 12, 2005, an article ran in The Wall Street Journal dealing with Berkshire’s unusual acquisition and managerial practices. In it Pete declared, “It was easier to sell my business than to renew my driver’s license.”

在纽约,凯茜·巴伦·坦拉兹(Cathy Baron Tamraz)读到这篇文章,深有感触。11 月 21 日,她给我寄来一封信,开头写道:“身为美国商业资讯(Business Wire)的总裁,我想向您介绍我的公司,因为我相信它符合近日《华尔街日报》一篇文章中详述的伯克希尔·哈撒韦子公司的特征。”

In New York, Cathy Baron Tamraz read the article, and it struck a chord. On November 21, she sent me a letter that began, “As president of Business Wire, I’d like to introduce you to my company, as I believe it fits the profile of Berkshire Hathaway subsidiary companies as detailed in a recent Wall Street Journal article.”

读完凯茜那两页信,我就觉得美国商业资讯和伯克希尔很契合。我尤其喜欢她倒数第二段的话:“我们管理极其精简,不必要开支一律杜绝。这里没有秘书,也没有层层管理层。但为了获得技术优势、推动业务向前发展,我们舍得投入大笔资金。”

By the time I finished Cathy’s two-page letter, I felt Business Wire and Berkshire were a fit. I particularly liked her penultimate paragraph: “We run a tight ship and keep unnecessary spending under wraps. No secretaries or management layers here. Yet we’ll invest big dollars to gain a technological advantage and move the business forward.”

我马上给凯茜打了电话,不久伯克希尔就与商业新闻社的控股股东洛里·洛基(Lorry Lokey)达成了协议。洛里在 1961 年创立了这家公司(并且刚刚任命凯茜为首席执行官)。我特别喜欢洛里这样的成功故事。今天他 78 岁,一手打造的企业为 150 个国家的 25000 家客户提供信息发布服务。他的故事,就像许多选择伯克希尔作为毕生事业归宿的企业家一样,是一个绝佳创意、杰出人才与辛勤努力相遇后所能成就的典范。

I promptly gave Cathy a call, and before long Berkshire had reached agreement with Business Wire’s controlling shareholder, Lorry Lokey, who founded the company in 1961 (and who had just made Cathy CEO). I love success stories like Lorry’s. Today 78, he has built a company that disseminates information in 150 countries for 25,000 clients. His story, like those of many entrepreneurs who have selected Berkshire as a home for their life’s work, is an example of what can happen when a good idea, a talented individual and hard work converge.

• 12 月,我们同意收购 Applied Underwriters 公司 81% 的股权,这家公司为小企业提供薪酬服务与工伤保险相结合的一揽子方案。Applied 的大部分客户位于加州。

• In December we agreed to buy 81% of Applied Underwriters, a company that offers a combination of payroll services and workers’ compensation insurance to small businesses. A majority of Applied’s customers are located in California.

5

5

但在 1998 年,公司当时只有 12 名员工,却收购了一家位于奥马哈、拥有 24 名员工、提供类似服务的公司。西德·费伦茨和史蒂夫·门齐斯,这两位一手打造了 Applied 卓越业务的人,得出结论:奥马哈作为运营基地优势众多——我得补充一句,这是个极其明智的洞察——如今公司 479 名员工中有 400 名都在这里。

In 1998, though, when the company had 12 employees, it acquired an Omaha-based operation with 24 employees that offered a somewhat-similar service. Sid Ferenc and Steve Menzies, who have built Applied’s remarkable business, concluded that Omaha had many advantages as an operational base – a brilliant insight, I might add – and today 400 of the company’s 479 employees are located here.

不到一年前,Applied 与阿吉特·贾恩(Ajit Jain)签订了一笔巨额再保险合同,阿吉特是国民赔偿公司(National Indemnity)再保险部门的杰出经理人。阿吉特对西德和史蒂夫印象深刻,而他们也喜欢伯克希尔的运作方式。于是我们决定联手。我们很高兴西德和史蒂夫仍保留了 Applied 19% 的股权。12 年前他们仅靠微薄资金白手起家,有了伯克希尔的支持,看看他们未来能取得怎样的成就,将是件有趣的事。

Less than a year ago, Applied entered into a large reinsurance contract with Ajit Jain, the extraordinary manager of National Indemnity’s reinsurance division. Ajit was impressed by Sid and Steve, and they liked Berkshire’s method of operation. So we decided to join forces. We are pleased that Sid and Steve retain 19% of Applied. They started on a shoestring only 12 years ago, and it will be fun to see what they can accomplish with Berkshire’s backing.

去年春天,我们持股 80.5% 的子公司中美能源同意收购太平洋电力公司(PacifiCorp),这是一家为西部六个州供电的大型电力公司。此类收购需要获得诸多监管审批,我们现在已拿到这些批文,并预计很快完成交易。届时,伯克希尔将认购 34 亿美元中美能源普通股,中美能源再通过 17 亿美元借款来补足收购资金。在受监管的公用事业领域,你不能指望赚到超额收益,但这个行业为所有者提供了以合理回报部署大笔资金的机会——因此,对伯克希尔来说,这是一门好生意。几年前我曾说过,我们希望能在公用事业领域做几笔非常大的收购。注意“几笔”这个词——我们还会继续寻找更多机会。

• Last spring, MidAmerican Energy, our 80.5% owned subsidiary, agreed to buy PacifiCorp, a major electric utility serving six Western states. An acquisition of this sort requires many regulatory approvals, but we’ve now obtained these and expect to close this transaction soon. Berkshire will then buy $3.4 billion of MidAmerican’s common stock, which MidAmerican will supplement with $1.7 billion of borrowing to complete the purchase. You can’t expect to earn outsized profits in regulated utilities, but the industry offers owners the opportunity to deploy large sums at fair returns – and therefore, it makes good sense for Berkshire. A few years back, I said that we hoped to make some very large purchases in the utility field. Note the plural – we’ll be looking for more.

除了收购这些新业务,我们还持续进行“补强型”收购。有些规模并不小:我们的地毯业务公司 Shaw 去年斥资约 5.5 亿美元完成两笔收购,进一步推进了垂直整合,未来应该能改善利润率。XTRA 和克莱顿住宅公司(Clayton Homes)也完成了能提升价值的收购。

In addition to buying these new operations, we continue to make “bolt-on” acquisitions. Some aren’t so small: Shaw, our carpet operation, spent about $550 million last year on two purchases that furthered its vertical integration and should improve its profit margin in the future. XTRA and Clayton Homes also made value-enhancing acquisitions.

与许多企业买家不同,伯克希尔没有“退出策略”。我们买来就是为了持有。不过,我们确实有入场策略:在美国或海外寻找符合我们六项标准、且价格能产生合理回报的企业。如果你有符合标准的企业,给我打个电话。就像满怀期待的少女,我会守在电话旁。

Unlike many business buyers, Berkshire has no “exit strategy.” We buy to keep. We do, though, have an entrance strategy, looking for businesses in this country or abroad that meet our six criteria and are available at a price that will produce a reasonable return. If you have a business that fits, give me a call. Like a hopeful teenage girl, I’ll be waiting by the phone.

保险业务

Insurance

现在来谈谈我们的四个板块,先从保险说起——这是我们的核心业务。这里的关键在于“浮存金”的规模,以及它随时间推移所产生的成本。

Let’s now talk about our four sectors and start with insurance, our core business. What counts here is the amount of “float” and its cost over time.

对新读者,我解释一下。“浮存金”是不属于我们、但暂时由我们持有的资金。我们的浮存金主要来自两个方面:(1)保费提前支付,而我们提供的服务——保险保障——通常覆盖一年左右的期限;(2)今天发生的损失事件并不总是立即导致我们支付理赔,因为损失有时需要很多年才能被报告(石棉理赔就是个例子)、协商并最终解决。1967 年我们进入保险业时带来的 2000 万美元浮存金,如今已通过内部增长和收购增至 490 亿美元。

For new readers, let me explain. “Float” is money that doesn’t belong to us but that we temporarily hold. Most of our float arises because (1) premiums are paid upfront though the service we provide – insurance protection – is delivered over a period that usually covers a year and; (2) loss events that occur today do not always result in our immediately paying claims, because it sometimes takes many years for losses to be reported (asbestos losses would be an example), negotiated and settled. The $20 million of float that came with our 1967 entry into insurance has now increased – both by way of internal growth and acquisitions – to $49 billion.

浮存金相当美妙——只要代价不高。其成本由承保结果决定,也就是我们最终需要支付的费用和损失,与我们已经收到的保费之间的比较结果。当保险公司实现承保利润时——伯克希尔涉足保险业 39 年来,大约有一半年份都是如此——浮存金就比免费还好。在那些年份,我们实际上是别人付钱请我们持有他们的资金。然而,对大多数保险公司来说,日子要艰难得多:整个财产险行业几乎总是处于承保亏损状态。当亏损金额巨大时,浮存金就变得代价高昂,有时甚至高到毁灭性的程度。

Float is wonderful – if it doesn’t come at a high price. Its cost is determined by underwriting results, meaning how the expenses and losses we will ultimately pay compare with the premiums we have received. When an insurer earns an underwriting profit – as has been the case at Berkshire in about half of the 39 years we have been in the insurance business – float is better than free. In such years, we are actually paid for holding other people’s money. For most insurers, however, life has been far more difficult: In aggregate, the property-casualty industry almost invariably operates at an underwriting loss. When that loss is large, float becomes expensive, sometimes devastatingly so.

6

6

2004 年我们的浮存金成本低于零,当时我跟你们说过,有机会在 2005 年实现零成本浮存金——只要不发生特大灾难。但特大灾难偏偏来了,作为这方面的专业承保商,伯克希尔因飓风损失了 34 亿美元。尽管如此,2005 年我们的浮存金仍然是零成本,这要归功于我们在其他保险业务上取得的出色业绩,尤其是 GEICO。

GEICO 的有效保单数增长了 12.1%,市场占有率从美国私家车市场的 5.6% 左右提升到 6.1% 左右。车险是门大生意:每 1 个百分点的市场份额就对应 16 亿美元的销售额。

In 2004 our float cost us less than nothing, and I told you that we had a chance – absent a mega- catastrophe – of no-cost float in 2005. But we had the mega-cat, and as a specialist in that coverage, Berkshire suffered hurricane losses of $3.4 billion. Nevertheless, our float was costless in 2005 because of the superb results we had in our other insurance activities, particularly at GEICO.

Auto policies in force grew by 12.1% at GEICO, a gain increasing its market share of U.S. private passenger auto business from about 5.6% to about 6.1%. Auto insurance is a big business: Each share- point equates to $1.6 billion in sales.

虽然品牌强度无法量化,但我相信它也显著增强了。1996 年伯克希尔取得 GEICO 控股权时,其年广告支出为 3100 万美元。去年,这一数字上升到 5.02 亿美元。我已经迫不及待想花更多。

While our brand strength is not quantifiable, I believe it also grew significantly. When Berkshire acquired control of GEICO in 1996, its annual advertising expenditures were $31 million. Last year we were up to $502 million. And I can’t wait to spend more.

我们的广告之所以奏效,是因为我们有精彩的故事可讲:与任何其他面向所有申请人的全国性车险公司相比,更多人可以通过投保我们省下更多的钱。(一些专业车险公司对于符合其特定条件的投保人,确实做得很出色;此外,由于我们的全国性竞争对手采用与我们不同的费率系统,他们有时会报出比我们更低的保费。)去年,我们创下了历史最高的转化率——互联网和电话询价转化为实际销售的百分比。这有力地证明,我们的保费与竞争对手相比,比以往任何时候都更有吸引力。请访问 GEICO.com 或致电 800-847-7536 亲自验证。务必说明你是股东,因为这一点通常能让你享受折扣。

Our advertising works because we have a great story to tell: More people can save money by insuring with us than is the case with any other national carrier offering policies to all comers. (Some specialized auto insurers do particularly well for applicants fitting into their niches; also, because our national competitors use rating systems that differ from ours, they will sometimes beat our price.) Last year, we achieved by far the highest conversion rate – the percentage of internet and phone quotes turned into sales – in our history. This is powerful evidence that our prices are more attractive relative to the competition than ever before. Test us by going to GEICO.com or by calling 800-847-7536. Be sure to indicate you are a shareholder because that fact will often qualify you for a discount.

去年我跟你们说过,GEICO 于 2004 年 8 月进入新泽西州。那个州的司机们爱我们。我们在新泽西的新保单留存率高于其他任何州,到 2007 年某个时候,GEICO 很可能成为新泽西州第三大汽车保险公司。在这里,和其他任何地方一样,低成本支撑低价格,进而带来盈利业务的稳步增长。

I told you last year about GEICO’s entry into New Jersey in August, 2004. Drivers in that state love us. Our retention rate there for new policyholders is running higher than in any other state, and by sometime in 2007, GEICO is likely to become the third largest auto insurer in New Jersey. There, as elsewhere, our low costs allow low prices that lead to steady gains in profitable business.

55 年前我第一次发现 GEICO 的时候,这个简单的公式就给我留下了深刻印象。

事实上,在我 21 岁时,当 GEICO 的市值只有 700 万美元的时候,我就写过一篇关于这家公司的文章——第 24 页重印了那篇文章。你们可以看到,我把 GEICO 称为“我最喜欢的股票”。现在我还是这么叫它。

我们在通用再保险和国民赔偿公司拥有大型再保险业务。前者由乔·布兰登和塔德·蒙特罗斯管理,后者由阿吉特·贾恩负责。考虑到飓风损失异常严重、重创了整个行业,2005 年这两家公司的表现都很不错。

That simple formula immediately impressed me 55 years ago when I first discovered GEICO. Indeed, at age 21, I wrote an article about the company – it’s reproduced on page 24 – when its market value was $7 million. As you can see, I called GEICO “The Security I Like Best.” And that’s what I still call it.

We have major reinsurance operations at General Re and National Indemnity. The former is run by Joe Brandon and Tad Montross, the latter by Ajit Jain. Both units performed well in 2005 considering the extraordinary hurricane losses that battered the industry.

大气、海洋或其他因素是否已显著改变飓风的频率或强度,这还是个悬而未决的问题。近期的经历令人担忧。例如,我们知道,在 2004 年之前的 100 年间,约有 59 场 3 级或以上的飓风袭击了东南部和墨西哥湾沿岸各州,其中仅有 3 场达到 5 级。我们同样知道,2004 年有 3 场 3 级风暴重创了这些地区,紧接着 2005 年又出现了 4 场,其中卡特里娜是保险业历史上破坏力最强的飓风。此外,去年海岸附近曾出现 3 场 5 级飓风,所幸它们在登陆前减弱了。

It’s an open question whether atmospheric, oceanic or other causal factors have dramatically changed the frequency or intensity of hurricanes. Recent experience is worrisome. We know, for instance, that in the 100 years before 2004, about 59 hurricanes of Category 3 strength, or greater, hit the Southeastern and Gulf Coast states, and that only three of these were Category 5s. We further know that in 2004 there were three Category 3 storms that hammered those areas and that these were followed by four more in 2005, one of them, Katrina, the most destructive hurricane in industry history. Moreover, there were three Category 5s near the coast last year that fortunately weakened before landfall.

这种风暴更频繁、更猛烈的集中来袭,不过是一次异常现象吗?还是由气候变化、水温或其他我们尚未完全理解的变量所致?而这些因素是否可能正朝着某个方向演变,很快将催生出令卡特里娜飓风相形见绌的灾难?

Was this onslaught of more frequent and more intense storms merely an anomaly? Or was it caused by changes in climate, water temperature or other variables we don’t fully understand? And could these factors be developing in a manner that will soon produce disasters dwarfing Katrina?

乔、阿吉特和我不知道这些至关重要的问题的答案。我们所知道的是,正因为无知,我们必须遵循帕斯卡在其著名的上帝存在之赌中所指明的路线。你或许还记得,他得出的结论是,既然他不知道答案,他的人个收益/损失比就决定了必须给出肯定的结论。

Joe, Ajit and I don’t know the answer to these all-important questions. What we do know is that our ignorance means we must follow the course prescribed by Pascal in his famous wager about the existence of God. As you may recall, he concluded that since he didn’t know the answer, his personal gain/loss ratio dictated an affirmative conclusion.

7

7

循此指引,我们得出的结论是,现在签发巨灾再保险保单,只应以远高于去年的价格承保——而且,即便未来某些重要变量发生变化,在不久的将来引发代价远超以往的风暴,我们的总风险敞口也不至于让我们陷入困境。2004 年过后,我们在一定程度上就有这种感觉——因为当时保费没有变化,我们便缩减了承保量。如今,我们的谨慎程度更进了一步。不过,如果保费水平合适,我们依然具备能力,也依然有意愿成为全球最大的巨灾再保险承保人。

我们旗下规模较小的保险公司,在 MedPro 加入之后,去年取得了极为出色的业绩。不过,你在下表中看到的数据并未完全体现它们的表现。这是因为在收购完成后,我们立即提升了 MedPro 的损失准备金,增加额约为 1.25 亿美元。

So guided, we’ve concluded that we should now write mega-cat policies only at prices far higher than prevailed last year – and then only with an aggregate exposure that would not cause us distress if shifts in some important variable produce far more costly storms in the near future. To a lesser degree, we felt this way after 2004 – and cut back our writings when prices didn’t move. Now our caution has intensified. If prices seem appropriate, however, we continue to have both the ability and the appetite to be the largest writer of mega-cat coverage in the world.

Our smaller insurers, with MedPro added to the fold, delivered truly outstanding results last year. However, what you see in the table below does not do full justice to their performance. That’s because we increased the loss reserves of MedPro by about $125 million immediately after our purchase.

没有人能确切知道,要赔付我们接手的这些保单需要多少钱。医疗事故保险属于“长尾”险种,意思是索赔往往需要很多年才能结案。此外,还有一些损失已经发生,但我们要过一段时间才会听说。不过,在保险业摸爬滚打多年后,我们学到了一件事——而且是吃了苦头才学会的:保险业的意外远非对称。每遇到十件糟糕的意外,你才能碰到一件令人愉快的,那就算走运了。

然而,太多时候,保险公司面对即将浮现的亏损问题,总是报以乐观态度。它们的做派就像一个参加弹簧刀斗殴的家伙,对手猛的一刀朝他喉咙砍来,他却大喊:“你根本没碰到我。”对手则回了一句:“等你回头晃晃脑袋就知道了。”

No one knows with any precision what amount will be required to pay the claims we inherited. Medical malpractice insurance is a “long-tail” line, meaning that claims often take many years to settle. In addition, there are other losses that have occurred, but that we won’t even hear about for some time. One thing, though, we have learned – the hard way – after many years in the business: Surprises in insurance are far from symmetrical. You are lucky if you get one that is pleasant for every ten that go the other way. Too often, however, insurers react to looming loss problems with optimism. They behave like the fellow in a switchblade fight who, after his opponent has taken a mighty swipe at his throat, exclaimed, “You never touched me.” His adversary’s reply: “Just wait until you try to shake your head.”

排除我们为前几个期间增加的准备金,MedPro 实现了承保利润。而我们的其他主要保险公司合计承保保费收入 12.7 亿美元,承保利润 1.04 亿美元。这一成绩极为出色,感谢伯克希尔·哈撒韦本土州保险公司的罗德·埃尔德雷德、中央州保险公司的约翰·基泽、美国责任保险公司的汤姆·尼尔尼、堪萨斯银行家保险公司的唐·托尔,以及国民赔偿公司的唐·沃斯特。

Excluding the reserves we added for prior periods, MedPro wrote at an underwriting profit. And our other primary companies, in aggregate, had an underwriting profit of $324 million on $1,270 million of volume. This is an extraordinary result, and our thanks go to Rod Eldred of Berkshire Hathaway Homestate Companies, John Kizer of Central States Indemnity, Tom Nerney of U. S. Liability, Don Towle of Kansas Bankers Surety and Don Wurster of National Indemnity.

以下是我们在保险各主要领域的承保和浮存金总账:

Here’s the overall tally on our underwriting and float for each major sector of insurance:

(单位:百万美元)

承保利润(亏损) 年末浮存金

保险业务 2005 年 2004 年 2005 年 2004 年

通用再保险 (334) 3 22920 23120

B-H 再保险 (1069) 417 16233 15278

GEICO 1221 970 6692 5960

其他主要业务 235* 161 3442 1736

合计 53 1551 49287 46094

(in $ millions) Underwriting Profit (Loss) Yearend Float Insurance Operations 2005 2004 2005 2004 General Re ....................... $( 334) $ 3 $22,920 $23,120 B-H Reinsurance .............. (1,069) 417 16,233 15,278 GEICO ............................. 1,221 970 6,692 5,960 Other Primary................... 235* 161 3,442 1,736 Total ................................. $ 53 $1,551 $49,287 $46,094

*包括 2005 年 6 月 30 日起的 MedPro。

*Includes MedPro from June 30, 2005.

受监管的公用事业业务

Regulated Utility Business

我们持有中美能源控股公司 80.5%(按完全摊薄计算)的股权,这家公司旗下拥有种类多样的公用事业业务。其中规模最大的包括:(1)约克郡电力公司和北方电力公司,其 370 万电力用户使其成为英国第三大电力分销商;(2)中美能源公司,主要为爱荷华州的 70.6 万电力用户提供服务;(3)克恩河和北方天然气管道,输送量占全美天然气消费量的 7.8%。待我们收购太平洋电力公司(PacifiCorp)的交易完成后,将在西部六个州新增 160 万电力用户,其中俄勒冈州和犹他州为我们贡献最大的业务量。这笔交易将使中美能源的营收增加 33 亿美元,资产增加 141 亿美元。

We have an 80.5% (fully diluted) interest in MidAmerican Energy Holdings, which owns a wide variety of utility operations. The largest of these are (1) Yorkshire Electricity and Northern Electric, whose 3.7 million electric customers make it the third largest distributor of electricity in the U.K.; (2) MidAmerican Energy, which serves 706,000 electric customers, primarily in Iowa; and (3) Kern River and Northern Natural pipelines, which carry 7.8% of the natural gas consumed in the U.S. When our PacifiCorp acquisition closes, we will add 1.6 million electric customers in six Western states, with Oregon and Utah providing us the most business. This transaction will increase MidAmerican’s revenues by $3.3 billion and its assets by $14.1 billion.

8

8

《公用事业控股公司法》(PUHCA)于 2005 年 8 月 8 日被废除,这一里程碑事件使得伯克希尔得以在 2006 年 2 月 9 日将手中持有的中美能源优先股转换为有投票权的普通股。这次转换终结了 PUHCA 之前强加给我们的复杂公司结构。现在我们持有中美能源 83.4% 的普通股和投票权,这使得我们可以在财务会计和税务上将该公司收入进行合并。然而,我们真实的经济利益是前述的 80.5%,因为公司存在已发行的期权,这些期权几年内肯定会被行权,行权后将稀释我们的持股比例。

The Public Utility Holding Company Act (“PUHCA”) was repealed on August 8, 2005, a milestone that allowed Berkshire to convert its MidAmerican preferred stock into voting common shares on February 9, 2006. This conversion ended a convoluted corporate arrangement that PUHCA had forced upon us. Now we have 83.4% of both the common stock and the votes at MidAmerican, which allows us to consolidate the company’s income for financial accounting and tax purposes. Our true economic interest, however, is the aforementioned 80.5%, since there are options outstanding that are sure to be exercised within a few years and that upon exercise will dilute our ownership.

尽管我们的投票权大幅增加,但四方共同持股的格局丝毫没有改变。我们把中美能源视为伯克希尔、沃尔特·斯科特,以及两位杰出管理者戴夫·索科尔和格雷格·阿贝尔之间的合伙关系。各方拥有多少投票权并不重要:只有在全体一致认为某个重大举措明智时,我们才会采取行动。与戴夫、格雷格和沃尔特共事的五年,进一步印证了我最初的判断:伯克希尔不可能找到更好的合伙人。

Though our voting power has increased dramatically, the dynamics of our four-party ownership have not changed at all. We view MidAmerican as a partnership among Berkshire, Walter Scott, and two terrific managers, Dave Sokol and Greg Abel. It’s unimportant how many votes each party has; we will make major moves only when we are unanimous in thinking them wise. Five years of working with Dave, Greg and Walter have underscored my original belief: Berkshire couldn’t have better partners.

你会发现,今年我们向你提供了两张资产负债表:一张按 2005 年 12 月 31 日的 GAAP 准则列示实际数据(其中未合并中美能源),另一张反映随后我们的优先股转换情况。伯克希尔未来的所有财务报告都将包含中美能源的数据。

You will notice that this year we have provided you with two balance sheets, one representing our actual figures per GAAP on December 31, 2005 (which does not consolidate MidAmerican) and one that reflects the subsequent conversion of our preferred. All future financial reports of Berkshire will include MidAmerican’s figures.

有点出乎意料的是,中美能源旗下还有全美第二大房地产经纪公司。而且这还是一块瑰宝。这家母公司的名字是美国家居服务公司,但我们的 19,200 名经纪人通过 18 家地方品牌公司开展业务。在三次小型收购的帮助下,我们去年参与了 640 亿美元的交易,比 2004 年增长了 6.5%。

Somewhat incongruously, MidAmerican owns the second largest real estate brokerage firm in the U.S. And it’s a gem. The parent company’s name is HomeServices of America, but our 19,200 agents operate through 18 locally-branded firms. Aided by three small acquisitions, we participated in $64 billion of transactions last year, up 6.5% from 2004.

目前,近年来白热化的住宅房地产市场正在降温,这应会为我们带来更多收购机会。我们和公司首席执行官罗恩·佩尔蒂埃都预计,十年后 HomeServices 的规模将远大于现在。

Currently, the white-hot market in residential real estate of recent years is cooling down, and that should lead to additional acquisition possibilities for us. Both we and Ron Peltier, the company’s CEO, expect HomeServices to be far larger a decade from now.

以下是中美能源运营的一些关键数据:

Here are some key figures on MidAmerican’s operations:

收益(单位:百万美元)

2005 年 2004 年

英国公用事业 308 326

爱荷华公用事业 288 268

管道 309 288

HomeServices 148 130

其他(净值) 107 172

已终止锌项目的收益(亏损) 8 (579)

公司利息与税前收益 1,168 605

利息(付给伯克希尔以外的债务) (200) (212)

伯克希尔次级债务利息 (157) (170)

所得税 (248) (53)

净收益 563 170

归属伯克希尔*的收益 523 237

欠他人的债务 10,296 10,528

欠伯克希尔的债务 1,289 1,478

Earnings (in $ millions) 2005 2004 U.K. utilities ....................................................................................................... $ 308 $ 326 Iowa utility ......................................................................................................... 288 268 Pipelines ............................................................................................................. 309 288 HomeServices..................................................................................................... 148 130 Other (net) .......................................................................................................... 107 172 Income (loss) from discontinued zinc project .................................................... 8 (579) Earnings before corporate interest and taxes ...................................................... 1,168 605 Interest, other than to Berkshire ......................................................................... (200) (212) Interest on Berkshire junior debt ........................................................................ (157) (170) Income tax .......................................................................................................... (248) (53) Net earnings........................................................................................................ $ 563 $ 170 Earnings applicable to Berkshire* ...................................................................... $ 523 $ 237 Debt owed to others............................................................................................ 10,296 10,528 Debt owed to Berkshire ...................................................................................... 1,289 1,478

*包含伯克希尔赚取的利息(扣除相关所得税后),2005 年为 1.02 亿美元,2004 年为 1.1 亿美元。

*Includes interest earned by Berkshire (net of related income taxes) of $102 in 2005 and $110 in 2004.

9

9

金融与金融产品

Finance and Financial Products

我们金融板块的明星是克莱顿房屋公司,由凯文·克莱顿出色地管理着。他亮眼的业绩并非得益于大环境向好:自伯克希尔 2003 年收购克莱顿以来,活动房屋行业一直令人失望。行业销售额停滞在 40 年来的低位,最近因卡特里娜飓风带来的需求回升几乎肯定是昙花一现。近年,许多业内参与者都蒙受了亏损,只有克莱顿赚到了可观的利润。

The star of our finance sector is Clayton Homes, masterfully run by Kevin Clayton. He does not owe his brilliant record to a rising tide: The manufactured-housing business has been disappointing since Berkshire purchased Clayton in 2003. Industry sales have stagnated at 40-year lows, and the recent uptick from Katrina-related demand will almost certainly be short-lived. In recent years, many industry participants have suffered losses, and only Clayton has earned significant money.

在这种残酷的环境下,克莱顿从大型银行那里购买了大量活动房屋贷款,这些银行发现这类贷款利润微薄且服务困难。克莱顿的运营专长加上伯克希尔的财力,使这项业务对我们而言极为出色,并且我们在这个领域占据领先地位。目前我们服务的贷款总额为 170 亿美元,而收购时仅为 54 亿美元。此外,克莱顿现在拥有其服务组合中 96 亿美元的资产,这一规模几乎全部是在伯克希尔介入之后建立起来的。

In this brutal environment Clayton has bought a large amount of manufactured-housing loans from major banks that found them unprofitable and difficult to service. Clayton’s operating expertise and Berkshire’s financial resources have made this an excellent business for us and one in which we are preeminent. We presently service $17 billion of loans, compared to $5.4 billon at the time of our purchase. Moreover, Clayton now owns $9.6 billion of its servicing portfolio, a position built up almost entirely since Berkshire entered the picture.

为给这个资产组合融资,克莱顿向伯克希尔借钱,而伯克希尔则反过来向公众借入相同金额。作为信用支持的对价,伯克希尔在自身借款成本上向克莱顿加收一个百分点。2005 年,克莱顿为此安排支付了 8300 万美元。这笔金额已计入对面表格的“其他”收入项,而克莱顿 4.16 亿美元的盈利也已扣除了这笔支出。

To finance this portfolio, Clayton borrows money from Berkshire, which in turn borrows the same amount publicly. For the use of its credit, Berkshire charges Clayton a one percentage-point markup on its borrowing cost. In 2005, the cost to Clayton for this arrangement was $83 million. That amount is included in “Other” income in the table on the facing page, and Clayton’s earnings of $416 million are after deducting this payment.

在生产制造方面,克莱顿也一直很活跃。在原有 20 家工厂的基础上,它先在 2004 年通过收购破产的奥克伍德增加了 12 家工厂——仅仅几年前,奥克伍德还是该行业最大的公司之一。然后在 2005 年,克莱顿收购了卡斯滕,这家拥有 4 家工厂的运营公司大大巩固了克莱顿在西海岸的地位。

很久以前,马克·吐温说过:“一个人若是试图拽着猫尾巴把猫带回家,他会学到一种用其他任何方式都学不到的教训。”如果吐温现在还在世,他或许会试试把衍生品业务收尾。用不了几天,他就会选择去拽猫了。

On the manufacturing side, Clayton has also been active. To its original base of twenty plants, it first added twelve more in 2004 by way of the bankruptcy purchase of Oakwood, which just a few years earlier was one of the largest companies in the business. Then in 2005 Clayton purchased Karsten, a four- plant operation that greatly strengthens Clayton’s position on the West Coast.

Long ago, Mark Twain said: “A man who tries to carry a cat home by its tail will learn a lesson that can be learned in no other way.” If Twain were around now, he might try winding up a derivatives business. After a few days, he would opt for cats.

我们去年在持续退出通用再保险衍生品业务的过程中,税前亏损了 1.04 亿美元。自我们着手这项工作以来,累计损失总计达到 4.04 亿美元。

We lost $104 million pre-tax last year in our continuing attempt to exit Gen Re’s derivative operation. Our aggregate losses since we began this endeavor total $404 million.

最初我们持有 23,218 份未到期合约。到 2005 年初,减少到 2,890 份。

你可能会以为到这会儿损失该停住了,但流血还在继续。

去年把库存压缩到 741 份合约,又让我们搭进去上面提到的 1.04 亿美元。

Originally we had 23,218 contracts outstanding. By the start of 2005 we were down to 2,890. You might expect that our losses would have been stemmed by this point, but the blood has kept flowing. Reducing our inventory to 741 contracts last year cost us the $104 million mentioned above.

请记住,1990 年设立这个交易部门的初衷,是通用再保险希望满足保险客户的需求。然而,2005 年我们清理的一份合同,期限竟长达 100 年!很难想象这样的合同能满足什么“需求”——或许唯一的需求是,让那些对薪酬敏感的交易员账上有一笔长期合同。长期合同,或者那些涉及多个变量的合同,最难按市值计价(这是衍生品会计处理的标准程序),也为交易员在估算其价值时提供了最多的“想象”空间。难怪交易员们会极力推销这类合同。

Remember that the rationale for establishing this unit in 1990 was Gen Re’s wish to meet the needs of insurance clients. Yet one of the contracts we liquidated in 2005 had a term of 100 years! It’s difficult to imagine what “need” such a contract could fulfill except, perhaps, the need of a compensation- conscious trader to have a long-dated contract on his books. Long contracts, or alternatively those with multiple variables, are the most difficult to mark to market (the standard procedure used in accounting for derivatives) and provide the most opportunity for “imagination” when traders are estimating their value. Small wonder that traders promote them.

一家依赖假设数字发放巨额薪酬的企业,显然充满危险。当两位交易员执行一笔涉及多个变量(有时颇为深奥)且结算日遥远的交易时,他们各自所在的公司此后每次计算盈利时,都必须为这些合约估值。同一份合约,甲公司可能估出一个价,乙公司却估出另一个价。你可以肯定,估值差异——我个人就见过好几个差异巨大的例子——往往朝着有利于各自公司抬高盈利的方向倾斜。在这个奇怪的世界里,交易双方完成一笔纸上交易后,竟然都能立即报告说这笔交易赚钱了。

A business in which huge amounts of compensation flow from assumed numbers is obviously fraught with danger. When two traders execute a transaction that has several, sometimes esoteric, variables and a far-off settlement date, their respective firms must subsequently value these contracts whenever they calculate their earnings. A given contract may be valued at one price by Firm A and at another by Firm B. You can bet that the valuation differences – and I’m personally familiar with several that were huge – tend to be tilted in a direction favoring higher earnings at each firm. It’s a strange world in which two parties can carry out a paper transaction that each can promptly report as profitable.

我每年都详细讲我们在衍生品上的经历,原因有两个。一个是个人原因,而且不愉快。事实是,由于我没有立即采取行动去关闭,已经让你们损失了不少钱。

I dwell on our experience in derivatives each year for two reasons. One is personal and unpleasant. The hard fact is that I have cost you a lot of money by not moving immediately to close down

10

10

通用再保险的交易业务。查理和我当初在收购通用再保险时就清楚这是个问题,并告知其管理层我们想退出这块业务。确保这件事落实是我的责任。然而,我并没有直面应对,而是浪费了好几年时间试图卖掉这项业务。这注定是徒劳的努力,因为没有任何切实可行的方案能把我们从那些将持续存在几十年的债务迷宫中解救出来。我们的义务尤其令人担忧,因为它们潜在的爆发规模根本无法衡量。而且,一旦出现严重问题,我们知道这很可能与金融市场的其他问题相互关联。

Gen Re’s trading operation. Both Charlie and I knew at the time of the Gen Re purchase that it was a problem and told its management that we wanted to exit the business. It was my responsibility to make sure that happened. Rather than address the situation head on, however, I wasted several years while we attempted to sell the operation. That was a doomed endeavor because no realistic solution could have extricated us from the maze of liabilities that was going to exist for decades. Our obligations were particularly worrisome because their potential to explode could not be measured. Moreover, if severe trouble occurred, we knew it was likely to correlate with problems elsewhere in financial markets.

所以我试图全身而退的努力失败了,与此同时,账面上又多了几笔交易。要怪就怪我优柔寡断吧。(查理管这叫“吸手指”)。当问题出现时,不管是人事上的还是业务经营上的,行动的时刻就是现在。

So I failed in my attempt to exit painlessly, and in the meantime more trades were put on the books. Fault me for dithering. (Charlie calls it thumb-sucking.) When a problem exists, whether in personnel or in business operations, the time to act is now.

我定期描述我们在这一领域的问题,第二个原因是希望我们的经历能对管理者、审计师和监管者有所启发。从某种意义上说,我们是商业煤矿里的金丝雀,在断气之前就该唱出警告的歌声。全球衍生品合约的数量和价值仍在激增,如今已是 1998 年——上次金融大混乱爆发时——的许多倍。

The second reason I regularly describe our problems in this area lies in the hope that our experiences may prove instructive for managers, auditors and regulators. In a sense, we are a canary in this business coal mine and should sing a song of warning as we expire. The number and value of derivative contracts outstanding in the world continues to mushroom and is now a multiple of what existed in 1998, the last time that financial chaos erupted.

我们的经历尤其令人警醒,因为就体面退出而言,我们本是条件优于平均水平的候选者。通用再保险在衍生品领域只是规模相对较小的玩家。它有幸在一个温和的市场中,解除了那些表面具备流动性的头寸,整个过程不受财务或其他压力影响——这些压力本可能迫使它不得不以低效的方式完成清算。我们过去的会计处理是常规做法,甚至被认为是保守的。此外,我们也没有发现任何相关人员有不端行为。

Our experience should be particularly sobering because we were a better-than-average candidate to exit gracefully. Gen Re was a relatively minor operator in the derivatives field. It has had the good fortune to unwind its supposedly liquid positions in a benign market, all the while free of financial or other pressures that might have forced it to conduct the liquidation in a less-than-efficient manner. Our accounting in the past was conventional and actually thought to be conservative. Additionally, we know of no bad behavior by anyone involved.

对未来的其他机构来说,情况可能完全不同。试想一下,如果一家或多家机构(麻烦往往会传染)持有比我们大得多的头寸,身处混乱的市场,在极端且被高度曝光的压力下试图平仓,会是什么光景。这是一个应该现在而非事后高度重视的情景。考虑——并改进——新奥尔良防洪堤可靠性的最佳时机,是在卡特里娜飓风来临之前。

It could be a different story for others in the future. Imagine, if you will, one or more firms (troubles often spread) with positions that are many multiples of ours attempting to liquidate in chaotic markets and under extreme, and well-publicized, pressures. This is a scenario to which much attention should be given now rather than after the fact. The time to have considered – and improved – the reliability of New Orleans’ levees was before Katrina.

终于把通用再保证券公司(Gen Re Securities)清盘了,它走的时候我的心情,就跟一首乡村歌里唱的一样:“我老婆跟我最好的朋友跑了,我可真想念那家伙。”

以下是我们在各类金融及金融产品业务上的业绩:

When we finally wind up Gen Re Securities, my feelings about its departure will be akin to those expressed in a country song, “My wife ran away with my best friend, and I sure miss him a lot.”

Below are the results of our various finance and financial products activities:

(单位:百万美元)

税前利润        带息负债

2005 年 2004 年  2005 年  2004 年

交易业务——普通收入       200 美元 264 美元 1,061 美元 5,751 美元

通用再保险证券业务(亏损)   (104)  (44)  2,617*   5,437*

寿险与年金业务          11   (57)  2,461    2,467

价值资本(亏损)         (33)  30    N/A     N/A

租赁业务             173   92    370     391

预制房屋融资(克雷顿)     416   192    9,299    3,636

其他               159   107    N/A     N/A

资本利得前利润          822   584

交易业务——资本利得(亏损)  (234)  1,750

合计               588 美元 2,334 美元

(in $ millions) Pre-Tax Earnings Interest-Bearing Liabilities 2005 2004 2005 2004 Trading – ordinary income ............................ $ 200 $ 264 $1,061 $5,751 Gen Re Securities (loss) ................................. (104) (44) 2,617* 5,437* Life and annuity operation ............................. 11 (57) 2,461 2,467 Value Capital (loss) ....................................... (33) 30 N/A N/A Leasing operations ......................................... 173 92 370 391 Manufactured-housing finance (Clayton)....... 416 192 9,299 3,636 Other............................................................... 159 107 N/A N/A Income before capital gains............................ 822 584 Trading – capital gains (losses) ..................... (234) 1,750 Total .............................................................. $ 588 $2,334

*包括所有负债

*Includes all liabilities

11

11

制造业、服务业和零售业业务

Manufacturing, Service and Retailing Operations

我们在伯克希尔的这部分业务覆盖了全领域。不过,我们还是先来看看整个集团的资产负债表和利润表摘要。

Our activities in this part of Berkshire cover the waterfront. Let’s look, though, at a summary balance sheet and earnings statement for the entire group.

资产负债表 2005 年 12 月 31 日(单位:百万美元)

Balance Sheet 12/31/05 (in $ millions)

资产                   负债与权益

现金及等价物           1,004 美元 应付票据           1,469 美元

应收账款项及应收票据       3,287 美元 其他流动负债         5,371 美元

存货               4,143 美元 流动负债合计         6,840 美元

其他流动资产           342 美元

流动资产合计           8,776 美元

Assets Liabilities and Equity Cash and equivalents .............................. $ 1,004 Notes payable ............................ $ 1,469 Accounts and notes receivable ............... 3,287 Other current liabilities.............. 5,371 Inventory ................................................ 4,143 Total current liabilities .............. 6,840 Other current assets ................................ 342 Total current assets ................................. 8,776

商誉及其他无形资产        9,260 美元 递延所得税          338 美元

固定资产             7,148 美元 定期债务及其他负债      2,188 美元

其他资产             1,021 美元 权益             16,839 美元

26,205 美元               26,205 美元

Goodwill and other intangibles............... 9,260 Deferred taxes............................ 338 Fixed assets............................................. 7,148 Term debt and other liabilities... 2,188 Other assets............................................. 1,021 Equity ........................................ 16,839 $26,205 $26,205

收益表(单位:百万美元)

项目2005 年2004 年2003 年
营业收入46,89644,14232,106
营业费用(含折旧:2005 年 699,2004 年 676,2003 年 605)44,19041,60429,885
利息费用(净额)835764
税前收益2,6232,4812,157
所得税977941813
净利润1,6461,5401,344

Earnings Statement (in $ millions) 2005 2004 2003 Revenues .................................................................................... $46,896 $44,142 $32,106 Operating expenses (including depreciation of $699 in 2005, $676 in 2004 and $605 in 2003).......................................... 44,190 41,604 29,885 Interest expense (net).................................................................. 83 57 64 Pre-tax earnings.......................................................................... 2,623 2,481 2,157 Income taxes............................................................................... 977 941 813 Net income ................................................................................. $ 1,646 $ 1,540 $ 1,344

这个五花八门的组合——出售的商品从 Dilly Bar 冰淇淋到波音 737 的部分权益不等——去年在平均有形净资产上赚取了相当可观的 22.2%。同样值得注意的是,这些业务在实现这一回报时只用了很少的财务杠杆。显然,我们拥有一些非常出色的公司。然而,我们收购其中许多家时支付的价格远高于其净资产——这一点反映在资产负债表上的商誉项目中——而这种溢价将我们平均账面价值上的收益率拉低到了 10.1%。

This eclectic collection, which sells products ranging from Dilly Bars to fractional interests in Boeing 737s, earned a very respectable 22.2% on average tangible net worth last year. It’s noteworthy also that these operations used only minor financial leverage in achieving that return. Clearly, we own some terrific businesses. We purchased many of them, however, at substantial premiums to net worth – a point reflected in the goodwill item shown on the balance sheet – and that fact reduces the earnings on our average carrying value to 10.1%.

以下是较大类别或单位对应的税前收益:

Here are the pre-tax earnings for the larger categories or units.

税前利润(单位:百万美元)2005 年2004 年
建材产品751643
肖氏地毯485466
服装与鞋类348325
珠宝、家居与糖果零售257215
航空服务120191
麦克莱恩217228
其他业务445413
2,6232,481

Pre-Tax Earnings (in $ millions) 2005 2004 Building Products .................................................................................................... $ 751 $ 643 Shaw Industries ....................................................................................................... 485 466 Apparel & Footwear ................................................................................................ 348 325 Retailing of Jewelry, Home Furnishings and Candy ............................................... 257 215 Flight Services......................................................................................................... 120 191 McLane.................................................................................................................... 217 228 Other businesses ...................................................................................................... 445 413 $2,623 $2,481

12

12

在我们旗下的建材公司和肖氏地毯,原材料和能源成本持续攀升,对我们造成冲击。这些业务大多大量消耗石油(更准确地说是石化产品)和天然气,而这两类大宗商品的价格已大幅飙升。

• In both our building-products companies and at Shaw, we continue to be hit by rising costs for raw materials and energy. Most of these operations are significant users of oil (or more specifically, petrochemicals) and natural gas. And prices for these commodities have soared.

我们也上调了许多产品的价格,但涨价生效往往存在滞后。不过,我们旗下的建材业务和肖氏地毯在 2005 年都交出了不错的成绩单,这要归功于它们强大的经济特许权和能干的管理层。

We, likewise, have raised prices on many products, but there are often lags before increases be- come effective. Nevertheless, both our building-products operations and Shaw delivered respect- able results in 2005, a fact attributable to their strong business franchises and able managements.

· 在服装领域,我们规模最大的子公司鲜果布衣(Fruit of the Loom)再次实现了盈利和市场份额的增长。大家自然知道我们在男士和男童内衣市场的领先地位:我们在大众零售商(沃尔玛、Target 等)录得的该类销售额中约占 48.7%,高于 2002 年我们收购该公司时的 44.2%。在大众零售商渠道的女性及女童贴身内衣业务上,我们的基数虽小,增长却更大,份额已从 2002 年占它们该类销售额的 13.7% 升至 2005 年的 24.7%。在一个大品类中取得这种增长绝非易事。感谢鲜果布衣卓越的首席执行官约翰·霍兰德(John Holland),是他让这一切成为现实。

• In apparel, our largest unit, Fruit of the Loom, again increased earnings and market-share. You know, of course, of our leadership position in men’s and boys’ underwear, in which we account for about 48.7% of the sales recorded by mass-marketers (Wal-Mart, Target, etc.). That’s up from 44.2% in 2002, when we acquired the company. Operating from a smaller base, we have made still greater gains in intimate apparel for women and girls that is sold by the mass-marketers, climbing from 13.7% of their sales in 2002 to 24.7% in 2005. A gain like that in a major category doesn’t come easy. Thank John Holland, Fruit’s extraordinary CEO, for making this happen.

我去年曾告诉大家,本·布里奇(Ben Bridge,珠宝)和 R.C. 威利(R.C. Willey,家居用品)的同店销售额增长远高于各自行业平均水平。你也许会认为,某一年的亮眼数字会让下一年很难对比。但本·布里奇的埃德·布里奇和乔恩·布里奇,以及 R.C. 威利的斯科特·海马斯,充分应对了这一挑战。2005 年,本·布里奇同店销售额增长 6.6%,R.C. 威利达到了 9.9%。

• I told you last year that Ben Bridge (jewelry) and R. C. Willey (home furnishings) had same-store sales gains far above the average of their industries. You might think that blow-out figures in one year would make comparisons difficult in the following year. But Ed and Jon Bridge at their operation and Scott Hymas at R. C. Willey were more than up to this challenge. Ben Bridge had a 6.6% same-store gain in 2005, and R. C. Willey came in at 9.9%.

我们在 R.C. 威利推行的“周日不营业”模式,随着我们不断进驻新市场,继续压制那些一周营业七天的竞争对手。博伊西门店——几年前我对这家店曾深表怀疑——在 2004 年增长 10% 的基础上,2005 年又增长了 21%。我们 11 月新开业的里诺门店一启动便势头迅猛,销售额超过了博伊西店早期的水平。6 月,我们将在萨克拉门托开始营业。如果这家店能如我所料取得成功,未来几年加州人将看到更多 R.C. 威利的门店。

Our never-on-Sunday approach at R. C. Willey continues to overwhelm seven-day competitors as we roll out stores in new markets. The Boise store, about which I was such a skeptic a few years back, had a 21% gain in 2005, coming off a 10% gain in 2004. Our new Reno store, opened in November, broke out of the gate fast with sales that exceeded Boise’s early pace, and we will begin business in Sacramento in June. If this store succeeds as I expect it to, Californians will see many more R. C. Willey stores in the years to come.

• 在飞行服务领域,随着公务航空持续复苏,飞安国际的盈利有所改善。为支持增长,我们在新模拟器上投入巨资。我们最近的一次扩张——新增至 42 个培训中心——是于 9 月开放的位于英国范堡罗的一个大型设施。到 2007 年该设施全面建成时,我们在该建筑及其 15 台模拟器上的投资将超过 1 亿美元。飞安国际能干的 CEO 布鲁斯·惠特曼确保没有竞争对手能在服务广度和深度上与我们相提并论。

• In flight services, earnings improved at FlightSafety as corporate aviation continued its rebound. To support growth, we invest heavily in new simulators. Our most recent expansion, bringing us to 42 training centers, is a major facility at Farnborough, England that opened in September. When it is fully built out in 2007, we will have invested more than $100 million in the building and its 15 simulators. Bruce Whitman, FlightSafety’s able CEO, makes sure that no competitor comes close to offering the breadth and depth of services that we do.

NetJets 的经营业绩则是另一番景象。我去年说过,这项业务 2005 年将会盈利——结果我大错特错。

Operating results at NetJets were a different story. I said last year that this business would earn money in 2005 – and I was dead wrong.

应当指出,我们的欧洲业务既展现了出色的增长,亏损又有所收窄。该地区客户合同增长了 37%。在欧洲,我们是唯一一家上规模的产权共享运营商,而如今我们在那里无所不在的布局,是让 NetJets 成为该行业全球领导者的关键因素。

Our European operation, it should be noted, showed both excellent growth and a reduced loss. Customer contracts there increased by 37%. We are the only fractional-ownership operation of any size in Europe, and our now-pervasive presence there is a key factor in making NetJets the worldwide leader in this industry.

然而,尽管客户数量大幅增长,我们的美国业务却深陷亏损。效率下降,成本飙升。我们认为,我们的三大竞争对手也遇到了类似问题,但它们都隶属于飞机制造商,这些制造商对于赚取合理利润的必要性,可能与我们想法不同。无论如何,这三大竞争对手管理的机队总价值,加起来仍不及我们运营的机队价值。

Despite a large increase in customers, however, our U.S. operation dipped far into the red. Its efficiency fell, and costs soared. We believe that our three largest competitors suffered similar problems, but each is owned by aircraft manufacturers that may think differently than we do about the necessity of making adequate profits. The combined value of the fleets managed by these three competitors, in any case, continues to be less valuable than the fleet that we operate.

里奇·桑图利(Rich Santulli)是我见过的最富干劲的经理人之一,他会解决我们的收入与支出问题。不过,他绝不会以有损 NetJets 飞行体验品质的方式来解决。他和我都致力于提供一种他人无法匹敌的服务水平、安保水平和安全水平。

Rich Santulli, one of the most dynamic managers I’ve ever met, will solve our revenue/expense problem. He won’t do it, however, in a manner that impairs the quality of the NetJets experience. Both he and I are committed to a level of service, security and safety that can’t be matched by others.

13

13

· 我们的零售板块包括喜诗糖果(See’s Candies),这是一家我们在 1972 年初收购的公司(这个年份也让它成为我们最悠久的非保险业务)。当时,查理和我立刻决定让时年 46 岁的查克·哈金斯(Chuck Huggins)负责管理。虽然我们当时在挑选经理人这件事上还是新手,但查理和我这次任命打出了一记本垒打。查克对客户和品牌的热爱渗透了整个组织,在他 34 年的任期内,利润增长逾十倍。这份增长是在一个增长十分缓慢,甚至可能毫无增长的行业里实现的。(这个行业的销量数据很难准确核实,Truffles, perhaps.)

• Our retailing category includes See’s Candies, a company we bought early in 1972 (a date making it our oldest non-insurance business). At that time, Charlie and I immediately decided to put Chuck Huggins, then 46, in charge. Though we were new at the game of selecting managers, Charlie and I hit a home run with this appointment. Chuck’s love for the customer and the brand permeated the organization, which in his 34-year tenure produced a more-than-tenfold increase in profits. This gain was achieved in an industry growing at best slowly and perhaps not at all. (Volume figures in this industry are hard to pin down.)

年底,查克将喜诗糖果的指挥棒交给了布拉德·金斯特勒(Brad Kinstler),他此前管理塞普勒斯保险(Cypress Insurance)和费奇海默公司(Fechheimer’s)时,为伯克希尔屡建佳绩。对我们来说,调动经理人并不常见,但布拉德的过往记录让他成为接掌喜诗的不二人选。我希望查克和他的妻子唐娜能出席股东大会。如果他们到了,股东们可以同我和查理一起,为全美排名第一的糖果制造商送上他们当之无愧的经久掌声。

每一天,我们旗下每一家公司的竞争地位,都会以无数种方式要么在增强,要么在削弱。如果我们能让客户满意、消除不必要的成本、改进产品和服务,我们就在积累优势。但如果我们对客户漠不关心,或者容忍膨胀,我们的公司就会萎缩。以天为单位来看,这些行动的效果微不可察;可累积起来,它们的后果却无比巨大。

At yearend, Chuck turned the reins at See’s over to Brad Kinstler, who previously had served Berkshire well while running Cypress Insurance and Fechheimer’s. It’s unusual for us to move managers around, but Brad’s record made him an obvious choice for the See’s job. I hope Chuck and his wife, Donna, are at the annual meeting. If they are, shareholders can join Charlie and me in giving America’s number one candy maker a richly-deserved round of applause.

Every day, in countless ways, the competitive position of each of our businesses grows either weaker or stronger. If we are delighting customers, eliminating unnecessary costs and improving our products and services, we gain strength. But if we treat customers with indifference or tolerate bloat, our businesses will wither. On a daily basis, the effects of our actions are imperceptible; cumulatively, though, their consequences are enormous.

当这些近乎不易察觉的行动改善了我们的长期竞争地位时,我们会将这一现象称为“拓宽护城河”。如果我们希望十年或二十年后拥有一种自己想要的生意,拓宽护城河便是至关重要之事。当然,我们总是想在短期内赚到更多钱。但当短期与长期发生冲突时,拓宽护城河必须优先。如果管理层为了达到短期盈利目标而做出糟糕决策,并因此在成本、客户满意度或品牌实力上处处被动,那么,任何后见之明的英明决策都无法弥补业已造成的损害。看一看今天汽车和航空业里的管理者们,他们正苦苦挣扎于前任们留下的巨大困境之中。查理喜欢引用本·富兰克林的话:“一盎司的预防胜过一磅的治疗。”但有些时候,再多的治疗都无法弥补过去的错误。

When our long-term competitive position improves as a result of these almost unnoticeable actions, we describe the phenomenon as “widening the moat.” And doing that is essential if we are to have the kind of business we want a decade or two from now. We always, of course, hope to earn more money in the short-term. But when short-term and long-term conflict, widening the moat must take precedence. If a management makes bad decisions in order to hit short-term earnings targets, and consequently gets behind the eight-ball in terms of costs, customer satisfaction or brand strength, no amount of subsequent brilliance will overcome the damage that has been inflicted. Take a look at the dilemmas of managers in the auto and airline industries today as they struggle with the huge problems handed them by their predecessors. Charlie is fond of quoting Ben Franklin’s “An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure.” But sometimes no amount of cure will overcome the mistakes of the past.

我们的经理人专注于拓宽护城河——而且在这方面做得极为出色。简而言之,他们对自己的生意充满激情。通常,远在我们出现之前,他们就已在经营这些业务了;我们此后的唯一作用就是不添乱。如果你们在股东大会上看到这些英雄——以及我们的四位女中豪杰——请感谢他们为你所完成的工作。

我们旗下经理人的态度,与那位娶了大亨独生女的年轻人形成了生动对照——那姑娘相貌平平、乏味无趣。如释重负的父亲在婚礼后把新女婿叫来,开始讨论未来:

“孩子,你一直是我想要却从没得到的儿子。这是公司 50% 股权的凭证,从现在起,你就是我平等的合伙人了。”

“谢谢,爸。”

“那么,你想管哪一块?销售怎么样?”

“我这人吧,只怕在撒哈拉沙漠里匍匐爬行的人也卖不出一杯水。”

“好吧,那负责人事怎么样?”

“我实在不太喜欢跟人打交道。”

“没问题,公司里还有好多其他职位。你想做什么?”

“说实话,我对什么都不太感兴趣。要不您直接把我那份买断算了?”

Our managers focus on moat-widening – and are brilliant at it. Quite simply, they are passionate about their businesses. Usually, they were running those long before we came along; our only function since has been to stay out of the way. If you see these heroes – and our four heroines as well – at the annual meeting, thank them for the job they do for you.

The attitude of our managers vividly contrasts with that of the young man who married a tycoon’s only child, a decidedly homely and dull lass. Relieved, the father called in his new son-in-law after the wedding and began to discuss the future: “Son, you’re the boy I always wanted and never had. Here’s a stock certificate for 50% of the company. You’re my equal partner from now on.” “Thanks, dad.” “Now, what would you like to run? How about sales?” “I’m afraid I couldn’t sell water to a man crawling in the Sahara.” “Well then, how about heading human relations?” “I really don’t care for people.” “No problem, we have lots of other spots in the business. What would you like to do?” “Actually, nothing appeals to me. Why don’t you just buy me out?”

14

14

投资

Investments

下面列出我们的普通股投资。截至 2005 年底,市值超过 7 亿美元的股票已逐项列出。

We show below our common stock investments. Those that had a market value of more than $700 million at the end of 2005 are itemized.

2005 年 12 月 31 日

股份占比 公司 持股成本* 市值

(单位:百万美元)

12/31/05 Percentage of Shares Company Company Owned Cost* Market (in $ millions)

原件此处是表格,PDF 抽取时列结构已丢失,下面只剩按列读出的数字,行列对应关系无法还原。核对数据请打开来源正文。

151,610,700 美国运通公司 12.2 $1,287 $ 7,802

30,322,137 亚美利交易金融公司 12.1 183 1,243

43,854,200 安海斯-布希公司 5.6 2,133 1,884

200,000,000 可口可乐公司 8.4 1,299 8,062

6,708,760 M&T 银行公司 6.0 103 732

48,000,000 穆迪公司 16.2 499 2,948

2,338,961,000 中国石油“H”股(或等值股份) 1.3 488 1,915

100,000,000 宝洁公司 3.0 940 5,788

19,944,300 沃尔玛公司 0.5 944 933

1,727,765 《华盛顿邮报》公司 18.0 11 1,322

95,092,200 富国银行公司 5.7 2,754 5,975

1,724,200 白山保险集团 16.0 369 963

其他 4,937 7,154

普通股总计 $15,947 $46,721

151,610,700 American Express Company ................... 12.2 $1,287 $ 7,802 30,322,137 Ameriprise Financial, Inc..................... 12.1 183 1,243 43,854,200 Anheuser-Busch Cos., Inc. ................... 5.6 2,133 1,884 200,000,000 The Coca-Cola Company ........................ 8.4 1,299 8,062 6,708,760 M&T Bank Corporation .......................... 6.0 103 732 48,000,000 Moody’s Corporation .............................. 16.2 499 2,948 2,338,961,000 PetroChina “H” shares (or equivalents)... 1.3 488 1,915 100,000,000 The Procter & Gamble Company .......... 3.0 940 5,788 19,944,300 Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. ......................... 0.5 944 933 1,727,765 The Washington Post Company .............. 18.0 11 1,322 95,092,200 Wells Fargo & Company......................... 5.7 2,754 5,975 1,724,200 White Mountains Insurance..................... 16.0 369 963 Others ...................................................... 4,937 7,154 Total Common Stocks ............................. $15,947 $46,721

*这是我们的实际买入价,也是我们的计税基础;由于会计准则要求进行减记或增记,GAAP 下的“成本”在少数情形下会与此不同。

*This is our actual purchase price and also our tax basis; GAAP “cost” differs in a few cases because of write-ups or write-downs that have been required.

去年我们投资组合中有几处变动是由公司事件所致:吉列并入宝洁,美国运通分拆出阿默普莱斯金融(Ameriprise)。此外,我们大幅增持了富国银行,这家公司由迪克·科瓦切维奇(Dick Kovacevich)经营得极为出色,同时新建了安海斯-布希(Anheuser-Busch)和沃尔玛(Wal-Mart)的仓位。

A couple of last year’s changes in our portfolio occurred because of corporate events: Gillette was merged into Procter & Gamble, and American Express spun off Ameriprise. In addition, we substantially increased our holdings in Wells Fargo, a company that Dick Kovacevich runs brilliantly, and established positions in Anheuser-Busch and Wal-Mart.

对我们的股票组合不要抱什么幻想。尽管我们持有多家实力雄厚、利润丰厚的企业的重大权益,但这些股票的售价远谈不上便宜。作为一个组合,它们十年后价值或许能翻一番。更有可能的情况是,它们每股收益在这十年间每年合计增长 6% 到 8%,而股价也会大致跟上这个增长步伐。(当然,各家企业的管理层觉得我的预期太保守——我希望他们是对的。)

宝洁与吉列的合并于 2005 年第四季度完成,这要求伯克希尔入账 50 亿美元的税前资本利得。这笔记账分录是会计准则逼出来的,从经济角度看毫无意义,你在评估伯克希尔 2005 年业绩时应该忽略它。合并前我们没打算卖出吉列股票;现在也没打算卖出宝洁股票;而且合并发生时我们没产生任何税负。

Expect no miracles from our equity portfolio. Though we own major interests in a number of strong, highly-profitable businesses, they are not selling at anything like bargain prices. As a group, they may double in value in ten years. The likelihood is that their per-share earnings, in aggregate, will grow 6- 8% per year over the decade and that their stock prices will more or less match that growth. (Their managers, of course, think my expectations are too modest – and I hope they’re right.)

The P&G-Gillette merger, closing in the fourth quarter of 2005, required Berkshire to record a $5.0 billion pre-tax capital gain. This bookkeeping entry, dictated by GAAP, is meaningless from an economic standpoint, and you should ignore it when you are evaluating Berkshire’s 2005 earnings. We didn’t intend to sell our Gillette shares before the merger; we don’t intend to sell our P&G shares now; and we incurred no tax when the merger took place.

一家公司由谁担任首席执行官,其重要性怎么强调都不为过。2001 年吉姆·基尔茨(Jim Kilts)来到吉列之前,这家公司一直苦苦挣扎,尤其是在资本配置上犯下的严重错误让公司深受其害。最典型的例子是,吉列收购金霸王(Duracell)令吉列股东损失了数十亿美元,而这笔损失在传统会计中从未显现。简而言之,吉列在这场收购中所得到的商业价值,根本无法与它付出的代价相提并论。(令人惊讶的是,在讨论收购时,管理层和他们的投资银行家几乎总是对这个最根本的衡量标准视而不见。)

It’s hard to overemphasize the importance of who is CEO of a company. Before Jim Kilts arrived at Gillette in 2001, the company was struggling, having particularly suffered from capital-allocation blunders. In the major example, Gillette’s acquisition of Duracell cost Gillette shareholders billions of dollars, a loss never made visible by conventional accounting. Quite simply, what Gillette received in business value in this acquisition was not equivalent to what it gave up. (Amazingly, this most fundamental of yardsticks is almost always ignored by both managements and their investment bankers when acquisitions are under discussion.)

15

15

吉姆在吉列一上任,便迅速注入财务纪律、收紧运营、激活营销——这些举措极大地提升了公司的内在价值。随后,吉列与宝洁的合并又进一步拓展了两家公司的潜力。凭这些成就,吉姆获得了极为丰厚的报酬——但每一分钱都是他应得的。(这并非纸上谈兵:作为吉列 9.7% 的股东,伯克希尔实际上分担了他薪酬中相应比例的部分。)说真的,为一家巨型企业真正杰出的 CEO 开出多高的薪水都不为过。只不过这类人凤毛麟角。

Upon taking office at Gillette, Jim quickly instilled fiscal discipline, tightened operations and energized marketing, moves that dramatically increased the intrinsic value of the company. Gillette’s merger with P&G then expanded the potential of both companies. For his accomplishments, Jim was paid very well – but he earned every penny. (This is no academic evaluation: As a 9.7% owner of Gillette, Berkshire in effect paid that proportion of his compensation.) Indeed, it’s difficult to overpay the truly extraordinary CEO of a giant enterprise. But this species is rare.

在美国,高管薪酬与业绩严重脱节的现象屡见不鲜,其荒谬程度令人咋舌。而且,这种状况不会改变,因为在 CEO 薪酬这件事上,牌局从一开始就做了手脚,对投资者极为不利。结果便是,一个平庸甚至更差的 CEO——在他亲手挑选的人力资源副总裁和一位来自“拉切特、拉切特和宾戈”(Ratchet, Ratchet and Bingo)那家永远百依百顺的咨询公司的顾问帮衬下——往往能凭借设计拙劣的薪酬安排,领走大笔大笔的钱。

Too often, executive compensation in the U.S. is ridiculously out of line with performance. That won’t change, moreover, because the deck is stacked against investors when it comes to the CEO’s pay. The upshot is that a mediocre-or-worse CEO – aided by his handpicked VP of human relations and a consultant from the ever-accommodating firm of Ratchet, Ratchet and Bingo – all too often receives gobs of money from an ill-designed compensation arrangement.

就拿十年期的固定价格期权来说吧(谁会不想要呢?)。假设停滞公司(Stagnant, Inc.)的 CEO 弗雷德·弗特尔(Fred Futile)拿到了一大把这样的期权——比方说,数量足以让他获得这家公司 1% 的期权——他的自利动机便一目了然:他应当彻底不分红,而是把公司的全部利润都用来回购股票。

Take, for instance, ten year, fixed-price options (and who wouldn’t?). If Fred Futile, CEO of Stagnant, Inc., receives a bundle of these – let’s say enough to give him an option on 1% of the company – his self-interest is clear: He should skip dividends entirely and instead use all of the company’s earnings to repurchase stock.

假设在弗雷德的领导下,停滞公司名副其实。授予期权后的十年里,公司在 100 亿美元净资产的基础上每年赚取 10 亿美元,按最初发行的 1 亿股计算,每股收益为 10 美元。弗雷德拒绝派发股息,并常规性地将所有收益用于回购股票。如果股价始终维持在每股收益的 10 倍,那么到期权期满时,股价将上涨 158%。这是因为回购会使股份数量减少到 3870 万股,每股收益因此增至 25.80 美元。仅仅通过截留股东的收益,弗雷德就变得极其富有,净赚 1.58 亿美元,尽管企业本身毫无起色。令人震惊的是,即使停滞公司在这十年间收益下降了 20%,弗雷德仍能赚取超过 1 亿美元。

Let’s assume that under Fred’s leadership Stagnant lives up to its name. In each of the ten years after the option grant, it earns $1 billion on $10 billion of net worth, which initially comes to $10 per share on the 100 million shares then outstanding. Fred eschews dividends and regularly uses all earnings to repurchase shares. If the stock constantly sells at ten times earnings per share, it will have appreciated 158% by the end of the option period. That’s because repurchases would reduce the number of shares to 38.7 million by that time, and earnings per share would thereby increase to $25.80. Simply by withholding earnings from owners, Fred gets very rich, making a cool $158 million, despite the business itself improving not at all. Astonishingly, Fred could have made more than $100 million if Stagnant’s earnings had declined by 20% during the ten-year period.

弗雷德也可以选择不分红,把他从股东手里截留下来的收益投入到一系列令人失望的项目和收购中去,同样能为自己谋得一份可观的收益。即便这些投资举措只带来区区 5% 的回报,弗雷德仍能赚得盆满钵满。具体来说——只要停滞公司的市盈率保持在 10 倍不变——弗雷德的期权就能为他带来 6300 万美元的进账。而与此同时,他的股东们则会纳闷:当初授予弗雷德期权时,号称会实现的“利益一致”到底跑哪儿去了。

Fred can also get a splendid result for himself by paying no dividends and deploying the earnings he withholds from shareholders into a variety of disappointing projects and acquisitions. Even if these initiatives deliver a paltry 5% return, Fred will still make a bundle. Specifically – with Stagnant’s p/e ratio remaining unchanged at ten – Fred’s option will deliver him $63 million. Meanwhile, his shareholders will wonder what happened to the “alignment of interests” that was supposed to occur when Fred was issued options.

当然,一种“正常”的股息政策——比如把三分之一的利润派发出去——所产生的结果不会这么极端,但仍能给那些毫无建树的管理者带来丰厚的回报。

A “normal” dividend policy, of course – one-third of earnings paid out, for example – produces less extreme results but still can provide lush rewards for managers who achieve nothing.

CEO 们心里都清楚这笔账,知道每派发一毛钱股息,都会降低所有已发行期权的价值。然而,我却从未在那些提请批准固定价格期权计划的委托材料中,看到有关管理层与股东之间这种利益冲突的只言片语。尽管 CEO 们对内总在谆谆告诫资本是有成本的,但他们偏偏忘了告诉股东:固定价格期权赋予他们的,是免费得来的资本。

CEOs understand this math and know that every dime paid out in dividends reduces the value of all outstanding options. I’ve never, however, seen this manager-owner conflict referenced in proxy materials that request approval of a fixed-priced option plan. Though CEOs invariably preach internally that capital comes at a cost, they somehow forget to tell shareholders that fixed-price options give them capital that is free.

事情本不必如此:当利润被留存时,价值会随之自动累积,董事会设计出反映这一事实的期权方案简直易如反掌。但——说来稀奇——这类期权几乎从未发行过。的确,对于行权价格应根据留存收益相应调整的这种想法,在薪酬“专家”看来似乎是天方夜谭,但这些专家对现存每一种偏袒管理层的方案却又无所不知。(“吃人家的嘴软,拿人家的手短。”)

It doesn’t have to be this way: It’s child’s play for a board to design options that give effect to the automatic build-up in value that occurs when earnings are retained. But – surprise, surprise – options of that kind are almost never issued. Indeed, the very thought of options with strike prices that are adjusted for retained earnings seems foreign to compensation “experts,” who are nevertheless encyclopedic about every management-friendly plan that exists. (“Whose bread I eat, his song I sing.”)

被解雇对 CEO 来说,反倒可能是一笔极其丰厚的横财。的确,他在收拾办公桌的那一天“赚到”的钱,比一个美国工人一辈子刷厕所挣的还多。别再提“成功带来成功”那句老话了:如今在总裁套房里,比比皆是的规则是“失败带来成功”。

Getting fired can produce a particularly bountiful payday for a CEO. Indeed, he can “earn” more in that single day, while cleaning out his desk, than an American worker earns in a lifetime of cleaning toilets. Forget the old maxim about nothing succeeding like success: Today, in the executive suite, the all- too-prevalent rule is that nothing succeeds like failure.

16

16

巨额离职补偿、奢华福利以及为平庸业绩支付超额报酬的现象屡见不鲜,根源在于薪酬委员会成了比较数据的奴隶。操作流程很简单:三五位董事——绝非随机挑选——在董事会开会前几小时里,被铺天盖地的薪酬统计数据狂轰滥炸,这些数据还一个劲儿往上窜。与此同时,委员会还会听说其他高管拿到了哪些新福利。就这样,匪夷所思的“甜头”雨点般砸向 CEO,理由不过是大家小时候都用过的那个公司版论调:“可是,妈妈,别的小孩都有啊。”当薪酬委员会遵循这套“逻辑”时,昨天最离谱的过火行为就变成了今天的基准线。

Huge severance payments, lavish perks and outsized payments for ho-hum performance often occur because comp committees have become slaves to comparative data. The drill is simple: Three or so directors – not chosen by chance – are bombarded for a few hours before a board meeting with pay statistics that perpetually ratchet upwards. Additionally, the committee is told about new perks that other managers are receiving. In this manner, outlandish “goodies” are showered upon CEOs simply because of a corporate version of the argument we all used when children: “But, Mom, all the other kids have one.” When comp committees follow this “logic,” yesterday’s most egregious excess becomes today’s baseline.

薪酬委员会应该抱持汉克·格林伯格的作风——这位底特律的重炮手是我儿时的偶像。汉克的儿子史蒂夫曾当过球员经纪人。有一次,他在与一支大联盟球队谈判外野手的合同时,先找父亲试探应该索要多大的签约奖金。作为坚决按表现付薪的人,汉克直截了当地问:“他去年打击率多少?”史蒂夫回答“.246”,汉克立刻回敬道:“去要一件球衣就行了。”

Comp committees should adopt the attitude of Hank Greenberg, the Detroit slugger and a boyhood hero of mine. Hank’s son, Steve, at one time was a player’s agent. Representing an outfielder in negotiations with a major league club, Steve sounded out his dad about the size of the signing bonus he should ask for. Hank, a true pay-for-performance guy, got straight to the point, “What did he hit last year?” When Steve answered “.246,” Hank’s comeback was immediate: “Ask for a uniform.”

(请允许我先简短忏悔一下:在批评薪酬委员会的行为时,我并不是以真正的内部人士身份发言。虽然我在二十家上市公司担任过董事,但只有一位 CEO 把我安排进了他的薪酬委员会。嗯……)

关于美国因贸易失衡而产生的长期问题,我已在之前的报告中阐述过,观点依旧。然而,我的这一信念在 2005 年让伯克希尔付出了 9.55 亿美元的税前代价。这笔金额体现在我们的利润表中,这也说明了 GAAP 在处理收益和亏损时的不同方式。当我们持有股票或债券的长期头寸时,其每年价值的变动会反映在资产负债表上,但只要资产没有出售,就很少会体现在利润中。例如,我们持有的可口可乐股票,价值从早期的 10 亿美元涨到 1998 年底的 134 亿美元,此后又跌至 81 亿美元——这些变动都没有影响我们的利润表。然而,长期外汇头寸需要每日按市价计算,因此会在每个报告期对利润产生影响。从我们首次签订外汇合约之日起,我们累计获利 20 亿美元。

(Let me pause for a brief confession: In criticizing comp committee behavior, I don’t speak as a true insider. Though I have served as a director of twenty public companies, only one CEO has put me on his comp committee. Hmmmm . . .)

My views on America’s long-term problem in respect to trade imbalances, which I have laid out in previous reports, remain unchanged. My conviction, however, cost Berkshire $955 million pre-tax in 2005. That amount is included in our earnings statement, a fact that illustrates the differing ways in which GAAP treats gains and losses. When we have a long-term position in stocks or bonds, year-to-year changes in value are reflected in our balance sheet but, as long as the asset is not sold, are rarely reflected in earnings. For example, our Coca-Cola holdings went from $1 billion in value early on to $13.4 billion at yearend 1998 and have since declined to $8.1 billion – with none of these moves affecting our earnings statement. Long-term currency positions, however, are daily marked to market and therefore have an effect on earnings in every reporting period. From the date we first entered into currency contracts, we are $2.0 billion in the black.

2005 年,我们略微减少了直接持有的外汇头寸。不过,我们通过买入以多种外币计价、且利润主要来自国际业务的股票,部分抵消了这一变化。查理和我更倾向于用这种方式来获得非美元敞口。这主要是因为利率变化:随着美国利率相对于全球其他地区利率上升,持有大多数外币现在涉及显著的负“利差”。我们直接持有的外汇头寸在 2005 年确实因此损失了资金,2006 年很可能还会如此。相比之下,长期来看,持有外国股票很可能带来正利差——甚至是可观的利差。

We reduced our direct position in currencies somewhat during 2005. We partially offset this change, however, by purchasing equities whose prices are denominated in a variety of foreign currencies and that earn a large part of their profits internationally. Charlie and I prefer this method of acquiring non- dollar exposure. That’s largely because of changes in interest rates: As U.S. rates have risen relative to those of the rest of the world, holding most foreign currencies now involves a significant negative “carry.” The carry aspect of our direct currency position indeed cost us money in 2005 and is likely to do so again in 2006. In contrast, the ownership of foreign equities is likely, over time, to create a positive carry – perhaps a substantial one.

影响美国经常账户赤字的潜在因素仍在持续恶化,而且看不到缓解迹象。我们不仅看到了贸易赤字——经常账户中最大、也最广为人知的项目——在 2005 年创下历史新高,而且还有第二个项目——投资收入差额——预计很快将由正转负。随着外国人持有的美国资产(或对美国的债权)相对于美国海外投资持续增长,这些投资者将开始从他们持有的资产中获得比我们从本国资产中获得的更多收益。最后,经常账户的第三个组成部分——单边转移支付——始终是负数。

The underlying factors affecting the U.S. current account deficit continue to worsen, and no letup is in sight. Not only did our trade deficit – the largest and most familiar item in the current account – hit an all-time high in 2005, but we also can expect a second item – the balance of investment income – to soon turn negative. As foreigners increase their ownership of U.S. assets (or of claims against us) relative to U.S. investments abroad, these investors will begin earning more on their holdings than we do on ours. Finally, the third component of the current account, unilateral transfers, is always negative.

需要强调的是,美国极其富有,而且会越来越富有。因此,美国经常账户的巨大失衡可能还会持续很长时间,对美国经济或市场不会产生明显的有害影响。不过,我怀疑这种局面能永远安稳下去。要么美国人很快以我们选择的方式解决问题,要么在某个时刻,问题很可能会以它自己的不愉快方式找上我们。

The U.S., it should be emphasized, is extraordinarily rich and will get richer. As a result, the huge imbalances in its current account may continue for a long time without their having noticeable deleterious effects on the U.S. economy or on markets. I doubt, however, that the situation will forever remain benign. Either Americans address the problem soon in a way we select, or at some point the problem will likely address us in an unpleasant way of its own.

17

17

如何将投资收益最小化

How to Minimize Investment Returns

多年来,伯克希尔和其他美国股票持有者要赚钱是件轻松的事。举个超长期例子:1899 年 12 月 31 日到 1999 年 12 月 31 日,道琼斯指数从 66 点涨到 11,497 点。(猜猜这需要多高的年增长率?在本节末尾你会看到令人惊讶的答案。)这一巨大涨幅背后有个简单原因:百年间,美国企业表现极为出色,投资者搭上了这趟繁荣的顺风车。企业至今依然表现良好。但如今,股东们却通过一系列自找的伤口,正在大幅削减自己从投资中获得的回报。

It’s been an easy matter for Berkshire and other owners of American equities to prosper over the years. Between December 31, 1899 and December 31, 1999, to give a really long-term example, the Dow rose from 66 to 11,497. (Guess what annual growth rate is required to produce this result; the surprising answer is at the end of this section.) This huge rise came about for a simple reason: Over the century American businesses did extraordinarily well and investors rode the wave of their prosperity. Businesses continue to do well. But now shareholders, through a series of self-inflicted wounds, are in a major way cutting the returns they will realize from their investments.

要解释这是如何发生的,得从一条基本真理说起:除非有少数例外情况,比如公司破产时部分亏损由债权人承担,否则所有股东从今天到世界末日所能赚到的总和,最多只能等于他们拥有的企业所赚到的总和。没错,通过聪明或幸运的买卖,投资者 A 可以在牺牲投资者 B 的情况下多分到一块蛋糕。而且,股市飙升时所有投资者确实会觉得自己更富有了。但一个股东要想退出,必须有人接替他。如果某个投资者高价卖出,就必须有另一个投资者高价买入。从全体股东的角度看,根本没有什么魔法——没有天降横财——能让他们从公司中榨取的财富超出公司自身创造的财富。

The explanation of how this is happening begins with a fundamental truth: With unimportant exceptions, such as bankruptcies in which some of a company’s losses are borne by creditors, the most that owners in aggregate can earn between now and Judgment Day is what their businesses in aggregate earn. True, by buying and selling that is clever or lucky, investor A may take more than his share of the pie at the expense of investor B. And, yes, all investors feel richer when stocks soar. But an owner can exit only by having someone take his place. If one investor sells high, another must buy high. For owners as a whole, there is simply no magic – no shower of money from outer space – that will enable them to extract wealth from their companies beyond that created by the companies themselves.

事实上,由于“摩擦性”成本的存在,股东赚到的钱必然少于企业赚到的钱。这正是我要说的:如今这些成本发生得如此之高,以至于股东们赚到的钱将远低于历史水平。

Indeed, owners must earn less than their businesses earn because of “frictional” costs. And that’s my point: These costs are now being incurred in amounts that will cause shareholders to earn far less than they historically have.

为了搞明白这笔费用是怎么膨胀起来的,不妨设想一下:美国所有公司,从现在到永远,都归同一个家族所有。我们就叫他们“巨富家族”吧。这个家族,一代接一代,每年在缴完股息税之后,靠着旗下公司赚来的全部利润,变得越来越富有。今天,这笔钱一年大约有 7000 亿美元。自然,家族会花掉其中一部分。但省下来的那部分,就像滚雪球一样,稳稳当当地为家族增值。在巨富家族的大家庭里,每个人都在以同样的速度变富,一片和谐。

To understand how this toll has ballooned, imagine for a moment that all American corporations are, and always will be, owned by a single family. We’ll call them the Gotrocks. After paying taxes on dividends, this family – generation after generation – becomes richer by the aggregate amount earned by its companies. Today that amount is about $700 billion annually. Naturally, the family spends some of these dollars. But the portion it saves steadily compounds for its benefit. In the Gotrocks household everyone grows wealthier at the same pace, and all is harmonious.

现在再设想一下,几个巧舌如簧的帮手找上门来,说服这个家族的每个成员——只要向亲戚买入或卖出某些持股,就能比亲戚更高明。这帮帮手——当然是收费的——殷勤地答应打理这些交易。结果,戈特罗克家族仍然拥有整个美国企业界,买卖不过是重新分配归属。于是这个家族每年的财富增长就打了折扣——等于美国企业的盈利减去支付的佣金。家族成员交易越频繁,自己分到的蛋糕越小,帮手拿走的份额越大。这群经纪人帮手心知肚明:交易越活跃,他们越有利,于是变着法子鼓动大家多交易。

But let’s now assume that a few fast-talking Helpers approach the family and persuade each of its members to try to outsmart his relatives by buying certain of their holdings and selling them certain others. The Helpers – for a fee, of course – obligingly agree to handle these transactions. The Gotrocks still own all of corporate America; the trades just rearrange who owns what. So the family’s annual gain in wealth diminishes, equaling the earnings of American business minus commissions paid. The more that family members trade, the smaller their share of the pie and the larger the slice received by the Helpers. This fact is not lost upon these broker-Helpers: Activity is their friend and, in a wide variety of ways, they urge it on.

过了一段时间,大部分家庭成员就意识到,在“赢过兄弟”这场新游戏里,自己没什么胜算。这时,第二拨帮手登场了。这些新来的人向戈特罗克家族每个成员解释说,单凭个人力量,他永远赢不了家族里的其他人。建议的解决办法是:“雇一个经理——对,就是我们——让专业人士来搞定。”这些经理帮手继续用经纪人帮手来执行交易;经理们甚至可能增加交易频率,好让经纪人也跟着更赚钱。整体来看,分给这两类帮手的蛋糕变大了。

After a while, most of the family members realize that they are not doing so well at this new “beat- my-brother” game. Enter another set of Helpers. These newcomers explain to each member of the Gotrocks clan that by himself he’ll never outsmart the rest of the family. The suggested cure: “Hire a manager – yes, us – and get the job done professionally.” These manager-Helpers continue to use the broker-Helpers to execute trades; the managers may even increase their activity so as to permit the brokers to prosper still more. Overall, a bigger slice of the pie now goes to the two classes of Helpers.

家族的失望感与日俱增。家族里每个成员现在都请了专业人士。可整个家族的财务状况反而恶化了。怎么办?当然是请更多帮手。

The family’s disappointment grows. Each of its members is now employing professionals. Yet overall, the group’s finances have taken a turn for the worse. The solution? More help, of course.

它来了,以财务规划师和机构顾问的形式出现,他们介入戈特罗克家族,指点他们挑选经理帮手。迷惑不解的家族欣然接受了这种帮助。此时,家族成员已经明白,他们既选不对股票,也挑不对选股人。有人也许会问:那他们凭什么相信自己能选对顾问呢?但戈特罗克家族的人根本想不到这个问题,顾问帮手当然也不会向他们提出来。

It arrives in the form of financial planners and institutional consultants, who weigh in to advise the Gotrocks on selecting manager-Helpers. The befuddled family welcomes this assistance. By now its members know they can pick neither the right stocks nor the right stock-pickers. Why, one might ask, should they expect success in picking the right consultant? But this question does not occur to the Gotrocks, and the consultant-Helpers certainly don’t suggest it to them.

18

18

戈特罗克家族如今要养活三类昂贵的帮手,发现收益反而更差,陷入了绝望。但就在希望似乎破灭之际,第四批人出现了——我们称他们为超级帮手。这帮友善的人向戈特罗克家族解释,之所以收益不如人意,是因为现有的帮手——经纪人、经理人、顾问——积极性不够,只是在走过场。新帮手反问道:“对这样一群行尸走肉,你们还能指望什么呢?”

The Gotrocks, now supporting three classes of expensive Helpers, find that their results get worse, and they sink into despair. But just as hope seems lost, a fourth group – we’ll call them the hyper-Helpers – appears. These friendly folk explain to the Gotrocks that their unsatisfactory results are occurring because the existing Helpers – brokers, managers, consultants – are not sufficiently motivated and are simply going through the motions. “What,” the new Helpers ask, “can you expect from such a bunch of zombies?”

新来的这帮人,给出的解决办法简单得令人咋舌:多掏钱就是了。这些超级帮手信心爆棚,信誓旦旦地表示,每个家庭成员要想确实在亲戚中占得上风,就得在支付高昂的固定费用之外,再掏出大笔的或有费用。

The new arrivals offer a breathtakingly simple solution: Pay more money. Brimming with self- confidence, the hyper-Helpers assert that huge contingent payments – in addition to stiff fixed fees – are what each family member must fork over in order to really outmaneuver his relatives.

家族里观察力更敏锐的成员发现,有些所谓的超级帮手其实只是换了身新制服的经理帮手,制服上缝着诱人的新名字,比如“对冲基金”或“私募股权”。不过,这些新帮手向戈特罗克家族保证,换衣服至关重要,它能赋予穿着者神奇的力量,就像温文尔雅的克拉克·肯特换上超人服装后获得的能力一样。听了这番解释,家族成员安下心来,决定掏钱。

The more observant members of the family see that some of the hyper-Helpers are really just manager-Helpers wearing new uniforms, bearing sewn-on sexy names like HEDGE FUND or PRIVATE EQUITY. The new Helpers, however, assure the Gotrocks that this change of clothing is all-important, bestowing on its wearers magical powers similar to those acquired by mild-mannered Clark Kent when he changed into his Superman costume. Calmed by this explanation, the family decides to pay up.

这就是我们如今的处境:如果所有股东都安心坐在摇椅里,本该完全属于他们的收益中,创纪录的份额正流向日益壮大的“帮手”大军。尤其昂贵的是近期泛滥的利润分成安排:帮手们聪明或走运时,拿走收益大头;当他们愚蠢或倒霉(偶尔还心术不正)时,却让股东家族承担全部损失——外加高额固定费用。

And that’s where we are today: A record portion of the earnings that would go in their entirety to owners – if they all just stayed in their rocking chairs – is now going to a swelling army of Helpers. Particularly expensive is the recent pandemic of profit arrangements under which Helpers receive large portions of the winnings when they are smart or lucky, and leave family members with all of the losses – and large fixed fees to boot – when the Helpers are dumb or unlucky (or occasionally crooked).

足够多这样的安排——赢了,帮手拿走大部分赢利;输了,戈特罗克家族不仅要赔钱,还要为自己赔钱的特权付出高昂代价——可能让“哈德洛克家族”这个称呼更准确。事实上,今天这个家族在各类摩擦上的成本,很可能已占到美国企业盈利的 20%。换句话说,支付帮手的负担可能导致美国股票投资者作为一个整体,只能赚到如果他们静坐不动、不听任何人摆布时所能赚到的 80% 左右。

A sufficient number of arrangements like this – heads, the Helper takes much of the winnings; tails, the Gotrocks lose and pay dearly for the privilege of doing so – may make it more accurate to call the family the Hadrocks. Today, in fact, the family’s frictional costs of all sorts may well amount to 20% of the earnings of American business. In other words, the burden of paying Helpers may cause American equity investors, overall, to earn only 80% or so of what they would earn if they just sat still and listened to no one.

很久以前,艾萨克·牛顿爵士提出了三大运动定律,这是天才之作。但牛顿爵士的才华并未延伸到投资领域:他在南海泡沫中损失了一大笔钱,后来解释说:“我能计算出天体的运行,却无法揣度人类的疯狂。”如果他没有因这次损失而留下心理创伤,他很可能还会发现运动的第四定律:对投资者整体而言,回报随操作频率的增加而递减。

下面就是本节开头所提问题的答案:具体来说,在 20 世纪,道琼斯指数从 65.73 点上涨到 11,497.12 点,相当于年复合增长率 5.3%。(当然,投资者还能获得股息。)要在 21 世纪获得相同的增长率,到 2099 年 12 月 31 日,道琼斯指数必须上涨到——做好准备——精确地说,2,011,011.23 点。不过我愿意接受 200 万点这个数字;本世纪已过去六年,道琼斯指数却丝毫未涨。

Long ago, Sir Isaac Newton gave us three laws of motion, which were the work of genius. But Sir Isaac’s talents didn’t extend to investing: He lost a bundle in the South Sea Bubble, explaining later, “I can calculate the movement of the stars, but not the madness of men.” If he had not been traumatized by this loss, Sir Isaac might well have gone on to discover the Fourth Law of Motion: For investors as a whole, returns decrease as motion increases.

Here’s the answer to the question posed at the beginning of this section: To get very specific, the Dow increased from 65.73 to 11,497.12 in the 20th century, and that amounts to a gain of 5.3% compounded annually. (Investors would also have received dividends, of course.) To achieve an equal rate of gain in the 21st century, the Dow will have to rise by December 31, 2099 to – brace yourself – precisely 2,011,011.23. But I’m willing to settle for 2,000,000; six years into this century, the Dow has gained not at all.

债务与风险

Debt and Risk

合并中美能源之后,我们的新资产负债表可能会让人以为伯克希尔提高了借款容忍度。但事实并非如此。除非是象征性金额,我们通常避开债务,只在三种情况下才会动用它:

As we consolidate MidAmerican, our new balance sheet may suggest that Berkshire has expanded its tolerance for borrowing. But that’s not so. Except for token amounts, we shun debt, turning to it for only three purposes:

我们会偶尔将回购协议作为某些短期投资策略的一部分使用,这些策略涉及持有美国政府(或机构)证券。此类买入操作完全以伺机而动的方式开展,且只针对流动性最强的证券。几年前,我们达成了几笔颇有意思的交易,如今这些交易要么已经平仓,要么正在自然到期。相应的负债也已大幅削减,不久可能就会完全清零。

<<<END P 1>>>

1) We occasionally use repos as a part of certain short-term investing strategies that incorporate ownership of U.S. government (or agency) securities. Purchases of this kind are highly opportunistic and involve only the most liquid of securities. A few years ago, we entered into several interesting transactions that have since been unwound or are running off. The offsetting debt has likewise been cut substantially and before long may be gone.

19

19

我们会以所持有的、风险特征已被我们充分理解的带息应收款组合为抵押进行借款。2001 年我们就这样做过——当时我们与 Leucadia 合作,为接手一家破产的 Finova(该公司持有大量各类应收款)而担保了 56 亿美元的银行贷款。那笔债务现已全部还清。近期,我们又借款来为克莱顿住宅(Clayton)管理下的一个高度分散、收益可预测的活动房屋应收款组合提供资金。另一种替代做法是,我们可以将这些应收款“证券化”——也就是出售——但继续保留其服务权。如果采用这种行业通行做法,我们资产负债表上就不会显示出我们实际承担的这笔债务,同时还能加速报告盈利的时点。不过,最终我们的实际盈利会变少。假如市场变量朝着有利于证券化的方向变化(我们认为这种情况不太可能发生),我们完全可以出售部分组合,清偿相关债务。在那之前,相比更好看的数字,我们更愿意选择实实在在的更多利润。

<<<END P 2>>>

2) We borrow money against portfolios of interest-bearing receivables whose risk characteristics we understand. We did this in 2001 when we guaranteed $5.6 billion of bank debt to take over, in partnership with Leucadia, a bankrupt Finova (which held a broad range of receivables). All of that debt has been repaid. More recently, we have borrowed to finance a widely-diversified, predictably-performing portfolio of manufactured-home receivables managed by Clayton. Alternatively, we could “securitize” – that is, sell – these receivables, but retain the servicing of them. If we followed this procedure, which is common in the industry, we would not show the debt that we do on our balance sheet, and we would also accelerate the earnings we report. In the end, however, we would earn less money. Were market variables to change so as to favor securitization (an unlikely event), we could sell part of our portfolio and eliminate the related debt. Until then, we prefer better profits to better cosmetics.

在中美能源公司(MidAmerican),我们有大量债务,但这仅仅是这家公司自身的负债。尽管这些债务会出现在我们的合并资产负债表上,伯克希尔并不为其提供担保。

<<<END P 3>>>

3) At MidAmerican, we have substantial debt, but it is that company’s obligation only. Though it will appear on our consolidated balance sheet, Berkshire does not guarantee it.

即便如此,这笔债务的可靠性也毋庸置疑,因为它的偿还来源是 MidAmerican 高度稳定的多元化公用事业收益。万一有飞来横祸,对 MidAmerican 旗下某家公用事业公司造成冲击,其他公司的收益也完全足以覆盖全部债务偿付。此外,MidAmerican 将所有利润全部留存,这种用利润积累权益的做法在公用事业领域极为罕见。

Even so, this debt is unquestionably secure because it is serviced by MidAmerican’s diversified stream of highly-stable utility earnings. If there were to be some bolt from the blue that hurt one of MidAmerican’s utility properties, earnings from the others would still be more than ample to cover all debt requirements. Moreover, MidAmerican retains all of its earnings, an equity- building practice that is rare in the utility field.

从风险角度看,拥有十家多元且互不相干的公用事业公司,即便利息保障倍数仅为 2:1,也比单一公用事业公司哪怕有更高的保障倍数要安全得多。灾难性事件足以让一家公用事业公司破产——看看卡特里娜飓风对新奥尔良当地电力公司造成的冲击就知道了——无论其债务政策多么保守。一场地域性的灾害——比如某个西部州发生地震——却无法对 MidAmerican 产生同样的影响。就连像查理这样爱担心的人,也想不出有什么事件能系统性地大幅压低公用事业公司的盈利。由于 MidAmerican 受监管盈利的多元性不断扩大,它始终会大量使用债务。

From a risk standpoint, it is far safer to have earnings from ten diverse and uncorrelated utility operations that cover interest charges by, say, a 2:1 ratio than it is to have far greater coverage provided by a single utility. A catastrophic event can render a single utility insolvent – witness what Katrina did to the local electric utility in New Orleans – no matter how conservative its debt policy. A geographical disaster – say, an earthquake in a Western state – can’t have the same effect on MidAmerican. And even a worrier like Charlie can’t think of an event that would systemically decrease utility earnings in any major way. Because of MidAmerican’s ever- widening diversity of regulated earnings, it will always utilize major amounts of debt.

差不多就这些了。伯克希尔不会因为收购或运营需要而去承担任何大规模债务。按照常规商业智慧,我们当然过于保守了——别人会说,如果在我们的资产负债表上适度加点杠杆,还能稳稳当当地多赚些利润。

And that’s about it. We are not interested in incurring any significant debt at Berkshire for acquisitions or operating purposes. Conventional business wisdom, of course, would argue that we are being too conservative and that there are added profits that could be safely earned if we injected moderate leverage into our balance sheet.

也许吧。但伯克希尔成千上万的投资者中,有许多人将一大部分净资产投在了我们的股票上(需要强调的是,其中也包括我们的很多董事会成员和核心管理层),公司遭遇灾难对他们来说就是一场灾难。此外,还有一些永久性伤残的人,我们欠他们长达五十年甚至更久的保险赔付。对这些以及其他相关方,我们承诺了绝对的安全保障,无论发生什么:金融恐慌、股市关闭(1914 年就曾长期休市),甚至国内核武器、化学或生物攻击。

Maybe so. But many of Berkshire’s hundreds of thousands of investors have a large portion of their net worth in our stock (among them, it should be emphasized, a large number of our board and key managers) and a disaster for the company would be a disaster for them. Moreover, there are people who have been permanently injured to whom we owe insurance payments that stretch out for fifty years or more. To these and other constituencies we have promised total security, whatever comes: financial panics, stock-exchange closures (an extended one occurred in 1914) or even domestic nuclear, chemical or biological attacks.

我们完全愿意承担巨额风险。事实上,比起其他任何保险公司,我们签发更多与单一巨灾事件挂钩的高额保单。同时,我们持有一个庞大的投资组合,其市值在特定条件下可能迅速大幅下跌(正如 1987 年 10 月 19 日发生的那样)。但无论发生什么,伯克希尔都将拥有充裕的净资产、盈利来源和流动性,从容应对任何问题。

We are quite willing to accept huge risks. Indeed, more than any other insurer, we write high-limit policies that are tied to single catastrophic events. We also own a large investment portfolio whose market value could fall dramatically and quickly under certain conditions (as happened on October 19, 1987). Whatever occurs, though, Berkshire will have the net worth, the earnings streams and the liquidity to handle the problem with ease.

任何其他方法都很危险。这些年,许多非常聪明的人用惨痛代价才明白:一串再漂亮的数据,乘上零,结果永远是零。我可不想亲身体验这个公式的威力,更不愿承担把这种惩罚强加给别人的责任。

Any other approach is dangerous. Over the years, a number of very smart people have learned the hard way that a long string of impressive numbers multiplied by a single zero always equals zero. That is not an equation whose effects I would like to experience personally, and I would like even less to be responsible for imposing its penalties upon others.

20

20

管理层继任

Management Succession

作为股东,你们自然会担心:在我开始力不从心之后,我是否会坚持继续担任首席执行官,如果真是那样,董事会将如何处理这个问题。你们还想知道,如果我今晚去世,情况又会怎样。

As owners, you are naturally concerned about whether I will insist on continuing as CEO after I begin to fade and, if so, how the board will handle that problem. You also want to know what happens if I should die tonight.

第二个问题很容易回答。我们的众多业务中,大多数都拥有强劲的市场地位、显著的势头和出色的管理者。伯克希尔独特的文化已深深扎根于所有子公司,这些运营不会因我去世而有丝毫停顿。

That second question is easy to answer. Most of our many businesses have strong market positions, significant momentum, and terrific managers. The special Berkshire culture is deeply ingrained throughout our subsidiaries, and these operations won’t miss a beat when I die.

此外,伯克希尔有三位经理人相当年轻,完全有能力担任首席执行官。其中任何一位在我工作的某些管理层面都比我强得多。但不利的一面是,他们谁都没有我那种跨领域经验——这种经验让我在商业领域和投资领域做决策时都游刃有余。这个问题将通过让组织内的另一个人负责有价证券来解决。在伯克希尔,这是一份很有意思的工作,新任首席执行官聘请一位有才华的人来负责此事毫无困难。事实上,我们在 GEICO 26 年来就是这么做的,结果非常出色。

Moreover, we have three managers at Berkshire who are reasonably young and fully capable of being CEO. Any of the three would be much better at certain management aspects of my job than I. On the minus side, none has my crossover experience that allows me to be comfortable making decisions in either the business arena or in investments. That problem will be solved by having another person in the organization handle marketable securities. That’s an interesting job at Berkshire, and the new CEO will have no problem in hiring a talented individual to do it. Indeed, that’s what we have done at GEICO for 26 years, and our results have been terrific.

伯克希尔董事会已充分讨论了三位首席执行官候选人,并一致确定了——如果今天就需要换人——应该由谁来接替我。董事们会持续跟进这一事项,并且随着情况变化,他们的看法也可能改变——新的管理明星可能涌现,现任人选也会变老。关键在于,董事们现在就知道——并且未来将始终知道——一旦需要,他们具体该怎么做。

Berkshire’s board has fully discussed each of the three CEO candidates and has unanimously agreed on the person who should succeed me if a replacement were needed today. The directors stay updated on this subject and could alter their view as circumstances change – new managerial stars may emerge and present ones will age. The important point is that the directors know now – and will always know in the future – exactly what they will do when the need arises.

另一个必须正视的问题是:如果换人不是因为我去世,而是因为我能力衰退——尤其当这种衰退伴随着一种幻觉,让我自以为管理才华正攀上新的高峰——董事会是否做好了行动的准备。这个问题并非我独有。查理和我在伯克希尔子公司里时常会遇到这种情况。人类衰老的速度千差万别——但才能和精力迟早都会走下坡路。有些经理人到 80 多岁依然高效——82 岁的查理就是个奇迹——而另一些人在 60 多岁就明显退步。当他们的能力衰退时,自我判断力通常也随之衰退。这时候往往需要别人来吹哨提醒。

The other question that must be addressed is whether the Board will be prepared to make a change if that need should arise not from my death but rather from my decay, particularly if this decay is accompanied by my delusionally thinking that I am reaching new peaks of managerial brilliance. That problem would not be unique to me. Charlie and I have faced this situation from time to time at Berkshire’s subsidiaries. Humans age at greatly varying rates – but sooner or later their talents and vigor decline. Some managers remain effective well into their 80s – Charlie is a wonder at 82 – and others noticeably fade in their 60s. When their abilities ebb, so usually do their powers of self-assessment. Someone else often needs to blow the whistle.

等那一天对我而言到来时,我们的董事会就必须担起这个责任。从财务角度看,董事们有异乎寻常的动力去这么做。据我所知,全美没有哪家公司的董事会,能让董事们的经济利益与股东完全保持一致。很少有董事会能接近这个水平。但从个人层面而言,要告诉一个人——尤其是朋友——他或她已经不再胜任了,对大多数人来说是极其困难的事。

When that time comes for me, our board will have to step up to the job. From a financial standpoint, its members are unusually motivated to do so. I know of no other board in the country in which the financial interests of directors are so completely aligned with those of shareholders. Few boards even come close. On a personal level, however, it is extraordinarily difficult for most people to tell someone, particularly a friend, that he or she is no longer capable.

然而,万一我变成了需要听到那个消息的人,董事会把它传达给我,反倒是帮了我一个忙。我持有的每一股伯克希尔股票,最终都将捐给慈善事业,我希望社会能从这些捐赠和遗赠中获得最大的福祉。如果因为我身边的人回避了(我希望是温和地)请我走人的责任,导致我所持股份的慈善潜力打了折扣,那将是一场悲剧。不过别为此担心。我们拥有一支出色的董事团队,他们始终会做对股东最有利的事。

If I become a candidate for that message, however, our board will be doing me a favor by delivering it. Every share of Berkshire that I own is destined to go to philanthropies, and I want society to reap the maximum good from these gifts and bequests. It would be a tragedy if the philanthropic potential of my holdings was diminished because my associates shirked their responsibility to (tenderly, I hope) show me the door. But don’t worry about this. We have an outstanding group of directors, and they will always do what’s right for shareholders.

而且,既然说到这个话题,我得说,我感觉好极了。

And while we are on the subject, I feel terrific.

股东大会

The Annual Meeting

今年的股东大会定于 5 月 6 日星期六举行。和往年一样,Qwest 中心早上 7 点开门,8 点半播放最新的伯克希尔电影。9 点半直接进入问答环节(中间会在 Qwest 的摊位前吃个午饭),持续到下午 3 点。短暂休息后,我和查理在 3 点 15 分召开正式的年会。这个日程去年效果不错,既让想参加正式会议的人如愿以偿,也方便其他人去购物。

Our meeting this year will be on Saturday, May 6. As always, the doors will open at the Qwest Center at 7 a.m., and the latest Berkshire movie will be shown at 8:30. At 9:30 we will go directly to the question-and-answer period, which (with a break for lunch at the Qwest’s stands) will last until 3:00. Then, after a short recess, Charlie and I will convene the annual meeting at 3:15. This schedule worked well last year, because it let those who wanted to attend the formal session to do so, while freeing others to shop.

21

21

去年你们在这方面确实很给力。毗邻会场的 19.43 万平方英尺大厅里,摆满了伯克希尔子公司的产品,前来参会的 2.1 万人让每个展位都创下了销售纪录。凯莉·布罗兹(娘家姓穆什莫尔),这位伯克希尔的弗洛·齐格菲尔德,一手策划了这场盛大的购物狂欢和股东大会。参展商们喜欢她,我也喜欢她。凯莉十月份结婚了,是我把她交到新郎手上的。她问我想在婚礼程序单上怎么写,我回答说“羡慕新郎的人”,最后印出来就是这个样子。

You certainly did your share in this respect last year. The 194,300 square foot hall adjoining the meeting area was filled with the products of Berkshire subsidiaries, and the 21,000 people who came to the meeting allowed every location to rack up sales records. Kelly Broz (neé Muchemore), the Flo Ziegfeld of Berkshire, orchestrates both this magnificent shopping extravaganza and the meeting itself. The exhibitors love her, and so do I. Kelly got married in October, and I gave her away. She asked me how I wanted to be listed in the wedding program. I replied “envious of the groom,” and that’s the way it went to press.

今年我们将展出两栋克莱顿房屋(采用阿克米砖、肖氏地毯、约翰斯·曼维尔隔热材料、米泰克紧固件、无忧遮阳篷和 NFM 家具)。你会发现,这些售价分别为 79,000 美元和 89,000 美元的房屋,物超所值。事实上,去年有三位股东对此深信不疑,直接买下了我们当时展出的那栋 119,000 美元的样板房。在展馆中,克莱顿房屋两侧将是森林河房车公司生产的房车。

This year we will showcase two Clayton homes (featuring Acme brick, Shaw carpet, Johns Manville insulation, MiTek fasteners, Carefree awnings and NFM furniture). You will find that these homes, priced at $79,000 and $89,000, deliver excellent value. In fact, three shareholders came so firmly to that conclusion last year that they bought the $119,000 model we then showcased. Flanking the Clayton homes on the exhibition floor will be RVs from Forest River.

GEICO 将设立一个展位,由从全国各地抽调的多位顶尖顾问坐镇,随时准备为您提供车险报价。在大多数情况下,GEICO 能为您提供一项股东专属折扣(通常为 8%)。在我们开展业务的 50 个司法管辖区中,有 45 个允许提供这项特殊优惠。(补充一点:如果您已有资格享受其他折扣,比如某些团体的专属折扣,此项股东折扣不能与之叠加。)请带上您现有保险的详细信息,看看我们能否帮您省钱。我相信至少 50% 的人能享受到更低的保费。同时,您也可以顺便申请全新的 GEICO 信用卡——就是我现在用的那张。

GEICO will have a booth staffed by a number of its top counselors from around the country, all of them ready to supply you with auto insurance quotes. In most cases, GEICO will be able to give you a special shareholder discount (usually 8%). This special offer is permitted by 45 of the 50 jurisdictions in which we operate. (One supplemental point: The discount is not additive if you qualify for another, such as that given certain groups.) Bring the details of your existing insurance and check out whether we can save you money. For at least 50% of you, I believe we can. And while you’re at it, sign up for the new GEICO credit card. It’s the one I now use.

周六,在奥马哈机场,我们将照例展出一系列 NetJets® 的飞机,供您参观。请先到奎斯特中心的 NetJets 展位了解如何参观这些飞机。坐巴士来奥马哈,开您的新飞机回去。

On Saturday, at the Omaha airport, we will have the usual array of aircraft from NetJets® available for your inspection. Stop by the NetJets booth at the Qwest to learn about viewing these planes. Come to Omaha by bus; leave in your new plane.

奎斯特中心的“书虫”书店去年创下了纪录,伯克希尔相关书籍的销量前所未有。其中,收录我合伙人毕生智慧的《穷查理宝典》竟卖出了 3500 本。这意味着平均每 9 秒就卖出一本。这绝非偶然:您再也找不到一本蕴含如此多实用思想的书了。凭借读者口口相传,查理的首批 20500 册已经售罄,因此今年的股东大会上我们将推出修订扩充版。去年“书虫”书店出售的其他 22 种书籍和 DVD(共 4597 册/张),销售额达 84746 美元。我们的股东简直是书商梦寐以求的顾客。

The Bookworm boutique at the Qwest broke all records last year selling Berkshire-related books. An amazing 3,500 of these were Poor Charlie’s Almanack, the collected wisdom of my partner. This means that a copy was sold every 9 seconds. And for good reason: You will never find a book with more useful ideas. Word-of-mouth recommendations have caused Charlie’s first printing of 20,500 copies to sell out, and we will therefore have a revised and expanded edition on sale at our meeting. Among the other 22 titles and DVDs available last year at the Bookworm, 4,597 copies were sold for $84,746. Our shareholders are a bookseller’s dream.

随本报告附上的委托书材料中有一份附件,说明了如何获取参会凭证,以便参加股东大会及其他活动。至于机票、酒店和租车预订,我们再次与美国运通签约(800-799-6634),由他们为您提供特别协助。卡罗尔·彼得森负责这些事务,她每年都为我们做得极为出色,我在此向她致谢。

An attachment to the proxy material that is enclosed with this report explains how you can obtain the credential you will need for admission to the meeting and other events. As for plane, hotel and car reservations, we have again signed up American Express (800-799-6634) to give you special help. Carol Pedersen, who handles these matters, does a terrific job for us each year, and I thank her for it.

内布拉斯加家具城位于第 72 街,介于道奇街与太平洋街之间,占地 77 英亩。我们将再次推出“伯克希尔周末”特价活动。九年前我们在 NFM 首次举办这一特别活动,“周末”期间的销售额从 1997 年的 530 万美元增长到 2005 年的 2740 万美元(同比增长 9%)。光是想到这个数字,我就起鸡皮疙瘩。

At Nebraska Furniture Mart, located on a 77-acre site on 72nd Street between Dodge and Pacific, we will again be having “Berkshire Weekend” pricing. We initiated this special event at NFM nine years ago, and sales during the “Weekend” grew from $5.3 million in 1997 to $27.4 million in 2005 (up 9% from a year earlier). I get goose bumps just thinking about this volume.

要享受折扣,您必须在 5 月 4 日(周四)到 5 月 8 日(周一)期间购物,并且出示参会凭证。这一时段的特惠价格甚至适用于几家知名厂商的产品——这些厂商通常有铁打不动的折扣禁令,但为了迎合我们的股东周末,破例为你们开了绿灯。我们感谢他们的配合。内布拉斯加家具城营业时间为周一至周六上午 10 点至晚上 9 点,周日上午 10 点至下午 6 点。今年周六下午 5:30 至晚上 8 点,我们将为股东举办一场专属活动。我会到场,一边吃烤肉、喝可口可乐,一边清点销售额。

To obtain the discount, you must make your purchases between Thursday, May 4 and Monday, May 8 inclusive, and also present your meeting credential. The period’s special pricing will even apply to the products of several prestigious manufacturers that normally have ironclad rules against discounting but that, in the spirit of our shareholder weekend, have made an exception for you. We appreciate their cooperation. NFM is open from 10 a.m. to 9 p.m. Monday through Saturday, and 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. on Sunday. On Saturday this year, from 5:30 p.m. to 8 p.m., we are having a special affair for shareholders only. I’ll be there, eating barbeque, drinking Coke, and counting sales.

博尔斯海姆珠宝今年将再次举办两场股东专属活动。第一场是 5 月 5 日周五晚上 6 点到 10 点的鸡尾酒招待会。第二场是 5 月 7 日周日上午 9 点到下午 4 点的主场盛会。周六我们营业到下午 6 点。

Borsheim’s again will have two shareholder-only events. The first will be a cocktail reception from 6 p.m. to 10 p.m. on Friday, May 5. The second, the main gala, will be from 9 a.m. to 4 p.m. on Sunday, May 7. On Saturday, we will be open until 6 p.m.

22

22

博尔斯海姆珠宝整个周末都会人山人海。因此,为方便您起见,股东优惠价将从 5 月 1 日(周一)持续至 5 月 13 日(周六)。在此期间,您只需出示股东大会凭证或券商对账单,证明您的股东身份即可。

We will have huge crowds at Borsheim’s throughout the weekend. For your convenience, therefore, shareholder prices will be available from Monday, May 1 through Saturday, May 13. During that period, just identify yourself as a shareholder through your meeting credentials or a brokerage statement.

即便在股东折扣之前,博尔斯海姆珠宝的毛利率也比其几大主要竞争对手低整整 20 个百分点。去年,我们股东活动期间的销售额比 2004 年增长了 9%,而前一年的增幅是 73%。这家店卖出了 5000 套伯克希尔大富翁游戏——然后就卖断货了。我们吸取了教训:今年一定会备足库存。

Borsheim’s operates on a gross margin that, even before the shareholders’ discount, is fully twenty percentage points below that of its major rivals. Last year, our shareholder-period business increased 9% from 2004, which came on top of a 73% gain the year before. The store sold 5,000 Berkshire Monopoly games – and then ran out. We’ve learned: Plenty will be in stock this year.

在博尔斯海姆珠宝店外的帐篷里,曾两度获得美国国际象棋冠军的帕特里克·沃尔夫将蒙住双眼,同时与六人一组的挑战者进行车轮战。此外,周日下午,世界顶尖桥牌高手鲍勃·哈曼和莎伦·奥斯伯格也将到场,与我们的股东一起切磋牌技。他们不打算蒙着眼打——但鲍勃从不整理手中的牌,哪怕是在争夺全国冠军的比赛中也不例外。

In a tent outside of Borsheim’s, Patrick Wolff, twice U.S. chess champion, will take on all comers in groups of six – blindfolded. Additionally, we will have Bob Hamman and Sharon Osberg, two of the world’s top bridge experts, available to play with our shareholders on Sunday afternoon. They plan to keep their eyes open – but Bob never sorts his cards, even when playing for a national championship.

戈拉特牛排馆——我最爱的牛排馆——将在 5 月 7 日周日再次专门为伯克希尔股东营业,营业时间为下午 4 点到晚上 10 点。请留意,要在那天去戈拉特牛排馆,您必须提前订位。如需订位,请在 4 月 1 日(不要提前)拨打 402-551-3733。

Gorat’s – my favorite steakhouse – will again be open exclusively for Berkshire shareholders on Sunday, May 7, and will be serving from 4 p.m. until 10 p.m. Please remember that to come to Gorat’s on that day, you must have a reservation. To make one, call 402-551-3733 on April 1 (but not before).

本学年,大约有 35 个大学班级将来到奥马哈与我交流。我几乎会带所有人——总计约 2000 名学生——去戈拉特牛排馆吃午餐。他们爱极了那里。想知道为什么,周日来加入我们就知道了。

In this school year, about 35 university classes will come to Omaha for sessions with me. I take almost all – in aggregate, perhaps 2,000 students – to lunch at Gorat’s. And they love it. To learn why, come join us on Sunday.

周六下午 4:00 至 5:30,我们将再次为来自北美以外的股东举办一场特别招待会。每年我们的股东大会都会吸引全球各地的众多人士,查理和我想确保能亲自向那些远道而来的人致意。去年,我们很高兴与来自几十个国家的 400 多位股东见面。任何来自美国或加拿大以外的股东都将获得一张特别凭证,以及参加本次活动的指引。

We will again have a special reception from 4:00 to 5:30 on Saturday afternoon for shareholders who have come from outside of North America. Every year our meeting draws many people from around the globe, and Charlie and I want to be sure we personally greet those who have come so far. Last year we enjoyed meeting more than 400 of you from many dozens of countries. Any shareholder who comes from other than the U.S. or Canada will be given a special credential and instructions for attending this function.

查理和我都极为幸运。我们出生在美国;有着出色的父母,他们确保我们接受了良好的教育;享受着美满的家庭和健康的身体;并且生来就带着“商业”基因,让我们能够以远超其他对社会福祉贡献同样多甚至更多的人的方式获得成功。此外,我们长久以来都从事着自己热爱的工作,每天都有才华横溢、乐观愉快的同事以无数方式帮助我们。难怪我们会跳着踢踏舞去上班。但对我们来说,没有什么比在伯克希尔的股东大会上与我们的股东合伙人欢聚一堂更有趣的事了。所以,请在 5 月 6 日来奎斯特中心,参加我们一年一度的“资本主义者伍德斯托克”盛会吧。我们届时见。

Charlie and I are extraordinarily lucky. We were born in America; had terrific parents who saw that we got good educations; have enjoyed wonderful families and great health; and came equipped with a “business” gene that allows us to prosper in a manner hugely disproportionate to other people who contribute as much or more to our society’s well-being. Moreover, we have long had jobs that we love, in which we are helped every day in countless ways by talented and cheerful associates. No wonder we tap- dance to work. But nothing is more fun for us than getting together with our shareholder-partners at Berkshire’s annual meeting. So join us on May 6th at the Qwest for our annual Woodstock for Capitalists. We’ll see you there.

2006 年 2 月 28 日 沃伦·E·巴菲特

董事会主席

February 28, 2006 Warren E. Buffett Chairman of the Board

23

23

伯克希尔·哈撒韦公司

BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY INC.

收购标准

ACQUISITION CRITERIA

我们非常期待企业主或其代表向我们介绍符合以下所有条件的企业:

We are eager to hear from principals or their representatives about businesses that meet all of the following criteria:

(1)大额收购(税前利润至少 7500 万美元,除非该业务能整合到我们现有部门之一);

(2)有持续盈利能力的证明(我们对未来预测不感兴趣,“困境反转”类企业也不考虑);

(3)净资产收益率良好、负债很少甚至零负债的企业;

(4)已有管理层在位(我们无法提供管理人才);

(5)业务简单(如果技术含量太高,我们就理解不了);

(6)有报价(如果连价格都不知道,我们不愿浪费时间跟卖方谈,哪怕只是初步接洽)。

(1) Large purchases (at least $75 million of pre-tax earnings unless the business will fit into one of our existing units), (2) Demonstrated consistent earning power (future projections are of no interest to us, nor are “turnaround” situations), (3) Businesses earning good returns on equity while employing little or no debt, (4) Management in place (we can’t supply it), (5) Simple businesses (if there’s lots of technology, we won’t understand it), (6) An offering price (we don’t want to waste our time or that of the seller by talking, even preliminarily, about a transaction when price is unknown).

公司规模越大,我们的兴趣就越大:我们想收购一家规模在 50 亿到 200 亿美元之间的企业。不过,我们对普通股票市场的买入建议不感兴趣。我们不会参与敌意收购。我们可以承诺完全保密,并且给出非常迅速的答复——通常五分钟之内——告诉对方我们是否有兴趣。我们更喜欢用现金收购,但如果换来的内在商业价值和我们付出的相当,也会考虑发行股票。我们不参与竞拍。查理和我经常收到一些收购邀约,它们根本达不到我们的标准:我们发现,如果你放出消息说想买柯利牧羊犬,会有很多人打电话来,希望能把他们的可卡犬卖给你。有句乡村歌词恰好表达了我们对新业务、转型企业或拍卖式收购的看法:“当电话不再响,你就知道是我。”

The larger the company, the greater will be our interest: We would like to make an acquisition in the $5-20 billion range. We are not interested, however, in receiving suggestions about purchases we might make in the general stock market. We will not engage in unfriendly takeovers. We can promise complete confidentiality and a very fast answer — customarily within five minutes — as to whether we’re interested. We prefer to buy for cash, but will consider issuing stock when we receive as much in intrinsic business value as we give. We don’t participate in auctions. Charlie and I frequently get approached about acquisitions that don’t come close to meeting our tests: We’ve found that if you advertise an interest in buying collies, a lot of people will call hoping to sell you their cocker spaniels. A line from a country song expresses our feeling about new ventures, turnarounds, or auction-like sales: “When the phone don’t ring, you’ll know it’s me.”

独立注册公共会计师事务所报告

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

致伯克希尔·哈撒韦公司董事会及各位股东:

我们审计了伯克希尔·哈撒韦公司及其子公司(以下简称“公司”)截至 2005 年 12 月 31 日和 2004 年 12 月 31 日的合并资产负债表,以及截至 2005 年 12 月 31 日止三年期间各年度的相关合并收益表、现金流量表和股东权益及综合收益变动表。这些财务报表由公司管理层负责。我们的责任是根据我们的审计对这些财务报表发表意见。

我们按照美国公众公司会计监督委员会(PCAOB)的标准进行了审计。该标准要求我们计划和实施审计,以便合理确信财务报表是否不存在重大错报。审计工作包括在抽查基础上,检查支持财务报表金额和披露的证据。审计还包括评估管理层所使用的会计原则和重大估计,以及评价财务报表的整体列报方式。我们相信,我们的审计为我们的意见提供了合理基础。

我们认为,上述合并财务报表在所有重大方面均公允地反映了伯克希尔·哈撒韦公司及其子公司截至 2005 年 12 月 31 日和 2004 年 12 月 31 日的财务状况,以及截至 2005 年 12 月 31 日止三年期间各年度的经营成果和现金流量,符合美国公认会计原则。

我们还根据美国公众公司会计监督委员会(PCAOB)的标准,并依据特雷德韦委员会发起组织(COSO)发布的《内部控制——整合框架》中确立的标准,审计了公司截至 2005 年 12 月 31 日对财务报告的内部控制的有效性。我们于 2006 年 3 月 2 日出具的报告,对管理层关于公司财务报告内部控制有效性的评估发表了无保留意见,并对公司财务报告内部控制的有效性发表了无保留意见。

德勤会计师事务所

内布拉斯加州奥马哈

2006 年 3 月 2 日

To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of Berkshire Hathaway Inc. We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Berkshire Hathaway Inc. and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2005 and 2004, and the related consolidated statements of earnings, cash flows and changes in shareholders’ equity and comprehensive income for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2005. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. In our opinion, such consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Berkshire Hathaway Inc. and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2005 and 2004, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2005, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2005, based on the criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission and our report dated March 2, 2006 expressed an unqualified opinion on management’s assessment of the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting and an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. DELOITTE & TOUCHE LLP Omaha, Nebraska March 2, 2006

25

25

伯克希尔·哈撒韦公司

及子公司

合并资产负债表

(单位:百万美元)

BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY INC. and Subsidiaries CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (dollars in millions)

  • 备考 * 12 月 31 日

2005 2005 2004

资产(未经审计)(已审计)

保险及其他:

现金及现金等价物 $ 40,471 $ 40,471 $ 40,020

投资:

固定期限证券 27,420 27,420 22,846

权益证券 46,721 46,721 37,717

其他 1,003 1,003 2,346

应收款项 12,372 12,397 11,291

存货 4,143 4,143 3,842

不动产、厂房和设备 7,500 7,500 6,516

商誉 22,693 22,693 22,101

假设再保险的递延费用 2,388 2,388 2,727

其他 4,937 4,937 4,508

169,648 169,673 153,914

Pro Forma * December 31, 2005 2005 2004 ASSETS (unaudited) (audited) Insurance and Other: Cash and cash equivalents.............................................................. $ 40,471 $ 40,471 $ 40,020 Investments: Fixed maturity securities............................................................. 27,420 27,420 22,846 Equity securities ......................................................................... 46,721 46,721 37,717 Other ........................................................................................... 1,003 1,003 2,346 Receivables .................................................................................... 12,372 12,397 11,291 Inventories...................................................................................... 4,143 4,143 3,842 Property, plant and equipment........................................................ 7,500 7,500 6,516 Goodwill......................................................................................... 22,693 22,693 22,101 Deferred charges reinsurance assumed .......................................... 2,388 2,388 2,727 Other............................................................................................... 4,937 4,937 4,508 169,648 169,673 153,914

原件此处是表格,PDF 抽取时列结构已丢失,下面只剩按列读出的数字,行列对应关系无法还原。核对数据请打开来源正文。

公用事业与能源:

现金及现金等价物 358 — —

不动产、厂房及设备 11,915 — —

应收款项 803 — —

商誉 4,156 — —

其他 2,961 — —

对中美能源控股公司的投资 — 4,125 3,967

20,193 4,125 3,967

Utilities and Energy: Cash and cash equivalents.............................................................. 358 — — Property, plant and equipment........................................................ 11,915 — — Receivables .................................................................................... 803 — — Goodwill......................................................................................... 4,156 — — Other............................................................................................... 2,961 — — Investments in MidAmerican Energy Holdings Company............. — 4,125 3,967 20,193 4,125 3,967

原件此处是表格,PDF 抽取时列结构已丢失,下面只剩按列读出的数字,行列对应关系无法还原。核对数据请打开来源正文。

金融和金融产品:

现金及现金等价物 4,189 4,189 3,407

固定期限证券投资 3,435 3,435 8,459

贷款及应收融资款 11,087 11,087 9,175

衍生品合约资产 801 801 4,234

提供的抵押资金 487 487 1,649

商誉 951 951 911

其他 3,577 3,577 3,158

24,527 24,527 30,993

$214,368 $198,325 $188,874

Finance and Financial Products: Cash and cash equivalents.............................................................. 4,189 4,189 3,407 Investments in fixed maturity securities......................................... 3,435 3,435 8,459 Loans and finance receivables........................................................ 11,087 11,087 9,175 Derivative contract assets............................................................... 801 801 4,234 Funds provided as collateral........................................................... 487 487 1,649 Goodwill......................................................................................... 951 951 911 Other............................................................................................... 3,577 3,577 3,158 24,527 24,527 30,993 $214,368 $198,325 $188,874

  • 备考资产负债表反映了这样一个假设:2006 年 2 月 9 日,中美能源控股公司(“中美能源”)的非投票权累积可转换优先股转换为中美能源的有投票权普通股,若转换发生在 2005 年 12 月 31 日时的效果。更多信息请参见合并财务报表附注 2。
  • The Pro Forma Balance Sheet gives effect to the conversion on February 9, 2006 of MidAmerican Energy

Holdings Company (“MidAmerican”) non-voting cumulative convertible preferred stock into MidAmerican voting common stock as if such conversion had occurred on December 31, 2005. See Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

参见随附的合并财务报表附注

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

26

26

伯克希尔·哈撒韦公司

及子公司

合并资产负债表

(单位:百万美元)

BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY INC. and Subsidiaries CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (dollars in millions)

备考* 12 月 31 日

负债与股东权益 2005 年 2005 年 2004 年

(未经审计) (已审计)

保险及其他:

损失与损失调整费用 $ 48,034 $ 48,034 $ 45,219

未赚保费 6,206 6,206 6,283

人寿与健康保险福利 3,202 3,202 3,154

其他保单持有人负债 3,769 3,769 3,955

应付账款、应计费用及其他负债 8,699 8,699 7,500

所得税,主要为递延所得税 13,649 12,252 12,247

应付票据及其他借款 3,583 3,583 3,450

87,142 85,745 81,808

Pro Forma * December 31, 2005 2005 2004 LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY (unaudited) (audited) Insurance and Other: Losses and loss adjustment expenses ............................................. $ 48,034 $ 48,034 $ 45,219 Unearned premiums ....................................................................... 6,206 6,206 6,283 Life and health insurance benefits.................................................. 3,202 3,202 3,154 Other policyholder liabilities.......................................................... 3,769 3,769 3,955 Accounts payable, accruals and other liabilities............................. 8,699 8,699 7,500 Income taxes, principally deferred ................................................. 13,649 12,252 12,247 Notes payable and other borrowings .............................................. 3,583 3,583 3,450 87,142 85,745 81,808

原件此处是表格,PDF 抽取时列结构已丢失,下面只剩按列读出的数字,行列对应关系无法还原。核对数据请打开来源正文。

公用事业与能源:

应付账款、应计费用及其他流动负债 1,411 — —

应付票据,子公司及项目 7,170 — —

其他应付票据及借款 3,126 — —

其他非流动负债 2,369 — —

14,076 — —

Utilities and Energy: Accounts payable, accruals and other current liabilities ................ 1,411 — — Notes payable, subsidiary and project ............................................ 7,170 — — Other notes payable and borrowings .............................................. 3,126 — — Other non-current liabilities ........................................................... 2,369 — — 14,076 — —

金融与金融产品:

回购协议下出售的证券 1,160 1,160 5,773

衍生品合约负债 5,061 5,061 4,794

持有的抵押资金 379 379 1,619

应付票据及其他借款 10,868 10,868 5,387

其他 2,812 2,812 2,835

20,280 20,280 20,408

负债合计 121,498 106,025 102,216

少数股东权益 1,386 816 758

股东权益:

普通股:

A 类流通股 – 2005 年 - 1,260,920 股;2004 年 - 1,268,783 股 .. 6 6 6

B 类流通股 – 2005 年 - 8,394,083 股;2004 年 - 8,099,175 股 …2 2 2

超过面值的资本 26,399 26,399 26,268

累计其他综合收益 17,360 17,360 20,435

留存收益 47,717 47,717 39,189

股东权益合计 91,484 91,484 85,900

$214,368 $198,325 $188,874

Finance and Financial Products: Securities sold under agreements to repurchase ............................. 1,160 1,160 5,773 Derivative contract liabilities ......................................................... 5,061 5,061 4,794 Funds held as collateral .................................................................. 379 379 1,619 Notes payable and other borrowings .............................................. 10,868 10,868 5,387 Other............................................................................................... 2,812 2,812 2,835 20,280 20,280 20,408 Total liabilities............................................................................. 121,498 106,025 102,216 Minority shareholders’ interests........................................................ 1,386 816 758 Shareholders’ equity: Common stock: Class A outstanding shares – 2005 - 1,260,920; 2004 - 1,268,783 .. 6 6 6 Class B outstanding shares – 2005 - 8,394,083; 2004 - 8,099,175 ... 2 2 2 Capital in excess of par value......................................................... 26,399 26,399 26,268 Accumulated other comprehensive income.................................... 17,360 17,360 20,435 Retained earnings ........................................................................... 47,717 47,717 39,189 Total shareholders’ equity ........................................................ 91,484 91,484 85,900 $214,368 $198,325 $188,874

备考资产负债表反映了这样一个假定:中美能源控股公司(“中美能源”)非表决权累积可转换优先股于 2006 年 2 月 9 日转换为中美能源表决权普通股,犹如该转换已于 2005 年 12 月 31 日发生。补充信息参见合并财务报表附注 2。

<<<END P 9>>>

  • The Pro Forma Balance Sheet gives effect to the conversion on February 9, 2006 of MidAmerican Energy

Holdings Company (“MidAmerican”) non-voting cumulative convertible preferred stock into MidAmerican voting common stock as if such conversion had occurred on December 31, 2005. See Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

参见随附的合并财务报表附注。

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

27

27

伯克希尔·哈撒韦公司及其子公司合并收益表(单位:百万美元,每股数据除外)

BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY INC. and Subsidiaries CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EARNINGS (dollars in millions except per share amounts)

截至 12 月 31 日的年度

2005 年 2004 年 2003 年

收入:

保险及其他业务:

已赚保费 $21,997 $21,085 $21,493

销售及服务收入 46,138 43,222 32,098

利息、股息及其他投资收入 3,487 2,816 3,098

投资损益 5,728 1,746 2,914

77,350 68,869 59,603

金融及金融产品业务:

利息收入 1,554 1,202 1,093

投资损益 468 (110) 390

衍生品损益 (788) 1,835 779

其他 3,079 2,586 1,994

4,313 5,513 4,256

81,663 74,382 63,859

成本和费用:

保险及其他业务:

保险损失及损失调整费用 17,116 14,823 14,927

保险承保费用 4,828 4,711 4,848

销售成本及服务成本 38,288 35,882 25,737

销售、一般及管理费用 5,328 4,989 4,228

利息费用 144 137 153

65,704 60,542 49,893

金融及金融产品业务:

利息费用 579 584 319

其他 3,112 2,557 2,056

3,691 3,141 2,375

69,395 63,683 52,268

Year Ended December 31, 2005 2004 2003 Revenues: Insurance and Other: Insurance premiums earned .............................................................. $21,997 $21,085 $21,493 Sales and service revenues ............................................................... 46,138 43,222 32,098 Interest, dividend and other investment income ............................... 3,487 2,816 3,098 Investment gains/losses .................................................................... 5,728 1,746 2,914 77,350 68,869 59,603 Finance and Financial Products: Interest income ................................................................................. 1,554 1,202 1,093 Investment gains/losses .................................................................... 468 (110) 390 Derivative gains/losses ..................................................................... (788) 1,835 779 Other................................................................................................. 3,079 2,586 1,994 4,313 5,513 4,256 81,663 74,382 63,859 Costs and expenses: Insurance and Other: Insurance losses and loss adjustment expenses ................................ 17,116 14,823 14,927 Insurance underwriting expenses...................................................... 4,828 4,711 4,848 Cost of sales and services ................................................................. 38,288 35,882 25,737 Selling, general and administrative expenses ................................... 5,328 4,989 4,228 Interest expense ................................................................................ 144 137 153 65,704 60,542 49,893 Finance and Financial Products: Interest expense ................................................................................ 579 584 319 Other................................................................................................. 3,112 2,557 2,056 3,691 3,141 2,375 69,395 63,683 52,268

税前利润及中美能源控股公司权益法投资收益 12,268 10,699 11,591

中美能源控股公司权益法投资收益 523 237 429

Earnings before income taxes and equity in earnings of MidAmerican Energy Holdings Company................................... 12,268 10,699 11,591 Equity in earnings of MidAmerican Energy Holdings Company........ 523 237 429

原件此处是表格,PDF 抽取时列结构已丢失,下面只剩按列读出的数字,行列对应关系无法还原。核对数据请打开来源正文。

所得税和少数股东权益前利润 12,791 10,936 12,020

所得税 4,159 3,569 3,805

少数股东权益 104 59 64

净利润 $8,528 $7,308 $8,151

流通普通股平均股数* 1,539,775 1,537,716 1,535,405

每股普通股净利润* $5,538 $4,753 $5,309

Earnings before income taxes and minority interests .................... 12,791 10,936 12,020 Income taxes..................................................................................... 4,159 3,569 3,805 Minority shareholders’ interests ....................................................... 104 59 64 Net earnings ....................................................................................... $ 8,528 $ 7,308 $ 8,151 Average common shares outstanding * ............................................ 1,539,775 1,537,716 1,535,405 Net earnings per common share *.................................................... $ 5,538 $ 4,753 $ 5,309

  • 平均流通在外股数包括按 A 类普通股等值基础确定的 A 类普通股和 B 类普通股的平均数。上表中所示的每股普通股净利润,代表每 A 类普通股等值股的净利润。每股 B 类普通股净利润为上述金额的三十分之一(1/30),即 2005 年每股 185 美元、2004 年每股 158 美元、2003 年每股 177 美元。
  • Average shares outstanding include average Class A common shares and average Class B common

shares determined on an equivalent Class A common stock basis. Net earnings per common share shown above represents net earnings per equivalent Class A common share. Net earnings per Class B common share is equal to one-thirtieth (1/30) of such amount or $185 per share for 2005, $158 per share for 2004 and $177 per share for 2003.

参见随附的合并财务报表附注。

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

28

28

伯克希尔·哈撒韦公司及其子公司合并现金流量表(单位:百万美元)

截至 12 月 31 日止年度

2005 年 2004 年 2003 年

经营活动现金流:

净利润 $8,528 $7,308 $8,151

将净利润调整为经营活动现金流的调整项:

投资收益 (6,196) (1,636) (3,304)

折旧 982 941 849

业务收购前经营资产和负债的变动:

损失和损失调整费用 2,086 (383) 397

再保险承担的递延费用 339 360 292

未到期保费 (239) (52) (585)

应收款项和发放贷款 (1,849) 102 1,714

衍生合同资产和负债 3,620 (367) 530

持有和提供的抵押品 (80) (86) (273)

年金负债 (24) 131 730

所得税 1,602 860 505

其他资产和负债 677 133 (665)

经营活动现金流净额 9,446 7,311 8,341

投资活动现金流:

购买固定期限证券 (13,937) (5,924) (9,924)

购买权益性证券 (8,021) (2,032) (1,842)

出售固定期限证券 3,243 4,560 17,165

固定期限证券赎回和到期 7,142 5,637 9,847

出售权益性证券 1,629 2,610 3,159

购买贷款和应收融资款 (1,987) (6,314) (2,641)

贷款和应收融资款本金回收 911 2,736 4,140

业务收购,扣除收购现金后 (2,387) (414) (3,213)

购买不动产、厂房和设备 (2,195) (1,278) (1,066)

其他 1,761 734 404

投资活动现金流净额 (13,841) 315 16,029

融资活动现金流:

金融业务借款所得 5,628 1,668 2,479

其他借款所得 521 339 822

偿还金融业务借款 (319) (1,267) (2,260)

偿还其他借款 (628) (674) (783)

金融业务短期借款变动 115 13 (63)

其他短期借款变动 246 (401) (642)

其他 65 166 (714)

融资活动现金流净额 5,628 (156) (1,161)

现金及现金等价物净增加额 1,233 7,470 23,209

年初现金及现金等价物余额 43,427 35,957 12,748

年末现金及现金等价物余额* $44,660 $43,427 $35,957

*年末现金及现金等价物余额由以下项目构成:

保险及其他 $40,471 $40,020 $31,262

金融与金融产品 4,189 3,407 4,695

$44,660 $43,427 $35,957

BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY INC. and Subsidiaries CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (dollars in millions) Year Ended December 31, 2005 2004 2003 Cash flows from operating activities: Net earnings................................................................................................ $ 8,528 $ 7,308 $ 8,151 Adjustments to reconcile net earnings to operating cash flows: Investment gains ...................................................................................... (6,196) (1,636) (3,304) Depreciation............................................................................................. 982 941 849 Changes in operating assets and liabilities before business acquisitions: Losses and loss adjustment expenses....................................................... 2,086 (383) 397 Deferred charges reinsurance assumed .................................................... 339 360 292 Unearned premiums ................................................................................. (239) (52) (585) Receivables and originated loans............................................................. (1,849) 102 1,714 Derivative contract assets and liabilities .................................................. 3,620 (367) 530 Collateral held and provided .................................................................... (80) (86) (273) Annuity liabilities .................................................................................... (24) 131 730 Income taxes ............................................................................................ 1,602 860 505 Other assets and liabilities ....................................................................... 677 133 (665) Net cash flows from operating activities .................................................... 9,446 7,311 8,341 Cash flows from investing activities: Purchases of securities with fixed maturities.............................................. (13,937) (5,924) (9,924) Purchases of equity securities..................................................................... (8,021) (2,032) (1,842) Sales of securities with fixed maturities ..................................................... 3,243 4,560 17,165 Redemptions and maturities of securities with fixed maturities ................. 7,142 5,637 9,847 Sales of equity securities ............................................................................ 1,629 2,610 3,159 Purchases of loans and finance receivables ................................................ (1,987) (6,314) (2,641) Principal collections on loans and finance receivables............................... 911 2,736 4,140 Acquisitions of businesses, net of cash acquired........................................ (2,387) (414) (3,213) Purchases of property, plant and equipment............................................... (2,195) (1,278) (1,066) Other........................................................................................................... 1,761 734 404 Net cash flows from investing activities..................................................... (13,841) 315 16,029 Cash flows from financing activities: Proceeds from borrowings of finance businesses ....................................... 5,628 1,668 2,479 Proceeds from other borrowings................................................................. 521 339 822 Repayments of borrowings of finance businesses ...................................... (319) (1,267) (2,260) Repayments of other borrowings................................................................ (628) (674) (783) Changes in short term borrowings of finance businesses ........................... 115 13 (63) Changes in other short term borrowings..................................................... 246 (401) (642) Other........................................................................................................... 65 166 (714) Net cash flows from financing activities .................................................... 5,628 (156) (1,161) Increase in cash and cash equivalents......................................................... 1,233 7,470 23,209 Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year ............................................... 43,427 35,957 12,748 Cash and cash equivalents at end of year *.................................................. $44,660 $43,427 $35,957

  • Cash and cash equivalents at end of year are comprised of the following:

Insurance and Other................................................................................... $40,471 $40,020 $31,262 Finance and Financial Products ................................................................ 4,189 3,407 4,695 $44,660 $43,427 $35,957

参见随附的合并财务报表附注。

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

29

29

伯克希尔·哈撒韦公司及其子公司

合并股东权益与综合收益变动表

(单位:百万美元)

BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY INC. and Subsidiaries CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (dollars in millions)

截至 12 月 31 日止年度

2005 年 2004 年 2003 年

A 类与 B 类普通股

年初及年末余额 $8 $8 $8

Year Ended December 31, 2005 2004 2003 Class A & B Common Stock Balance at beginning and end of year ........................................................ $ 8 $ 8 $ 8

超过面值的资本

年初余额 $26,268 $26,151 $26,028

因业务收购及 SQUARZ 权证溢价而发行的股票期权行权 131 117 123

年末余额 $26,399 $26,268 $26,151

Capital in Excess of Par Value Balance at beginning of year ..................................................................... $26,268 $26,151 $26,028 Exercise of stock options issued in connection with business acquisitions and SQUARZ warrant premiums.................................. 131 117 123 Balance at end of year................................................................................ $26,399 $26,268 $26,151

留存收益

年初余额 $39,189 $31,881 $23,730

净利润 8,528 7,308 8,151

年末余额 $47,717 $39,189 $31,881

Retained Earnings Balance at beginning of year ..................................................................... $39,189 $31,881 $23,730 Net earnings ........................................................................................... 8,528 7,308 8,151 Balance at end of year................................................................................ $47,717 $39,189 $31,881

累计其他综合收益

投资未实现增值 $ 2,081 $ 2,599 $10,842

应计所得税 (728) (905) (3,802)

已包含在净利润中的增值重新分类调整 (6,261) (1,569) (2,922)

应计所得税 2,191 549 1,023

外币折算调整 (359) 140 267

应计所得税 (26) 134 (127)

最低养老金负债调整 (62) (38) 1

应计所得税 38 3 (3)

其他(含少数股东权益) 51 (34) 6

其他综合收益 (3,075) 879 5,285

年初累计其他综合收益 20,435 19,556 14,271

年末累计其他综合收益 $17,360 $20,435 $19,556

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income Unrealized appreciation of investments..................................................... $ 2,081 $ 2,599 $10,842 Applicable income taxes ...................................................................... (728) (905) (3,802) Reclassification adjustment for appreciation included in net earnings .................................................................... (6,261) (1,569) (2,922) Applicable income taxes ...................................................................... 2,191 549 1,023 Foreign currency translation adjustments .................................................. (359) 140 267 Applicable income taxes ...................................................................... (26) 134 (127) Minimum pension liability adjustment ...................................................... (62) (38) 1 Applicable income taxes ...................................................................... 38 3 (3) Other, including minority interests ............................................................ 51 (34) 6 Other comprehensive income .................................................................... (3,075) 879 5,285 Accumulated other comprehensive income at beginning of year .............. 20,435 19,556 14,271 Accumulated other comprehensive income at end of year ........................ $17,360 $20,435 $19,556

原件此处是表格,PDF 抽取时列结构已丢失,下面只剩按列读出的数字,行列对应关系无法还原。核对数据请打开来源正文。

综合收益

净利润 $ 8,528 $ 7,308 $ 8,151

其他综合收益 (3,075) 879 5,285

综合收益合计 $ 5,453 $ 8,187 $13,436

Comprehensive Income Net earnings............................................................................................... $ 8,528 $ 7,308 $ 8,151 Other comprehensive income .................................................................... (3,075) 879 5,285 Total comprehensive income ..................................................................... $ 5,453 $ 8,187 $13,436

参见随附的合并财务报表附注。

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

30

30

伯克希尔·哈撒韦公司及其子公司

合并财务报表附注

2005 年 12 月 31 日

(1) 重要会计政策与实务

(a) 经营性质及合并基础

伯克希尔·哈撒韦公司(“伯克希尔”或“公司”)是一家控股公司,旗下子公司从事多种不同业务活动。其中最重要的业务是财产与意外伤害保险,同时以直接承保和再保险方式经营。关于这些业务以及伯克希尔其他可报告业务分部的进一步信息,见附注 20。伯克希尔在过去三年中完成了一系列企业收购,相关讨论见附注 3。

所附合并财务报表包括伯克希尔在财务报表日持有控制性财务权益的所有子公司和关联公司,并将其账户与伯克希尔的账户进行合并。通常情况下,控制性财务权益体现为拥有过半数表决权。判断是否持有控制性财务权益时,还需考虑其他因素,包括:伯克希尔是否有权购买或出售资产,或作出其他对该公司经营成果产生重大影响的经营决策,以及伯克希尔是否承担该公司的主要财务风险。

公司间账户及交易已抵销。2004 年和 2003 年的某些金额已重新分类,以符合本年度的列报方式。

(b) 财务报表编制中使用的估计

按照公认会计原则(GAAP)编制合并财务报表,要求管理层作出估计和假设,这些估计和假设会影响财务报表日资产与负债的报告金额,以及报告期内的收入与费用金额。特别是,财产与意外伤害保险的未付赔款及理赔费用,以及与之相关的再保险可收回金额的估计,由于预测最终索赔金额(这些索赔可能历经多年才报告和结清)存在固有的不确定性,因此可能产生较大的估计误差。此外,与分入再保险递延费用摊销、某些投资资产公允价值及其相关减值的确定、商誉减值的确定相关的估计和假设,都需要管理层作出大量判断。实际结果可能与编制合并财务报表所采用的估计不同。

(c) 现金及现金等价物

现金及现金等价物包括投资于美国国债、货币市场账户以及购买时剩余期限不超过三个月的其他投资的资金。现金及现金等价物不包括因贷款协议或其他合同条款而使用受限的金额。受限金额计入其他资产。

(d) 投资

伯克希尔管理层在购买日确定固定期限证券和权益证券投资的适当分类,并在每个资产负债表日重新评估该分类。伯克希尔的固定期限证券和权益证券投资主要归类为可供出售证券,但金融企业持有的某些被归类为持有至到期证券的投资除外。

持有至到期投资按摊余成本列账,这反映了伯克希尔持有这些证券至到期的意图和能力。可供出售证券按公允价值列报,未实现净损益作为累计其他综合收益的组成部分列报。

投资收益和损失在证券出售时(按个别认定法确定)或发生非暂时性减值时确认。如果管理层认定某项投资的公允价值跌至成本以下属于非暂时性,则将该投资的成本减记至公允价值,并相应计入收益。判断一项减值是否属于非暂时性时,考虑的因素包括:发行人的财务状况、业务前景和信用状况;公允价值低于成本的持续时间;下跌的相对幅度;以及伯克希尔持有该投资直到公允价值恢复的能力和意图。

对于伯克希尔能够对被投资方的经营和财务政策施加重大影响,但非控制被投资方的投资,伯克希尔采用权益法核算。持有被投资方至少 20% 但不超过 50% 的表决权,通常是采用权益法的前提条件。但是,根据不同的事实与情形,包括在被投资方董事会中拥有代表权、合同规定的否决权或审批权、参与政策制定过程,以及其他重大所有者的存在或缺失情况,伯克希尔也可能在持有低于 20% 表决权的情况下采用权益法。伯克希尔对普通股投资,以及在其他实质上与普通股拥有相同次级索取权的投资中采用权益法。

BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY INC. and Subsidiaries NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS December 31, 2005 (1) Significant accounting policies and practices (a) Nature of operations and basis of consolidation Berkshire Hathaway Inc. (“Berkshire” or “Company”) is a holding company owning subsidiaries engaged in a number of diverse business activities. The most important of these are property and casualty insurance businesses conducted on both a primary and reinsurance basis. Further information regarding these businesses and Berkshire’s other reportable business segments is contained in Note 20. Berkshire consummated a number of business acquisitions over the past three years which are discussed in Note 3. The accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of Berkshire consolidated with the accounts of all of its subsidiaries and affiliates in which Berkshire holds a controlling financial interest as of the financial statement date. Normally a controlling financial interest reflects ownership of a majority of the voting interests. Other factors considered in determining whether a controlling financial interest is held include whether Berkshire possesses the authority to purchase or sell assets or make other operating decisions that significantly affect the entity’s results of operations and whether Berkshire bears a majority of the financial risks of the entity. Intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated. Certain amounts in 2004 and 2003 have been reclassified to conform with the current year presentation. (b) Use of estimates in preparation of financial statements The preparation of the Consolidated Financial Statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amount of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amount of revenues and expenses during the period. In particular, estimates of unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses and related recoverables under reinsurance for property and casualty insurance are subject to considerable estimation error due to the inherent uncertainty in projecting ultimate claim amounts that can be reported and settled over a period of many years. In addition, estimates and assumptions associated with the amortization of deferred charges reinsurance assumed, the determination of fair value of certain invested assets and related impairments, and the determination of goodwill impairments require considerable judgment by management. Actual results may differ from the estimates used in preparing the Consolidated Financial Statements. (c) Cash equivalents Cash equivalents consist of funds invested in U.S. Treasury Bills, money market accounts, and in other investments with a maturity of three months or less when purchased. Cash and cash equivalents exclude amounts where availability is restricted by loan agreements or other contractual provisions. Restricted amounts are included in other assets. (d) Investments Berkshire’s management determines the appropriate classifications of investments in fixed maturity securities and equity securities at the acquisition date and re-evaluates the classifications at each balance sheet date. Berkshire’s investments in fixed maturity and equity securities are primarily classified as available-for-sale, except for certain securities held by finance businesses which are classified as held-to-maturity. Held-to-maturity investments are carried at amortized cost, reflecting Berkshire’s intent and ability to hold the securities to maturity. Available-for-sale securities are stated at fair value with net unrealized gains or losses reported as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income. Investment gains and losses arise when investments are sold (as determined on a specific identification basis) or are other-than-temporarily impaired. If in management’s judgment a decline in the value of an investment below cost is other than temporary, the cost of the investment is written down to fair value with a corresponding charge to earnings. Factors considered in judging whether an impairment is other than temporary include: the financial condition, business prospects and creditworthiness of the issuer, the length of time that fair value has been less than cost, the relative amount of the decline, and Berkshire’s ability and intent to hold the investment until the fair value recovers. Berkshire utilizes the equity method of accounting with respect to investments where it exercises significant influence, but not control, over the operating and financial policies of the investee. A voting interest of at least 20% and no greater than 50% is normally a prerequisite for utilizing the equity method. However, Berkshire may apply the equity method with less than 20% voting interests based upon the facts and circumstances including representation on the investee’s Board of Directors, contractual veto or approval rights, participation in policy making processes and the existence or absence of other significant owners. Berkshire applies the equity method to investments in common stock and other investments when such other investments possess substantially identical subordinated interests to common stock.

31

31

合并财务报表附注(续)

(1)重要会计政策与实务说明(续)

(d)投资(续)

采用权益法核算时,投资按成本入账,其后根据伯克希尔在被投资公司净利润或净亏损中所占的份额相应增减。伯克希尔同时将被投资公司其他综合收益项目中按持股比例享有的份额,确认为自身综合收益的组成部分。股息或其他权益分配作为投资的减少入账。若被投资公司的净亏损已使按照权益法核算的投资账面价值降至零,只要伯克希尔在该被投资公司中的其他投资存在风险,即使伯克希尔并未承诺向被投资公司提供财务支持,仍可能继续确认额外的净亏损。此类额外的权益法亏损金额(如有),依据伯克希尔对被投资公司账面价值享有权益的变动情况确定。

(e)贷款及应收融资款

贷款及应收融资款包括由伯克希尔金融及金融产品业务发放或购买的商业贷款和消费贷款。贷款及应收融资款按摊余成本列报,并减除基于伯克希尔持有此类贷款及应收款至到期的能力和意图所计提的坏账准备。摊余成本即取得成本,加上或减去已支付或已收取的发起及承诺费用或手续费,这些费用连同取得溢价或折价一并递延,并在贷款存续期内作为收益率调整项摊销。

当交易对手很可能无法按照贷款条款偿还全部到期款项时,即就预计无法收回的贷款确认损失准备。对具有相似特征和条款的消费贷款组合,根据历史损失和回收经验、逾期率以及当前经济状况计提拨备。贷款损失准备计入合并收益表。

(f)衍生工具

衍生工具包括利率、汇率、权益和信用类互换与期权,利率上限与下限,以及期货和远期合约。

伯克希尔按估计公允价值持有衍生合约。衍生工具在附列合并资产负债表中分类为衍生合约资产或衍生合约负债,并已反映根据与交易对手签订的总净额结算协议所允许的抵减金额。此类工具的公允价值代表合约下估计未来现金流量的现值,估值取决于标的利率、汇率、证券价值、相关波动率、交易对手信用状况及合约期限。上述因素或其组合的变化,可能影响这些工具的公允价值。

截至 2005 年 12 月 31 日和 2004 年 12 月 31 日,绝大多数未到期衍生合约并未被指定为财务报告目的下的套期保值工具。因此,此类合约公允价值的变动计入合并收益表中的衍生工具损益。

衍生合约可能约定伯克希尔或交易对手需提供抵押品,作为未到期或未结算合约公允价值的担保。为担保衍生合约资产或负债而从交易对手收到或向其支付的现金抵押品,在合并资产负债表中分别计入金融及金融产品业务的负债或资产。收到交易对手提供的证券抵押品不确认为资产,交付给交易对手的证券抵押品则继续在合并资产负债表中反映为资产。

(g)附回购协议的证券出售

附回购协议的证券出售按担保借款核算,并按合同约定的回购金额入账。

(h)存货

存货包括待售的产成品和采购商品。产成品存货成本包括原材料、直接及间接人工以及制造费用。存货按成本与市价孰低法列报。截至 2005 年 12 月 31 日,约 59% 的存货总成本使用后进先出法(“LIFO”)确定,36% 使用先进先出法(“FIFO”)确定,其余使用个别认定法确定。对于以后进先出法计价的存货,截至 2005 年 12 月 31 日和 2004 年 12 月 31 日,采用后进先出法下的成本与按先进先出法确定的成本之间的差额,合计分别为 2.37 亿美元和 1.15 亿美元。

(i)不动产、厂房及设备

不动产、厂房及设备按成本入账。重大增建和改良的支出予以资本化,而不改善或延长相关资产使用寿命的替换、维修和保养支出,则在发生时计入费用。

折旧主要采用直线法在估计使用寿命内计提。租赁改良资产在租赁期或改良资产使用寿命(以较短者为准)内摊销。模拟器及设施建造期间的利息,作为成本的组成部分予以资本化,并在相关资产使用寿命内摊销。

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) (1) Significant accounting policies and practices (Continued) (d) Investments (Continued) In applying the equity method, investments are recorded at cost and subsequently increased or decreased by Berkshire’s proportionate share of the net earnings or losses of the investee. Berkshire also records its proportionate share of other comprehensive income items of the investee as a component of its comprehensive income. Dividends or other equity distributions are recorded as a reduction of the investment. In the event that net losses of the investee have reduced the equity method investment to zero, additional net losses may be recorded if other investments in the investee are at-risk, even if Berkshire has not committed to provide financial support to the investee. Berkshire bases such additional equity method loss amounts, if any, on the change in its claim on the investee’s book value. (e) Loans and finance receivables Loans and finance receivables consist of commercial and consumer loans originated or purchased by Berkshire’s finance and financial products businesses. Loans and finance receivables are stated at amortized cost less allowances for uncollectible accounts based on Berkshire’s ability and intent to hold such loans and receivables to maturity. Amortized cost represents acquisition cost, plus or minus origination and commitment costs paid or fees received, which together with acquisition premiums or discounts are deferred and amortized as yield adjustments over the life of the loan. Allowances for estimated losses from uncollectible loans are recorded when it is probable that the counterparty will be unable to pay all amounts due according to the terms of the loan. Allowances are provided on aggregations of consumer loans with similar characteristics and terms based upon historical loss and recovery experience, delinquency rates, and current economic conditions. Provisions for loan losses are included in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings. (f) Derivatives Derivative instruments include interest rate, currency, equity and credit swaps and options, interest rate caps and floors and futures and forward contracts. Berkshire carries derivative contracts at estimated fair value. Derivatives are classified as derivative contract assets or liabilities in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets and reflect reductions permitted under master netting agreements with counterparties. The fair values of these instruments represent the present value of estimated future cash flows under the contracts, which are a function of underlying interest rates, currency rates, security values, related volatility, counterparty creditworthiness and duration of the contracts. Changes in these factors or a combination thereof may affect the fair value of these instruments. The preponderance of derivative contracts outstanding at December 31, 2005 and 2004 are not designated as hedging instruments for financial reporting purposes. Accordingly, changes in the fair value of such contracts are included in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings as derivative gains/losses. Derivative contracts may provide for Berkshire or the counterparty to post collateral as security against the fair value of open or unsettled contracts. Cash collateral received from or paid to counterparties to secure derivative contract assets or liabilities is included in liabilities or assets of finance and financial products businesses in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Securities received from counterparties as collateral are not recorded as assets and securities delivered to counterparties as collateral continue to be reflected as assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. (g) Securities sold under agreements to repurchase Securities sold under agreements to repurchase are accounted for as collateralized borrowings and are recorded at the contractual repurchase amounts. (h) Inventories Inventories consist of manufactured goods and purchased goods acquired for resale. Manufactured inventory costs include raw materials, direct and indirect labor and factory overhead. Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or market. As of December 31, 2005, approximately 59% of the total inventory cost was determined using the last-in- first-out (“LIFO”) method, 36% using the first-in-first-out (“FIFO”) method, with the remainder using the specific identification method. With respect to inventories carried at LIFO cost, the aggregate difference in value between LIFO cost and cost determined under FIFO methods was $237 million and $115 million as of December 31, 2005 and 2004, respectively. (i) Property, plant and equipment Property, plant and equipment is recorded at cost. The cost of major additions and betterments are capitalized, while replacements, maintenance, and repairs that do not improve or extend the useful lives of the related assets are expensed as incurred. Depreciation is provided principally on the straight-line method over estimated useful lives. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the life of the lease or the life of the improvement, whichever is shorter. Interest is capitalized as an integral component of cost during the construction period of simulators and facilities and is amortized over the life of the related assets.

32

32

(1)重要会计政策与实务(续)

(i)不动产、厂房及设备(续)

当发生某些事件或情况变化,表明资产账面价值可能无法收回时,对不动产、厂房及设备进行减值评估。触发事件发生后,对资产进行审查,以评估预期通过使用该资产产生的预计未折现现金流加上最终处置的残值,是否超过该资产的账面价值。若账面价值超过预计可收回金额,则将该资产减记至预期未来使用该资产产生的现金流量的预计折现现值。由此产生的减值损失反映在合并利润表中。

(j)商誉

商誉是指企业合并中购买成本与被收购净资产公允价值之间的差额。商誉至少每年采用多种方法进行减值测试,如有减值,则计入损益。测试中使用的关键假设包括但不限于使用适当的折现率和预计未来现金流量。在估算现金流量时,公司综合考虑当前市场信息以及历史因素。在 2005 年和 2004 年,公司未记录任何商誉减值。

(k)收入确认

预期财产/意外保险和再保险以及健康再保险保单的保费,按所提供的保险保障水平比例确认。大多数情况下,保费在合同期内按比例确认为收入,未赚保费按月或按日按比例计算。追溯性财产/意外再保险保单的保费在合同生效时确认为收入。寿险再保险合同的保费在到期时确认为收入。

已赚保费以向再保险人分出金额后的净额列示。对于某些在期内承保的再保险合同,若来自分出公司的该期报告按合同规定在资产负债表日后才到期,则保费基于估计数确认。对于包含经验费率条款的保单,保费基于合同项下估计的损失经验确定。

销售收入来自制造产品的销售及为转售而购入的商品。销售收入在所有权转移给客户时确认,这通常与客户提货、产品交付或验收的时间一致,具体取决于销售安排的条款。

服务收入主要来自飞行员培训、飞行运营及飞行管理活动。服务收入在提供服务时确认。根据合同提供的服务,视合同条款,或在合同期内确认,或在合同约定的各要素完成时确认。

债券和贷款投资产生的利息收入采用恒定收益法确认,包括根据投资证券或贷款协议条款应计的利息,以及收购溢价和应计折价的摊销。在确定抵押贷款支持证券的恒定收益率时,定期估计和评估对手方的预期提前还款情况。权益证券的股息在除息日应计并确认。

(l)损失及损失调整费用

未付损失及损失调整费用的负债,是指截至资产负债表日已发生的损失所对应的财产/意外保险和再保险合同的预计理赔及理赔结算成本。损失及损失调整费用负债按预计最终支付金额入账,但下文所述的某些工伤保险再保险业务产生的金额按折现基础处理。预计最终支付金额基于:(1)个案估计;(2)投保人报告的损失;以及(3)已发生但未报告(“IBNR”)损失的估计。

根据某些再保险合同承担的工伤保险理赔的预计负债,在合并资产负债表上按折现金额列示。折现金额基于年折现率:2003 年之前发生的理赔为 4.5%,2002 年之后发生的理赔为 1%,与法定会计原则下使用的折现率一致。定期折现增值计入合并利润表,作为损失及损失调整费用的组成部分。

(m)承担的再保险递延费用

对于提供保险风险保障的追溯性财产和意外再保险合同,预计理赔及理赔成本负债超过所收对价的差额,在合同初始时确认为递延费用。该递延费用随后在预计理赔结算期内采用利息法摊销。定期摊销费用在随附的合并利润表中列示为损失及损失调整费用。

预计损失支付时间及估计金额的变化,会导致未摊销递延费用余额发生变动。此类估计变更进行追溯调整,其净影响计入变更发生期间的摊销费用。

(1) Significant accounting policies and practices (Continued) (i) Property, plant and equipment (Continued) Property, plant and equipment is evaluated for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the assets may not be recoverable. Upon the occurrence of a triggering event, the asset is reviewed to assess whether the estimated undiscounted cash flows expected from the use of the asset plus residual value from the ultimate disposal exceeds the carrying value of the asset. If the carrying value exceeds the estimated recoverable amounts, the asset is written down to the estimated discounted present value of the expected future cash flows from using the asset. The resulting impairment loss is reflected in the Consolidated Statement of Earnings. (j) Goodwill Goodwill represents the difference between purchase cost and the fair value of net assets acquired in business acquisitions. Goodwill is tested for impairment using a variety of methods at least annually and impairments, if any, are charged to earnings. Key assumptions used in the testing include, but are not limited to, the use of an appropriate discount rate and estimated future cash flows. In estimating cash flows, the Company incorporates current market information as well as historical factors. During 2005 and 2004, the Company did not record any goodwill impairments. (k) Revenue recognition Insurance premiums for prospective property/casualty insurance and reinsurance and health reinsurance policies are earned in proportion to the level of insurance protection provided. In most cases, premiums are recognized as revenues ratably over the term of the contract with unearned premiums computed on a monthly or daily pro rata basis. Premiums for retroactive reinsurance property/casualty policies are earned at the inception of the contracts. Premiums for life reinsurance contracts are earned when due. Premiums earned are stated net of amounts ceded to reinsurers. Premiums are estimated with respect to certain reinsurance contracts written during the period where reports from ceding companies for the period are not contractually due until after the balance sheet date. For policies containing experience rating provisions, premiums are based upon estimated loss experience under the contract. Sales revenues derive from the sales of manufactured products and goods acquired for resale. Revenues from sales are recognized upon passage of title to the customer, which generally coincides with customer pickup, product delivery or acceptance, depending on terms of the sales arrangement. Service revenues derive primarily from pilot training and flight operations and flight management activities. Service revenues are recognized as the services are performed. Services provided pursuant to a contract are either recognized over the contract period, or upon completion of the elements specified in the contract, depending on the terms of the contract. Interest income from investments in bonds and loans is earned under the constant yield method and includes accrual of interest due under terms of the investment security or loan agreement as well as amortization of acquisition premiums and accruable discounts. In determining the constant yield for mortgage-backed securities, anticipated counterparty prepayments are estimated and evaluated periodically. Dividends from equity securities are accrued and earned on the ex-dividend date. (l) Losses and loss adjustment expenses Liabilities for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses represent estimated claim and claim settlement costs of property/casualty insurance and reinsurance contracts with respect to losses that have occurred as of the balance sheet date. The liabilities for losses and loss adjustment expenses are recorded at the estimated ultimate payment amounts, except that amounts arising from certain workers’ compensation reinsurance business are discounted as discussed below. Estimated ultimate payment amounts are based upon (1) individual case estimates, (2) reports of losses from policyholders and (3) estimates of incurred but not reported (“IBNR”) losses. The estimated liabilities of workers’ compensation claims assumed under certain reinsurance contracts are carried in the Consolidated Balance Sheets at discounted amounts. Discounted amounts are based upon an annual discount rate of 4.5% for claims arising prior to 2003 and 1% for claims arising after 2002, consistent with discount rates used under statutory accounting principles. The periodic discount accretion is included in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings as a component of losses and loss adjustment expenses. (m) Deferred charges reinsurance assumed The excess of estimated liabilities for claims and claim costs over the consideration received with respect to retroactive property and casualty reinsurance contracts that provide for indemnification of insurance risk is established as a deferred charge at inception of such contracts. The deferred charges are subsequently amortized using the interest method over the expected claim settlement periods. The periodic amortization charges are reflected in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Earnings as losses and loss adjustment expenses. Changes to the expected timing and estimated amount of loss payments produce changes in the unamortized deferred charge balance. Such changes in estimates are accounted for retrospectively with the net effect included in amortization expense in the period of the change.

33

33

合并财务报表附注(续)

(1)重要会计政策与实务(续)

(n)再保险

损失及损失调整费用准备金在随附的合并利润表中列报时,已扣除再保险合同项下实际收回的金额及预计可收回金额。再保险合同并不免除分出公司对原保险及再保险合同所涉保单持有人承担的赔付义务。

(o)保费获取成本

与保单签发相关且金额变动的成本,在可最终收回的前提下予以递延,并在相关保费赚取时计入承保费用。获取成本包括佣金、保费税、广告费及其他承保费用。保费获取成本的可收回性通常反映了对投资收益的预期。递延保费获取成本未摊销余额计入其他资产,截至 2005 年 12 月 31 日和 2004 年 12 月 31 日,分别为 12.87 亿美元和 13.71 亿美元。

(p)外币

境外子公司的账目在多数情况下以当地货币作为功能货币计量。这些业务的收入与费用按当期平均汇率折算为美元。资产与负债按报告期末汇率折算。境外业务财务报表折算产生的利得或损失计入股东权益,作为累计其他综合收益的组成部分。可供出售证券相关的未实现利得或损失计入其他综合收益组成部分。其他以外币计价的交易产生的利得和损失计入合并利润表。

(q)递延所得税

递延所得税采用负债法计算。递延所得税资产和负债基于资产和负债的财务报表账面价值与计税基础之间的差额,按已颁布的税率计算。与其他综合收益组成部分(主要为未实现投资利得和损失)相关的递延所得税资产和负债的变动,直接计入或冲抵其他综合收益。除此之外,递延所得税资产和负债的变动计入所得税费用组成部分。对于管理层判断认为实现可能性不大的某些递延所得税资产,已设立估值备抵。

(r)2006 年将采用的会计准则发布文件

2005 年 5 月,财务会计准则委员会(“FASB”)发布了第 154 号财务会计准则公告(“SFAS”)《会计变更与差错更正》。SFAS 第 154 号改变了会计原则变更的会计处理和报告要求。此前,自愿性会计原则变更须在变更当期将改用新会计原则的累积影响计入净利润。SFAS 第 154 号要求对会计原则变更按追溯调整法处理,重述前期财务报表,除非确定该变更的特定期间影响或累积影响不可行。当确定会计原则变更对所有前期的累积影响不可行时,本公告要求从最早可行日期起,将新会计原则视作已按未来适用法进行过处理。本公告条款自 2005 年 12 月 15 日之后开始的会计年度生效,允许提前采用。预计采用 SFAS 第 154 号对伯克希尔合并财务报表不会产生重大影响。

2005 年 11 月,发布了 FASB 工作人员立场公告第 FAS 115-1 号及第 FAS 124-1 号《“非暂时性减值”的含义及其在特定投资中的应用》。该发布文件的规定涉及投资何时被视为已减值、该减值是否被视为非暂时性以及减值损失的计量。此外,该发布文件还要求就尚未在净利润中确认为损失的未实现损失做出特定披露。该发布文件中的指引修订了 SFAS 第 115 号《特定债务和权益证券的会计处理》,自 2005 年 12 月 15 日之后开始的报告期间生效。伯克希尔预计采用此 FSP 对合并财务报表不会产生重大影响。

(2)对中美能源控股公司的投资

截至 2005 年 12 月 31 日和 2004 年 12 月 31 日,伯克希尔对中美能源控股公司(“中美能源”)的投资按权益法核算,汇总如下。金额单位为百万美元。

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) (1) Significant accounting policies and practices (Continued) (n) Reinsurance Provisions for losses and loss adjustment expenses are reported in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Earnings after deducting amounts recovered and estimates of amounts recoverable under reinsurance contracts. Reinsurance contracts do not relieve the ceding company of its obligations to indemnify policyholders with respect to the underlying insurance and reinsurance contracts. (o) Insurance premium acquisition costs Costs that vary and are related to the issuance of insurance policies are deferred, subject to ultimate recoverability, and charged to underwriting expenses as the related premiums are earned. Acquisition costs consist of commissions, premium taxes, advertising and other underwriting costs. The recoverability of premium acquisition costs, generally, reflects anticipation of investment income. The unamortized balances of deferred premium acquisition costs are included in other assets and were $1,287 million and $1,371 million at December 31, 2005 and 2004, respectively. (p) Foreign currency The accounts of foreign-based subsidiaries are measured in most instances using the local currency as the functional currency. Revenues and expenses of these businesses are translated into U.S. dollars at the average exchange rate for the period. Assets and liabilities are translated at the exchange rate as of the end of the reporting period. Gains or losses from translating the financial statements of foreign-based operations are included in shareholders’ equity as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income. Unrealized gains or losses associated with available- for-sale securities are included as a component of other comprehensive income. Gains and losses arising from other transactions denominated in a foreign currency are included in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings. (q) Deferred income taxes Deferred income taxes are calculated under the liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are based on differences between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities at the enacted tax rates. Changes in deferred income tax assets and liabilities that are associated with components of other comprehensive income (primarily unrealized investment gains and losses) are charged or credited directly to other comprehensive income. Otherwise, changes in deferred income tax assets and liabilities are included as a component of income tax expense. Valuation allowances have been established for certain deferred tax assets where management has judged that realization is not likely. (r) Accounting pronouncements to be adopted in 2006 In May 2005, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (“SFAS”) No. 154, “Accounting Changes and Error Corrections.” SFAS No. 154 changes the requirements for the accounting for and reporting of a change in accounting principle. Previously, voluntary changes in accounting principle were required to be recognized by including in net income of the period of change the cumulative effect of changing to the new accounting principle. SFAS No. 154 requires retrospective application to prior periods’ financial statements of changes in accounting principle, unless it is impractical to determine either the period- specific effects or the cumulative effect of the change. When it is impractical to determine the cumulative effect of applying a change in accounting principle to all prior periods, this Statement requires that the new accounting principle be applied as if it were adopted prospectively from the earliest date practicable. The provisions of this Statement are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2005, with early adoption permitted. The adoption of SFAS 154 is not expected to have a material effect on Berkshire’s Consolidated Financial Statements. In November 2005, FASB Staff Position Nos. FAS 115-1 and FAS 124-1, “The Meaning of Other-Than-Temporary Impairment and Its Application to Certain Investments” was issued. The provisions of this pronouncement address when an investment is considered impaired, whether the impairment is considered other than temporary and the measurement of an impairment loss. In addition, this pronouncement requires certain disclosures regarding unrealized losses that have not been recognized as losses in net earnings. The guidance in the pronouncement amends SFAS No. 115 “Accounting for Certain Debt and Equity Securities” and is effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2005. Berkshire does not anticipate that the adoption of this FSP will have a material effect on the Consolidated Financial Statements. (2) Investments in MidAmerican Energy Holdings Company Berkshire’s investment in MidAmerican Energy Holdings Company (“MidAmerican”) as of December 31, 2005 and 2004, which was accounted for pursuant to the equity method, is summarized below. Dollar amounts are in millions.

账面价值

股数 成本 2005 年 2004 年

普通股

900,942 32 美元 58 美元 50 美元

累积可转换优先股

41,263,395 1,613 美元 2,778 美元 2,439 美元

1,645 美元 2,836 美元 2,489 美元

可赎回 11% 信托优先证券(债务),按成本和面值 1,289 美元 1,478 美元

4,125 美元 3,967 美元

Carrying value Shares Cost 2005 2004 Common stock............................................................................ 900,942 $ 32 $ 58 $ 50 Cumulative convertible preferred stock...................................... 41,263,395 1,613 2,778 2,439 $1,645 2,836 2,489 Redeemable 11% trust preferred securities (debt) at cost and par ................................................... 1,289 1,478 $4,125 $3,967 34

(2)对中美能源控股公司的投资(续)

中美能源在美国拥有一家综合性的电力与天然气公用事业公司、两条州际天然气管道公司、两家英国配电公司、一个多元化的国内外电力项目组合,以及美国第二大住宅房地产经纪公司。

通过其对中美能源普通股和可转换优先股的投资,截至 2005 年 12 月 31 日,伯克希尔持有中美能源 9.7% 的投票权和 83.4%(稀释后 80.5%)的经济权益。每股可转换优先股仅在特定事件发生时才能转换为一股普通股,这些事件包括废除 1935 年《公用事业控股公司法》(“PUHCA”)。伯克希尔董事会成员小沃尔特·斯科特在 2005 年 12 月 31 日控制了中美能源约 86% 的投票权益。

截至 2005 年 12 月 31 日的三年期间,伯克希尔通过其对中美能源普通股和可转换优先股的投资,有能力对中美能源的运营施加重大影响。可转换优先股虽然通常没有投票权,但实质上与一股普通股具有相同的从属权益,并且在经济上等同于普通股。因此,在此期间,伯克希尔按照权益法核算其对中美能源的投资。

2005 年《能源政策法案》于 2005 年 8 月 8 日颁布,其中包含废除 PUHCA,该废除于 2006 年 2 月 8 日生效。2006 年 2 月 9 日,伯克希尔·哈撒韦将其优先股转换为普通股,转换后持有约 83.4%(稀释后 80.5%)的有投票权普通股权益。截至该日,伯克希尔被认为在财务报告目的上控制了中美能源。中美能源的账目将从 2006 年 2 月起合并到伯克希尔的合并财务报表中。然而,中美能源的运营、管理或资本结构不会因合并而发生变化。具体而言,中美能源的债务目前不由伯克希尔担保。但伯克希尔已做出承诺,至 2011 年 2 月 28 日止,允许中美能源要求最多 35 亿美元的资金用于偿还其债务或向其受监管的子公司提供资金。

自 2006 年起,伯克希尔的合并财务报表将合并中美能源的账目。虽然合并中美能源将对合并收入和费用产生重大影响,但合并净利润或股东权益与权益法金额之间的唯一差异涉及递延所得税。伯克希尔将根据 SFAS 第 109 号,停止就其在中美能源的投资计提递延所得税。由于这一会计变更对未来合并财务报表列报的重要性,伯克希尔合并资产负债表的表内已包含一份未经审计的备考资产负债表,该表反映了截至 2005 年 12 月 31 日中美能源的合并情况。伯克希尔管理层认为,该未经审计的备考信息对投资者、债权人及其他财务报表使用者具有意义且相关。

中美能源的简要合并资产负债表和利润表如下(单位:百万美元)。

资产负债表2005 年 12 月 31 日2004 年 12 月 31 日
资产:
财产、厂房及设备,净值11,91511,607
商誉4,1564,307
其他资产4,1223,990
20,19319,904
负债和股东权益:
债务,除非欠伯克希尔的债务10,29610,528
欠伯克希尔的债务1,2891,478
其他负债和少数股东权益5,2234,927
16,80816,933
股东权益3,3852,971
20,19319,904

(2) Investments in MidAmerican Energy Holdings Company (Continued) MidAmerican owns a combined electric and natural gas utility company in the United States, two interstate natural gas pipeline companies in the United States, two electricity distribution companies in the United Kingdom, a diversified portfolio of domestic and international electric power projects and the second largest residential real estate brokerage firm in the United States. Through its investments in MidAmerican common and convertible preferred stock, at December 31, 2005, Berkshire possessed 9.7% of the voting rights and 83.4% (80.5% diluted) of the economic rights in MidAmerican. Each share of convertible preferred stock was convertible into a share of common stock only upon the occurrence of specified events, including the elimination of the Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935 (“PUHCA”). Walter Scott, Jr., a member of Berkshire’s Board of Directors, controlled approximately 86% of the voting interest in MidAmerican at December 31, 2005. During the three year period ending December 31, 2005, Berkshire possessed the ability to exercise significant influence on the operations of MidAmerican through its investments in common and convertible preferred stock of MidAmerican. The convertible preferred stock, although generally non-voting, was substantially an identical subordinate interest to a share of common stock and economically equivalent to common stock. Therefore, during this period, Berkshire accounted for its investments in MidAmerican pursuant to the equity method. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 was enacted on August 8, 2005 and included the repeal of PUHCA, which became effective on February 8, 2006. On February 9, 2006, Berkshire Hathaway converted its preferred stock to common stock and upon conversion, owned approximately 83.4% (80.5% diluted) of the voting common stock interests. As of that date, Berkshire is deemed to control MidAmerican for financial reporting purposes. The accounts of MidAmerican will be consolidated in Berkshire’s Consolidated Financial Statements beginning February 2006. However, there will be no changes in MidAmerican’s operations, management or capital structure as a result of the consolidation of MidAmerican. Specifically, MidAmerican’s debt is currently not guaranteed by Berkshire. However, Berkshire has made a commitment until February 28, 2011 that would allow MidAmerican to request up to $3.5 billion of capital to pay its debt obligations or to provide funding to its regulated subsidiaries. Beginning in 2006, Berkshire’s Consolidated Financial Statements will consolidate the accounts of MidAmerican. Although the consolidation of MidAmerican will have a significant impact on consolidated revenues and expenses, the only difference in consolidated net earnings or shareholders’ equity from the equity method amounts will pertain to deferred income taxes. Berkshire will cease accruing deferred income taxes with respect to its investments in MidAmerican in accordance with SFAS No. 109. Due to the significance of this change in accounting on future Consolidated Financial Statement presentations, an unaudited pro forma balance sheet has been included on the face of Berkshire’s Consolidated Balance Sheets which reflects the consolidation of MidAmerican as of December 31, 2005. Berkshire management believes that such unaudited pro forma information is meaningful and relevant to investors, creditors and other financial statement users. Condensed consolidated balance sheets and statements of earnings of MidAmerican are as follows (in millions). December 31, December 31, Balance Sheets 2005 2004 Assets: Properties, plants, and equipment, net........................................................................................... $11,915 $11,607 Goodwill ....................................................................................................................................... 4,156 4,307 Other assets ................................................................................................................................... 4,122 3,990 $20,193 $19,904 Liabilities and shareholders’ equity: Debt, except debt owed to Berkshire............................................................................................. $10,296 $10,528 Debt owed to Berkshire................................................................................................................. 1,289 1,478 Other liabilities and minority interests .......................................................................................... 5,223 4,927 16,808 16,933 Shareholders’ equity ..................................................................................................................... 3,385 2,971 $20,193 $19,904

损益表      2005 年  2004 年  2003 年

营业收入及其他收入  7,279  6,727  6,143

成本和费用:

销售成本及经营费用  4,978  4,390  3,913

折旧和摊销  608   638   603

利息费用——伯克希尔持有的债务  157   170   184

其他利息费用  717   713   716

6,460  5,911  5,416

税前利润  819   816   727

所得税及少数股东权益  261   278   284

持续经营利润  558   538   443

已终止业务的收益(损失)  5   (368)  (27)

净利润  $563  $170  $416

Statements of Earnings 2005 2004 2003 Operating revenue and other income............................................................................... $7,279 $6,727 $6,143 Costs and expenses: Cost of sales and operating expenses .............................................................................. 4,978 4,390 3,913 Depreciation and amortization ........................................................................................ 608 638 603 Interest expense – debt held by Berkshire....................................................................... 157 170 184 Other interest expense..................................................................................................... 717 713 716 6,460 5,911 5,416 Earnings before taxes ...................................................................................................... 819 816 727 Income taxes and minority interests................................................................................ 261 278 284 Earnings from continuing operations .............................................................................. 558 538 443 Gain (loss) on discontinued operations ........................................................................... 5 (368) (27) Net earnings .................................................................................................................... $ 563 $ 170 $ 416 35

合并财务报表附注(续)

(2) 对中美能源控股公司的投资(续)

2004 年 9 月 10 日,中美能源管理层决定停止在若干地热发电站附近安装的矿物提取设施(“该项目”)的运营,这些设施曾使用专有工艺从地热卤水和流体中提取锌。中美能源管理层得出结论,该项目无法实现商业可行性。因此,需要计提约 3.4 亿美元(税后)的非现金减值损失,以将该项目资产、可提取矿物数量权利以及分摊的商誉减记至估计可变现净值。

(3) 重大业务收购

伯克希尔长期秉持的收购策略是,以合理的价格收购那些具有持续盈利能力、净资产收益率良好、管理层能干且诚实的企业。在过去三年中,伯克希尔收购了若干企业,详情如下。

2003 年 5 月 23 日,伯克希尔从沃尔玛公司手中以约 15 亿美元的现金对价收购了麦克莱恩公司(“麦克莱恩”)。麦克莱恩是美国最大的批发分销商之一,向便利店、会员制仓储店、大型零售商、快餐店、电影院及其他客户分销食品杂货和非食品类商品。2003 年 8 月 7 日,伯克希尔以总计约 17 亿美元的现金对价收购了克莱顿 Homes 公司(“克莱顿”)的全部流通普通股。克莱顿是一家垂直整合的预制房屋公司,收购时拥有 20 家制造工厂、306 家直营店、535 家独立零售商、89 个预制房屋社区,以及提供按揭服务和保险保障的金融服务业务。

2005 年 6 月 30 日,伯克希尔从 GE 保险解决方案公司收购了医疗保护公司(“Med Pro”)。Med Pro 是美国为医生、牙医及其他初级医疗保健提供者提供专业责任保险的领先公司之一。2005 年 8 月 31 日,伯克希尔收购了 Forest River 公司(“Forest River”),该公司是美国休闲车领域的领先制造商。Forest River 生产一整套机动和非机动休闲车、多功能拖车、客车、船舶和预制房屋。Med Pro 和 Forest River 的经营业绩分别自 2005 年 7 月 1 日和 2005 年 9 月 1 日起并入伯克希尔的合并报表。假设 Med Pro 和 Forest River 的业绩自 2004 年初开始并入,也不会对伯克希尔已报告的合并经营业绩产生重大影响。2005 年完成的所有业务收购(包括由伯克希尔某些子公司主导的小型收购)所支付的总对价为 24 亿美元。

2005 年 5 月,中美能源(见附注 2)与苏格兰电力公司达成最终协议,以约 51 亿美元现金收购其子公司 PacifiCorp,这是一家受监管的电力公用事业公司,为美国西部六个州的客户提供服务。目前预计中美能源将向伯克希尔增发 34 亿美元的额外股本(为资助 PacifiCorp 收购而获得的额外中美能源股本,是在附注 2 中描述的伯克希尔股权承诺之外的增发),这将使伯克希尔在中美能源的持股比例上升至约 88.6%(稀释后为 86.5%)。此次增发股本的收益,加上中美能源计划发行的 17 亿美元长期债务或其他证券的收益,将用于支付这笔收购的价款。此项收购需满足惯例成交条件,预计将于 2006 年 3 月完成交割。

2005 年 12 月 31 日之后,伯克希尔同意收购 Business Wire(一家全球领先的企业新闻、多媒体和监管文件发布商),并同意收购 Applied Underwriters(一家集成式工伤保险解决方案行业领导者)81% 的权益。Business Wire 的收购于 2006 年 2 月 28 日完成,对 Applied Underwriters 的收购预计将在 2006 年 5 月 1 日前完成。

(4) 贷款和应收款项

保险及其他业务的应收款项构成如下(单位:百万美元)。

2005 年 12 月 31 日2004 年 12 月 31 日
应收保险费$ 4,406$ 3,968
再保险摊回款项2,9902,556
贸易及其他应收款项5,3405,225
坏账准备(339)(458)
$12,397$11,291

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) (2) Investments in MidAmerican Energy Holdings Company (Continued) On September 10, 2004, MidAmerican’s management decided to cease operations of mineral extraction facilities installed near certain geothermal energy generation sites (“the Project”), at which proprietary processes were used to extract zinc from geothermal brine and fluids. MidAmerican’s management concluded that the Project could not become commercially viable. Consequently, a non-cash impairment charge of approximately $340 million, after tax, was required to write-down assets of the Project, rights to quantities of extractable minerals, and allocated goodwill to estimated net realizable value. (3) Significant business acquisitions Berkshire’s long-held acquisition strategy is to purchase businesses with consistent earning power, good returns on equity, able and honest management and at sensible prices. During the last three years, Berkshire acquired several businesses which are described in the following paragraphs. On May 23, 2003, Berkshire acquired McLane Company, Inc. (“McLane”), from Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. for cash consideration of approximately $1.5 billion. McLane is one of the nation’s largest wholesale distributors of groceries and nonfood items to convenience stores, wholesale clubs, mass merchandisers, quick service restaurants, theaters and others. On August 7, 2003, Berkshire acquired all the outstanding common stock of Clayton Homes, Inc. (“Clayton”) for cash consideration of approximately $1.7 billion in the aggregate. Clayton is a vertically integrated manufactured housing company which at the time of the acquisition had 20 manufacturing plants, 306 company owned stores, 535 independent retailers, 89 manufactured housing communities and financial services operations that provide mortgage services and insurance protection. On June 30, 2005, Berkshire acquired Medical Protective Company (“Med Pro”) from GE Insurance Solutions. Med Pro is one of the nation’s premier professional liability insurers for physicians, dentists and other primary health care providers. On August 31, 2005, Berkshire acquired Forest River, Inc., (“Forest River”) a leading manufacturer of leisure vehicles in the U.S. Forest River manufactures a complete line of motorized and towable recreational vehicles, utility trailers, buses, boats and manufactured houses. Operating results of Med Pro and Forest River are consolidated with Berkshire’s results beginning as of July 1, 2005 and September 1, 2005, respectively. Inclusion of Med Pro’s and Forest River’s results as of the beginning of 2004 would not have materially impacted Berkshire’s consolidated results of operations as reported. Aggregate consideration paid for all business acquisitions completed during 2005, including smaller acquisitions directed by certain Berkshire subsidiaries was $2.4 billion. In May 2005, MidAmerican (See Note 2) reached a definitive agreement with Scottish Power plc to acquire its subsidiary, PacifiCorp, a regulated electric utility providing service to customers in six Western states for approximately $5.1 billion in cash. It is currently expected that MidAmerican will issue $3.4 billion of additional capital stock to Berkshire (the additional MidAmerican capital stock to be acquired for purposes of funding the PacifiCorp acquisition is in addition to Berkshire’s equity commitment described in Note 2) which will increase Berkshire’s ownership percentage of MidAmerican to approximately 88.6% (86.5% diluted). The proceeds from the issuance of the capital stock along with proceeds from the planned issuance by MidAmerican of $1.7 billion of long-term debt or other securities will be used to fund the purchase. The acquisition is subject to customary closing conditions and is expected to close in March 2006. Subsequent to December 31, 2005, Berkshire agreed to acquire Business Wire, a leading global distributor of corporate news, multimedia and regulatory filings and to acquire an 81% interest in Applied Underwriters, an industry leader in integrated workers’ compensation solutions. The Business Wire acquisition closed on February 28, 2006 and the acquisition of Applied Underwriters is expected to close prior to May 1, 2006. (4) Loans and receivables Receivables of insurance and other businesses are comprised of the following (in millions). December 31, December 31, 2005 2004 Insurance premiums receivable...................................................................................... $ 4,406 $ 3,968 Reinsurance recoverables............................................................................................... 2,990 2,556 Trade and other receivables ........................................................................................... 5,340 5,225 Allowances for uncollectible accounts .......................................................................... (339) (458) $12,397 $11,291

金融及金融产品业务的贷款和应收融资款构成如下(单位:百万美元)。

2005 年 12 月 31 日2004 年 12 月 31 日
消费者分期贷款及应收融资款$ 9,792$ 7,740
商业贷款及应收融资款1,4811,496
贷款坏账准备(186)(61)
$ 11,087$ 9,175

Loans and finance receivables of finance and financial products businesses are comprised of the following (in millions). December 31, December 31, 2005 2004 Consumer installment loans and finance receivables.................................................... $ 9,792 $ 7,740 Commercial loans and finance receivables.................................................................... 1,481 1,496 Allowances for uncollectible loans................................................................................ (186) (61) $11,087 $ 9,175

不可收回贷款的准备金主要与消费分期贷款相关。消费贷款损失准备金在 2005 年共计 2.32 亿美元,2004 年为 1.16 亿美元。贷款核销额在 2005 年为 1.1 亿美元,2004 年为 9900 万美元。消费贷款金额已扣除收购折扣,截至 2005 年 12 月 31 日该折扣总额为 5.79 亿美元,截至 2004 年 12 月 31 日为 4.61 亿美元。

Allowances for uncollectible loans primarily relate to consumer installment loans. Provisions for consumer loan losses totaled $232 million in 2005 and $116 million in 2004. Loan charge-offs totaled $110 million in 2005 and $99 million in 2004. Consumer loan amounts are net of acquisition discounts totaling $579 million at December 31, 2005 and $461 million as of December 31, 2004. 36

(5) 固定期限证券投资

截至 2005 年 12 月 31 日和 2004 年 12 月 31 日的固定期限证券投资如下(单位:百万美元)。

2005 年 12 月 31 日

保险及其他:

美国国债、美国政府机构和政府支持企业债券 $ 7,660 $ 13 $ (28) $ 7,645

美国各州、市及政治附属机构债券 4,243 104 (14) 4,333

外国政府债券 6,884 105 (28) 6,961

公司债券及可赎回优先股 5,492 1,492 (15) 6,969

住房抵押贷款支持证券 1,472 45 (5) 1,512

$25,751 $1,759 $ (90) $27,420

金融及金融产品:

美国国债、美国政府机构和政府支持企业债券 $ 63 $ — $ — $ 63

外国政府债券 51 — — 51

公司债券 348 62 — 410

住房抵押贷款支持证券 1,425 44 (2) 1,467

$ 1,887 $ 106 $ (2) $ 1,991

持有至到期住房抵押贷款支持证券 $ 1,444 $ 181 $ (1) $ 1,624

(5) Investments in fixed maturity securities Investments in securities with fixed maturities as of December 31, 2005 and 2004 are shown below (in millions). Amortized Unrealized Unrealized Fair Cost Gains Losses * Value December 31, 2005 Insurance and other: Obligations of U.S. Treasury, U.S. government corporations and agencies ........................................................ $ 7,660 $ 13 $ (28) $ 7,645 Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions ......................................................... 4,243 104 (14) 4,333 Obligations of foreign governments ................................................ 6,884 105 (28) 6,961 Corporate bonds and redeemable preferred stock............................ 5,492 1,492 (15) 6,969 Mortgage-backed securities ............................................................. 1,472 45 (5) 1,512 $25,751 $1,759 $ (90) $27,420 Finance and financial products: Obligations of U.S. Treasury, U.S. government corporations and agencies ........................................................ $ 63 $ — $ — $ 63 Obligations of foreign governments ................................................ 51 — — 51 Corporate bonds............................................................................... 348 62 — 410 Mortgage-backed securities ............................................................. 1,425 44 (2) 1,467 $ 1,887 $ 106 $ (2) $ 1,991 Mortgage-backed securities, held-to-maturity................................. $ 1,444 $ 181 $ (1) $ 1,624

原件此处是表格,PDF 抽取时列结构已丢失,下面只剩按列读出的数字,行列对应关系无法还原。核对数据请打开来源正文。

2004 年 12 月 31 日

保险及其他:

美国国债、美国政府机构和政府支持企业债券 $ 1,576 $ 25 $ (11) $ 1,590

美国各州、市及政治附属机构债券 3,569 156 — 3,725

外国政府债券 6,996 101 (10) 7,087

公司债券及可赎回优先股 6,541 1,898 (6) 8,433

住房抵押贷款支持证券 1,918 95 (2) 2,011

$20,600 $ 2,275 $ (29) $22,846

金融及金融产品:

美国国债、美国政府机构和政府支持企业债券 $ 3,702 $ 518 $ — $ 4,220

公司债券 433 80 (1) 512

住房抵押贷款支持证券 2,200 103 — 2,303

$ 6,335 $ 701 $ (1) $ 7,035

持有至到期住房抵押贷款支持证券 $ 1,424 $ 190 $ — $ 1,614

December 31, 2004 Insurance and other: Obligations of U.S. Treasury, U.S. government corporations and agencies ........................................................ $ 1,576 $ 25 $ (11) $ 1,590 Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions ......................................................... 3,569 156 — 3,725 Obligations of foreign governments ................................................ 6,996 101 (10) 7,087 Corporate bonds and redeemable preferred stocks .......................... 6,541 1,898 (6) 8,433 Mortgage-backed securities ............................................................. 1,918 95 (2) 2,011 $20,600 $ 2,275 $ (29) $22,846 Finance and financial products: Obligations of U.S. Treasury, U.S. government corporations and agencies ........................................................ $ 3,702 $ 518 $ — $ 4,220 Corporate bonds............................................................................... 433 80 (1) 512 Mortgage-backed securities ............................................................. 2,200 103 — 2,303 $ 6,335 $ 701 $ (1) $ 7,035 Mortgage-backed securities, held-to-maturity................................. $ 1,424 $ 190 $ — $ 1,614

  • 主要涉及摊余成本超出公允价值且持续时间不足十二个月的证券。
  • Primarily relates to securities whose amortized cost has exceeded fair value for less than twelve months.

下表汇总了截至 2005 年 12 月 31 日,按合同到期日划分的固定期限证券的摊销成本与预估公允价值。实际到期日可能与合同到期日存在差异,因为部分证券的发行方保留提前赎回或提前还款的权利。金额单位为百万美元。

到期时间摊销成本公允价值
2006 年到期8,3038,463
2007 年至 2010 年到期10,48210,950
2011 年至 2015 年到期3,9074,210
2015 年后到期2,0502,809
小计24,74226,432
住房抵押贷款支持证券4,3414,603
合计29,08331,035

The amortized cost and estimated fair values of securities with fixed maturities at December 31, 2005, are summarized below by contractual maturity dates. Actual maturities will differ from contractual maturities because issuers of certain of the securities retain early call or prepayment rights. Amounts are in millions. Amortized Fair Cost Value Due in 2006 ............................................................................................................................... $ 8,303 $ 8,463 Due 2007 – 2010 ....................................................................................................................... 10,482 10,950 Due 2011 – 2015 ....................................................................................................................... 3,907 4,210 Due after 2015........................................................................................................................... 2,050 2,809 24,742 26,432 Mortgage-backed securities....................................................................................................... 4,341 4,603 $29,083 $31,035

37

37

合并财务报表附注(续)

(6)权益性证券投资

权益性证券投资的相关数据如下。金额单位为百万美元。

成本未实现损益公允价值
2005 年 12 月 31 日
普通股:
美国运通公司1,2876,5157,802
可口可乐公司1,2996,7638,062
宝洁公司5,963(175)5,788
富国银行2,7543,2215,975
其他10,0369,05819,094
21,33925,38246,721
2004 年 12 月 31 日
普通股:
美国运通公司1,4707,0768,546
可口可乐公司1,2997,0298,328
吉列公司6003,6994,299
富国银行4633,0453,508
其他5,5057,53113,036
9,33728,38037,717

伯克希尔及其子公司持有的美国运通公司(“AXP”)普通股,截至 2005 年 12 月 31 日约占 AXP 全部流通股投票权的 12%。这些股份受到多项协议的约束,总体上禁止伯克希尔(i)单方面寻求在 AXP 董事会中获得代表席位,(ii)持有 AXP 合计表决权证券的 17% 或以上,(iii)除某些例外情况外,未经 AXP 同意,向任何持有 AXP 表决权证券 5% 或以上、或寻求控制 AXP 的人士出售 AXP 普通股。此外,只要肯尼斯·切诺特仍担任 AXP 的首席执行官,伯克希尔将按照 AXP 董事会的建议行使表决权。

截至 2005 年 12 月 31 日,对 AXP 的投资不包括与阿默普莱斯金融公司(“AMP”)相关的价值,该公司于 2005 年 9 月 30 日从 AXP 分拆出来。截至 2005 年 12 月 31 日,AMP 普通股的公允价值(12.43 亿美元)计入其他权益证券。

自 2005 年 10 月 1 日起,宝洁公司(“PG”)以每 1 股吉列公司(“Gillette”)普通股换取 0.975 股其普通股的方式,收购了吉列公司 100% 的股份。伯克希尔在将吉列股份交换为 PG 股份时,确认了约 50 亿美元的非现金税前投资收益。上表中 PG 股份的成本包括为换取 PG 股份而交换的吉列股份的公允价值。

截至 2005 年 12 月 31 日,权益证券的未实现亏损总额为 5.1 亿美元,全部与处于未实现亏损状态不足 12 个月的证券有关。截至 2004 年 12 月 31 日,无未实现亏损。

(7)投资收益(损失)

投资收益(损失)汇总如下(单位:百万美元)。

200520042003
固定期限证券——
出售及其他处置产生的收益总额7928832,559
出售及其他处置产生的损失总额(23)(63)(31)
权益证券——
出售及其他处置产生的收益总额5,612769850
出售产生的损失总额(6)(1)(167)
非暂时性减值损失(114)(19)(289)
人寿结算合同(82)(207)
其他投资17274382
6,1961,6363,304

净收益在合并利润表中反映如下。

保险及其他5,7281,7462,914
金融与金融产品468(110)390
6,1961,6363,304

2005 年权益证券出售及其他处置产生的收益总额,包括附注 6 所述因交换吉列股份为 PG 股份而产生的 50 亿美元收益。

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) (6) Investments in equity securities Data with respect to investments in equity securities are shown below. Amounts are in millions. Unrealized Fair Cost Gains/losses Value December 31, 2005 Common stock of: American Express Company .................................................................................. $ 1,287 $ 6,515 $ 7,802 The Coca-Cola Company ....................................................................................... 1,299 6,763 8,062 The Procter & Gamble Company ........................................................................... 5,963 (175) 5,788 Wells Fargo & Company........................................................................................ 2,754 3,221 5,975 Other ....................................................................................................................... 10,036 9,058 19,094 $21,339 $25,382 $46,721 December 31, 2004 Common stock of: American Express Company .................................................................................. $ 1,470 $ 7,076 $ 8,546 The Coca-Cola Company ....................................................................................... 1,299 7,029 8,328 The Gillette Company ............................................................................................ 600 3,699 4,299 Wells Fargo & Company........................................................................................ 463 3,045 3,508 Other ....................................................................................................................... 5,505 7,531 13,036 $ 9,337 $28,380 $37,717 Common shares of American Express Company (“AXP”) owned by Berkshire and its subsidiaries possessed approximately 12% of the voting rights of all AXP shares outstanding at December 31, 2005. The shares are held subject to various agreements which, generally, prohibit Berkshire from (i) unilaterally seeking representation on the Board of Directors of AXP, (ii) possessing 17% or more of the aggregate voting securities of AXP and (iii) subject to certain exceptions, selling AXP common shares to any person who owns 5% or more of AXP voting securities or seeks to control AXP, without the consent of AXP. In addition, so long as Kenneth Chenault is chief executive officer of AXP, Berkshire will vote its shares in accordance with the recommendations of AXP’s Board of Directors. The investment in AXP as of December 31, 2005 excludes the values associated with Ameriprise Financial, Inc. (“AMP”), which was spun-off by AXP on September 30, 2005. At December 31, 2005, the fair value of AMP common stock ($1,243 million) is included in other equity securities. Effective October 1, 2005, The Procter & Gamble Company (“PG”) acquired 100% of The Gillette Company (“Gillette”) by issuing 0.975 shares of its common stock for each outstanding share of Gillette common stock. Berkshire recognized a non-cash pre- tax investment gain of approximately $5.0 billion upon the exchange of Gillette shares for PG shares. The cost of PG shares in the table above includes the fair value of Gillette shares exchanged for PG shares. Total unrealized losses of equity securities at December 31, 2005 were $510 million, all of which related to securities in an unrealized loss position for less than twelve months. There were no unrealized losses at December 31, 2004. (7) Investment gains (losses) Investment gains (losses) are summarized below (in millions). 2005 2004 2003 Fixed maturity securities — Gross gains from sales and other disposals ........................................................... $ 792 $ 883 $2,559 Gross losses from sales and other disposals.......................................................... (23) (63) (31) Equity securities — Gross gains from sales and other disposals ........................................................... 5,612 769 850 Gross losses from sales.......................................................................................... (6) (1) (167) Losses from other-than-temporary impairments ....................................................... (114) (19) (289) Life settlement contracts............................................................................................ (82) (207) — Other investments...................................................................................................... 17 274 382 $6,196 $1,636 $3,304 Net gains are reflected in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings as follows. Insurance and other ................................................................................................... $5,728 $1,746 $2,914 Finance and financial products.................................................................................. 468 (110) 390 $6,196 $1,636 $3,304 Gross gains from sales and other disposals of equity securities during 2005 includes the $5.0 billion gain on the exchange of Gillette shares for PG shares described in Note 6.

38

38

(8)商誉

2005 年与 2004 年商誉账面价值变动的调节如下(单位:百万美元)。

(8) Goodwill A reconciliation of the change in the carrying value of goodwill for 2005 and 2004 is as follows (in millions).

20052004
年初余额23,01222,948
企业收购及其他63264

2005 2004 Balance at beginning of year ......................................................................................................... $23,012 $22,948 Acquisitions of businesses and other............................................................................................. 632 64

| 年末余额 | 23,644 | 23,012 |

Balance at end of year ................................................................................................................... $23,644 $23,012

(9)存货

存货构成如下(单位:百万美元):

2005 年 12 月 31 日2004 年 12 月 31 日
原材料657527
在产品及其他271256
产成品1,2171,201
采购商品1,9981,858
合计4,1433,842

(9) Inventories Inventories are comprised of the following (in millions): December 31, December 31, 2005 2004 Raw materials................................................................................................................... $ 657 $ 527 Work in progress and other.............................................................................................. 271 256 Finished manufactured goods .......................................................................................... 1,217 1,201 Purchased goods............................................................................................................... 1,998 1,858 $ 4,143 $ 3,842

(10)不动产、厂房及设备

不动产、厂房及设备构成如下(单位:百万美元):

项目估计使用寿命2005 年 12 月 31 日2004 年 12 月 31 日
土地361312
建筑物及改良设施10 – 40 年2,6232,525
机器设备3 – 20 年6,7745,763
家具、固定装置及其他3 – 20 年1,6491,332
合计11,4079,932
累计折旧(3,907)(3,416)
净值7,5006,516

(10) Property, plant and equipment Property, plant and equipment is comprised of the following (in millions): Ranges of December 31, December 31, estimated useful life 2005 2004 Land..................................................................................... — $ 361 $ 312 Buildings and improvements .............................................. 10 – 40 years 2,623 2,525 Machinery and equipment................................................... 3 – 20 years 6,774 5,763 Furniture, fixtures and other................................................ 3 – 20 years 1,649 1,332 11,407 9,932 Accumulated depreciation .................................................. (3,907) (3,416) $ 7,500 $ 6,516

(11)衍生品

未到期衍生品合约的公允价值与名义本金总额汇总如下。金额单位为百万美元。

2005 年 12 月 31 日2004 年 12 月 31 日
资产负债名义本金资产负债名义本金

(11) Derivatives A summary of the fair value and gross notional value of open derivative contracts follows. Amounts are in millions. December 31, 2005 December 31, 2004 Notional Notional Assets Liabilities Value Assets Liabilities Value

外汇远期合约1224313,7601,767621,445
利率、信贷和外汇互换9773,14243,9416,0437,651153,185
股票期权351,59214,488693804,626
外汇期权1172412,0723433526,083
利率期权16434712,03350089328,961
1,3055,5658,7229,282
交易对手净额结算调整项(504)(504)(4,488)(4,488)
衍生品合约资产和负债8015,0614,2344,794

Foreign currency forwards .................................... $ 12 $ 243 $13,760 $ 1,767 $ 6 $ 21,445 Interest rate, credit and foreign currency swaps .... 977 3,142 43,941 6,043 7,651 153,185 Equity options ....................................................... 35 1,592 14,488 69 380 4,626 Foreign currency options....................................... 117 241 2,072 343 352 6,083 Interest rate options ............................................... 164 347 12,033 500 893 28,961 1,305 5,565 8,722 9,282 Adjustment for counterparty netting ..................... (504) (504) (4,488) (4,488) Derivative contract assets and liabilities ............... $ 801 $ 5,061 $ 4,234 $ 4,794

伯克希尔使用衍生品,既是为了管理自身业务的特定经济风险,也是为了从他人处承担特定数量的市场和信用风险。除少数例外情况,上表汇总的合约在财务报告上均未被指定为套期工具。不符合套期会计条件的衍生资产和衍生负债的公允价值变动,在合并利润表中列报为衍生品利得/损失。2002 年,伯克希尔开始签订外币远期合约,旨在部分管理因美元贬值带来的公司整体不利风险。过去两年里,伯克希尔还卖出了股指期权和信用违约互换合约。

自 2002 年 1 月起,通用再保险证券(“GRS”)的业务进入清盘阶段。截至 2005 年 12 月 31 日,GRS 于清盘伊始存在的衍生品风险(按名义本金总额衡量)中约 95% 已被平仓。清盘预计还将持续数年,但管理层认为剩余风险敞口并不重大。

Berkshire utilizes derivatives in order to manage certain economic risks of its businesses as well as to assume specified amounts of market and credit risk from others. The contracts summarized in the preceding table, with limited exceptions, are not designated as hedges for financial reporting purposes. Changes in the fair values of derivative assets and derivative liabilities that do not qualify as hedges are reported in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings as derivative gains/losses. In 2002, Berkshire began to enter into foreign currency forward contracts with the objective of partially managing corporate-wide adverse risk from the decline in the value of the U.S. Dollar. Berkshire has also written equity index options and credit default swap contracts during the last two years. Since January 2002, the operations of General Re Securities (“GRS”) have been in run-off. As of December 31, 2005, approximately 95% of GRS’s derivative risks (as measured by the gross notional value) that existed as of the commencement of the run-off have been liquidated. The run-off is expected to continue over several more years, however, management believes that the remaining exposures are not material.

39

39

合并财务报表附注(续)

(11)衍生工具(续)

主净额结算协议用于管理交易对手信用风险,根据该协议,与同一交易对手的其他合约的损益将进行净额结算。此外,伯克希尔可能从交易对手处收取现金或证券作为抵押品。同样,在类似情况下,伯克希尔可能需要向交易对手提供现金或证券作为抵押品。截至 2005 年 12 月 31 日,伯克希尔持有的抵押品公允价值为 4.22 亿美元,其中包括 3.79 亿美元现金,用于担保未平仓合约资产。截至 2005 年 12 月 31 日,伯克希尔向交易对手提供的抵押品公允价值约为 8.53 亿美元(其中包括 4.87 亿美元现金),作为合约负债的担保。如果伯克希尔的信用评级被下调至特定水平以下,则可能需要提供抵押品以覆盖衍生品负债。假设所有交易对手在所有可能产生信用损失的合约上均违约,则截至 2005 年 12 月 31 日,扣除持有的抵押品后,最大潜在应收款项损失约为 3.79 亿美元。

(12)未决赔款及理赔费用

未决赔款及理赔费用的余额基于对资产负债表日止已发生的财产和意外险索赔事件最终赔付成本的估计,包括已发生但未报告(“IBNR”)索赔的估计。评估索赔并确定估计的索赔负债需要大量判断,特别是对于某些意外险或责任险索赔,这些索赔通常报告周期较长,且受不断变化的法律和诉讼趋势影响。这种索赔报告延迟在责任险或意外险再保险中更为严重,因为分保公司根据合同条款进一步推迟了索赔报告。

财产/意外险保险子公司的未决赔款及理赔费用的补充数据如下(单位:百万美元)。

2005 年2004 年2003 年
未决赔款及理赔费用:
年初毛负债45,21945,39343,771
年初分出损失及递延费用(5,132)(5,684)(6,002)
年初净余额40,08739,70937,769
年度内记录的已发生损失:
本事故年度15,83913,04313,135
所有以前事故年度(357)419480
已发生损失合计15,48213,46213,615
年度内支付的赔款:
本事故年度(5,514)(4,746)(4,493)
所有以前事故年度(7,793)(8,828)(8,092)
支付总额(13,307)(13,574)(12,585)
未决赔款及理赔费用:
年末净余额42,26239,59738,799
年末分出损失及递延费用5,2005,1325,684
外币折算调整(728)490910
收购1,300
年末毛负债48,03445,21945,393

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) (11) Derivatives (Continued) Master netting agreements are utilized to manage counterparty credit risk, where gains and losses are netted across other contracts with that counterparty. In addition, Berkshire may receive cash or securities from counterparties as collateral. Likewise, Berkshire may be required to post cash or securities as collateral with counterparties under similar circumstances. At December 31, 2005, Berkshire held collateral with a fair value of $422 million, including cash of $379 million to secure open contract assets. At December 31, 2005, Berkshire posted collateral with a fair value of approximately $853 million (which includes $487 million in cash) with counterparties as security on contract liabilities. Berkshire may be required to post collateral to cover derivative liabilities in the event of a downgrade of its credit rating below specified levels. Assuming non-performance by all counterparties on all contracts potentially subject to a credit loss, the maximum potential receivable loss, net of collateral held, at December 31, 2005 approximated $379 million. (12) Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses The balances of unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses are based upon estimates of the ultimate claim costs associated with property and casualty claim occurrences as of the balance sheet dates including estimates for incurred but not reported (“IBNR”) claims. Considerable judgment is required to evaluate claims and establish estimated claim liabilities, particularly with respect to certain casualty or liability claims, which are typically reported over long periods of time and subject to changing legal and litigation trends. This delay in claim reporting is exacerbated in reinsurance of liability or casualty claims as claim reporting by ceding companies is further delayed by contract terms. Supplemental data with respect to unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses of property/casualty insurance subsidiaries is as follows (in millions). 2005 2004 2003 Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses: Gross liabilities at beginning of year.............................................................................. $45,219 $45,393 $43,771 Ceded losses and deferred charges at beginning of year ................................................ (5,132) (5,684) (6,002) Net balance at beginning of year .................................................................................... 40,087 39,709 37,769 Incurred losses recorded during the year: Current accident year...................................................................................................... 15,839 13,043 13,135 All prior accident years................................................................................................... (357) 419 480 Total incurred losses....................................................................................................... 15,482 13,462 13,615 Payments during the year with respect to: Current accident year...................................................................................................... (5,514) (4,746) (4,493) All prior accident years................................................................................................... (7,793) (8,828) (8,092) Total payments ............................................................................................................... (13,307) (13,574) (12,585) Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses: Net balance at end of year .............................................................................................. 42,262 39,597 38,799 Ceded losses and deferred charges at end of year .......................................................... 5,200 5,132 5,684 Foreign currency translation adjustment ........................................................................ (728) 490 910 Acquisitions .................................................................................................................... 1,300 — — Gross liabilities at end of year ........................................................................................... $48,034 $45,219 $45,393

2005 年发生的过往事故年度损失,包含了 2005 年 1 月 1 日之前生效的追溯再保险合同相关递延费用的摊销。计入过往事故年度损失的摊销费用,2005 年为 2.94 亿美元,2004 年为 4.51 亿美元,2003 年为 4.32 亿美元。

部分工伤保险准备金按折现计算。截至 2005 年 12 月 31 日和 2004 年 12 月 31 日,折现后的净负债分别为 24.34 亿美元和 22.80 亿美元,折现总额净额分别为 27.98 亿美元和 26.11 亿美元。这些折现的定期增值也构成过往年度已发生损失的一部分。折现负债的增值金额,2005 年约为 9200 万美元,2004 年为 8700 万美元,2003 年为 8500 万美元。

“所有过往事故年度”的已发生损失,还反映了每年因年初所确立负债而产生的估计误差计入或冲抵收益的金额。2005 年和 2004 年,伯克希尔分别将年初净损失和损失调整费用负债减少了 7.43 亿美元和 1.19 亿美元。2003 年,伯克希尔录得与过往年度损失事件相关的损失 3700 万美元。

伯克希尔的保险子公司面临因保险和再保险合同产生的环境、石棉及其他潜在伤害索赔。环境和石棉风险的损失准备金估计包括个案准备金,该准备金也反映了法律及其他损失调整费用的准备金,以及未报告赔案(IBNR)准备金。未报告赔案准备金根据伯克希尔的历史一般责任风险敞口基础和保单措辞、以往环境损失经验,以及对环境法、环境清理成本、石棉责任法和石棉责任和解判例当前趋势的评估来确定。

Prior accident years losses incurred in 2005 include amortization of deferred charges related to retroactive reinsurance contracts incepting prior to January 1, 2005. Amortization charges included in prior accident years losses were $294 million in 2005, $451 million in 2004 and $432 million in 2003. Certain workers’ compensation reserves are discounted. Net discounted liabilities at December 31, 2005 and 2004 were $2,434 million and $2,280 million, respectively, and are net of discounts totaling $2,798 million and $2,611 million. Periodic accretions of these discounts are also a component of prior years losses incurred. The accretion of discounted liabilities was approximately $92 million in 2005, $87 million in 2004 and $85 million in 2003. Incurred losses “all prior accident years” also reflects the amount of estimation error charged or credited to earnings in each year with respect to the liabilities established as of the beginning of that year. In both 2005 and 2004, Berkshire reduced the beginning of the year net loss and loss adjustment expense liability by $743 million and $119 million respectively. In 2003, Berkshire recorded a loss of $37 million related to prior years loss occurrences. Berkshire’s insurance subsidiaries are exposed to environmental, asbestos and other latent injury claims arising from insurance and reinsurance contracts. Loss reserve estimates for environmental and asbestos exposures include case basis reserves, which also reflect reserves for legal and other loss adjustment expenses and IBNR reserves. IBNR reserves are determined based upon Berkshire’s historic general liability exposure base and policy language, previous environmental loss experience and the assessment of current trends of environmental law, environmental cleanup costs, asbestos liability law and judgmental settlements of asbestos liabilities.

40

40

(12) 未决赔款及理赔费用调整(续)

环境、石棉及潜在伤害索赔及其相关费用的负债,在扣除再保险摊回后,于 2005 年 12 月 31 日约为 54 亿美元,2004 年 12 月 31 日约为 56 亿美元。这些负债中包括伯克希尔·哈撒韦再保险集团承保的追溯性再保险合同项下承担的负债,2005 年 12 月 31 日为 40 亿美元,2004 年 12 月 31 日为 42 亿美元。因涉及此类索赔的追溯性合同所产生的负债,通常受保单累计限额的约束。因此,伯克希尔在此类合同下对环境及潜在伤害索赔的风险敞口同样有限。

伯克希尔持续监测相关判例法的发展及其对环境及潜在伤害索赔的影响。政府法规的变化、新发现的毒素、新报告的索赔、新的责任理论、新的合同解释及其他因素,可能导致这些负债大幅增加。此类发展可能对伯克希尔的经营业绩产生重大影响。无法可靠估计合理可能发生的额外净损失金额或净损失范围。

(13) 应付票据及其他借款

伯克希尔及其子公司的应付票据及其他借款汇总如下。金额单位为百万美元。

截至 12 月 31 日, 截至 12 月 31 日,

2005 年 2004 年

保险及其他:

伯克希尔发行:

2007 年到期的 SQUARZ 债券 $ 336 $ 400

2007–2033 年到期的投资协议 656 406

子公司发行且伯克希尔担保:

商业票据及其他短期借款 1,381 1,139

2006–2035 年到期的其他债务 315 315

子公司发行且伯克希尔不担保,2006–2041 年到期 895 1,190

$ 3,583 $ 3,450

金融及金融产品:

伯克希尔·哈撒韦金融公司发行且伯克希尔担保:

3.4% 2007 年到期票据 $ 700 $ 699

3.375% 及浮动利率 2008 年到期票据 3,095 1,049

4.20% 及 4.125% 2010 年到期票据 1,992 497

4.75% 2012 年到期票据 695 —

4.625% 2013 年到期票据 948 948

5.1% 2014 年到期票据 401 401

4.85% 2015 年到期票据 994 —

其他子公司发行且伯克希尔担保,2006–2027 年到期 417 344

子公司发行且伯克希尔不担保,2006–2030 年到期 1,626 1,449

$10,868 $ 5,387

(12) Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses (Continued) The liabilities for environmental, asbestos, and latent injury claims and claims expenses net of reinsurance recoverables were approximately $5.4 billion at December 31, 2005 and $5.6 billion at December 31, 2004. These liabilities include $4.0 billion at December 31, 2005 and $4.2 billion at December 31, 2004, of liabilities assumed under retroactive reinsurance contracts written by the Berkshire Hathaway Reinsurance Group. Liabilities arising from retroactive contracts with exposure to claims of this nature are generally subject to aggregate policy limits. Thus, Berkshire’s exposure to environmental and latent injury claims under these contracts is, likewise, limited. Berkshire monitors evolving case law and its effect on environmental and latent injury claims. Changing government regulations, newly identified toxins, newly reported claims, new theories of liability, new contract interpretations and other factors could result in significant increases in these liabilities. Such development could be material to Berkshire’s results of operations. It is not possible to reliably estimate the amount of additional net loss, or the range of net loss, that is reasonably possible. (13) Notes payable and other borrowings Notes payable and other borrowings of Berkshire and its subsidiaries are summarized below. Amounts are in millions. December 31, December 31, 2005 2004 Insurance and other: Issued by Berkshire: SQUARZ notes due 2007 ...................................................................................................... $ 336 $ 400 Investment Agreements due 2007-2033................................................................................. 656 406 Issued by subsidiaries and guaranteed by Berkshire: Commercial paper and other short-term borrowings.............................................................. 1,381 1,139 Other debt due 2006-2035...................................................................................................... 315 315 Issued by subsidiaries and not guaranteed by Berkshire due 2006-2041 ..................................... 895 1,190 $ 3,583 $ 3,450 Finance and financial products: Issued by Berkshire Hathaway Finance Corporation and guaranteed by Berkshire: 3.4% notes due 2007 .............................................................................................................. $ 700 $ 699 3.375% and floating rate notes due 2008 ............................................................................... 3,095 1,049 4.20% and 4.125% notes due 2010 ........................................................................................ 1,992 497 4.75% notes due 2012 ............................................................................................................ 695 — 4.625% notes due 2013 .......................................................................................................... 948 948 5.1% notes due 2014 .............................................................................................................. 401 401 4.85% notes due 2015 ............................................................................................................ 994 — Issued by other subsidiaries and guaranteed by Berkshire due 2006-2027 .................................. 417 344 Issued by subsidiaries and not guaranteed by Berkshire due 2006-2030 ..................................... 1,626 1,449 $10,868 $ 5,387

投资协议包含众多独立的借款安排,根据这些安排,伯克希尔需在合同期内定期支付利息。截至 2005 年 12 月 31 日,未偿还余额的加权平均利率为 3.3%。在某些条件下,交易对手方有权选择在合同到期日前,无需支付溢价即可赎回本金。

某些非保险及金融业务在日常运营中会使用商业票据及其他短期借款。截至 2005 年 12 月 31 日和 2004 年 12 月 31 日,加权平均利率分别为 4.4% 和 2.4%。伯克希尔附属公司拥有约 26 亿美元的可用未动用信贷额度及商业票据发行能力,用以支持其短期借款计划,并提供额外流动性。

2002 年 5 月,伯克希尔发行了 40,000 只 SQUARZ 证券,净募资 3.98 亿美元。每只 SQUARZ 证券由一张面值 1 万美元、2007 年 11 月到期的优先票据,以及一份 2007 年 5 月到期的认股权证组成。该票据按年利率 3.00% 计息。2005 年 5 月,持有者选择以面值回售了 6,400 万美元面值的优先票据,相应数量的认股权证被注销。此外,优先票据持有者有权要求伯克希尔在 2006 年 5 月 15 日按面值回购该票据,前提是持有者同时交回相应数量的认股权证以供注销。认股权证亦可行使,以 10,000 美元的价格购买 0.1116 股 A 类普通股(实际每股约 89,606 美元),或购买 3.3480 股 B 类普通股(实际每股约 2,987 美元)。伯克希尔每年按 3.75% 的比率收取权证溢价。

Investment agreements represent numerous individual borrowing arrangements under which Berkshire is required to periodically pay interest over the contract terms. The weighted average interest rate on amounts outstanding as of December 31, 2005 was 3.3%. Under certain conditions, principal amounts may be redeemed without premium prior to the contractual maturity date at the option of the counterparties. Commercial paper and other short-term borrowings are utilized by certain non-insurance and finance businesses as part of normal operations. Weighted average interest rates as of December 31, 2005 and 2004 were 4.4% and 2.4% respectively. Berkshire affiliates have approximately $2.6 billion of available unused lines of credit and commercial paper capacity to support their short- term borrowing programs and, otherwise, provide additional liquidity. In May 2002, Berkshire issued 40,000 SQUARZ securities for net proceeds of $398 million. Each SQUARZ security consists of a $10,000 par amount senior note due in November 2007 together with a warrant, which expires in May 2007. Interest is payable at a rate of 3.00% per annum. In May 2005, $64 million par amount of senior notes were tendered at the option of the holders for redemption at par, and a corresponding amount of warrants were cancelled. In addition, holders of the senior notes have the option to require Berkshire to repurchase the senior notes at par on May 15, 2006, provided that the holders also surrender a corresponding amount of warrants for cancellation. Also, the warrants may be exercised to purchase either 0.1116 shares of Class A common stock (effectively at $89,606 per share) or 3.3480 shares (effectively at $2,987 per share) of Class B common stock for $10,000. A warrant premium is payable to Berkshire at an annual rate of 3.75%.

41

41

合并财务报表附注(续)

(13) 应付票据及其他借款(续)

伯克希尔·哈撒韦的全资子公司伯克希尔·哈撒韦财务公司(“BHFC”)在 2003 年、2004 年和 2005 年期间多次发行优先票据。2005 年发行面值总计 52.5 亿美元,2004 年为 16 亿美元,2003 年为 20 亿美元。募集资金用于资助 Clayton Homes 的制造房屋贷款发放和组合收购。

一般情况下,伯克希尔对子公司债务的担保,是对发行人所有现存及未来付款义务到期时全额及时付款的绝对、无条件且不可撤销的担保。

未来五年预计应付本金如下(单位:百万美元)。

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

保险及其他 $1,502 $ 626 $ 14 $ 434 $ 7

金融及金融产品 426 870 3,495 96 2,214

$1,928 $1,496 $3,509 $ 530 $2,221

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) (13) Notes payable and other borrowings (Continued) Berkshire Hathaway Finance Corporation (“BHFC”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of Berkshire, issued senior notes at various times during 2003, 2004 and 2005. Par amounts of such issuances aggregated $5.25 billion in 2005, $1.6 billion in 2004 and $2.0 billion in 2003. The proceeds were used in the financing of manufactured housing loan originations and portfolio acquisitions of Clayton Homes. Generally, Berkshire’s guarantee of a subsidiary’s debt obligation is an absolute, unconditional and irrevocable guarantee for the full and prompt payment when due of all present and future payment obligations of the issuer. Payments of principal amounts expected during the next five years are as follows (in millions). 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Insurance and other........................................................................ $1,502 $ 626 $ 14 $ 434 $ 7 Finance and financial products ...................................................... 426 870 3,495 96 2,214 $1,928 $1,496 $3,509 $ 530 $2,221

(14)所得税

截至 2005 年 12 月 31 日和 2004 年 12 月 31 日,随附合并资产负债表中反映的所得税负债如下(单位:百万美元)。

2005 年2004 年

(14) Income taxes The liability for income taxes as of December 31, 2005 and 2004 as reflected in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets is as follows (in millions). 2005 2004

原件此处是表格,PDF 抽取时列结构已丢失,下面只剩按列读出的数字,行列对应关系无法还原。核对数据请打开来源正文。

当期应交$ 258$ 1,073
递延11,99411,174
$12,252$12,247

Payable currently ............................................................................................. $ 258 $ 1,073 Deferred........................................................................................................... 11,994 11,174 $12,252 $12,247

截至 2005 年 12 月 31 日和 2004 年 12 月 31 日,构成递延所得税资产和递延所得税负债重要部分的暂时性差异的税务影响见下表(单位:百万美元)。

2005 年 2004 年

递延所得税负债:

投资——未实现增值;税基差异 $11,882 $11,517

已承担再保险的递延费用 828 955

不动产、厂房和设备 1,202 1,201

其他 1,165 677

15,077 14,350

递延所得税资产:

未付损失及损失调整费用 (867) (1,129)

未赚取保费 (403) (388)

应计负债 (815) (830)

其他 (998) (829)

(3,083) (3,176)

递延所得税负债净额 $11,994 $11,174

The tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to significant portions of deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities at December 31, 2005 and 2004 are shown below (in millions). 2005 2004 Deferred tax liabilities: Investments – unrealized appreciation; basis differences ............................. $11,882 $11,517 Deferred charges reinsurance assumed......................................................... 828 955 Property, plant and equipment...................................................................... 1,202 1,201 Other ............................................................................................................ 1,165 677 15,077 14,350 Deferred tax assets: Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses ................................................ (867) (1,129) Unearned premiums ..................................................................................... (403) (388) Accrued liabilities ........................................................................................ (815) (830) Other ............................................................................................................ (998) (829) (3,083) (3,176) Net deferred tax liability.................................................................................. $11,994 $11,174

原件此处是表格,PDF 抽取时列结构已丢失,下面只剩按列读出的数字,行列对应关系无法还原。核对数据请打开来源正文。

对于某些外国子公司的未分配收益,尚未计提递延所得税。这些收益预计将被无限期地用于再投资,截至 2005 年 12 月 31 日,总额约为 5.12 亿美元。若以股息或其他方式分配,这些金额将在美国以及外国司法管辖区缴纳所得税。不过,美国的纳税义务可以全部或部分地由向外国司法管辖区缴纳的税款所允许的税收抵免来抵消。由于假设性计算涉及不确定的时间和应税收入金额以及多个税收司法管辖区的复杂影响,因此无法确定潜在的应付净税额。

合并利润表反映的所得税费用如下(单位:百万美元)。

2005 2004 2003

联邦 $ 3,736 $ 3,313 $ 3,490

州 129 108 81

外国 294 148 234

$ 4,159 $ 3,569 $ 3,805

当期 $ 2,057 $ 3,746 $ 3,346

递延 2,102 (177) 459

$ 4,159 $ 3,569 $ 3,805

Deferred income taxes have not been established with respect to undistributed earnings of certain foreign subsidiaries. Such earnings are expected to remain reinvested indefinitely and totaled approximately $512 million as of December 31, 2005. Upon distribution as dividends or otherwise, such amounts would be subject to taxation in the United States as well as foreign countries. However, U.S. tax liabilities could be offset, in whole or in part, by tax credits allowable from taxes paid to foreign jurisdictions. Determination of the potential net tax due is impracticable due to the complexities of hypothetical calculations involving uncertain timing and amounts of taxable income and the effects of multiple taxing jurisdictions. The Consolidated Statements of Earnings reflect charges for income taxes as shown below (in millions). 2005 2004 2003 Federal............................................................................................................. $ 3,736 $ 3,313 $ 3,490 State................................................................................................................. 129 108 81 Foreign ............................................................................................................ 294 148 234 $ 4,159 $ 3,569 $ 3,805 Current............................................................................................................. $ 2,057 $ 3,746 $ 3,346 Deferred........................................................................................................... 2,102 (177) 459 $ 4,159 $ 3,569 $ 3,805

42

42

(14) 所得税(续)

伯克希尔及其子公司的所得税申报表持续接受美国联邦及各级地方和国际税务机构的审计。伯克希尔的合并美国联邦所得税申报负债已与国内税务局结算至 1998 年。伯克希尔还卷入了一场美国联邦所得税诉讼,涉及追溯到 1988 年的某些纳税申报问题,2005 年第四季度美国地方法院对此作出了有利裁决。2006 年 2 月 16 日,美国政府就该裁决向美国上诉法院提起上诉。尽管这些事项的最终结果仍不确定,但伯克希尔目前认为,潜在审计调整的影响不会对其合并财务报表产生重大影响。

(14) Income taxes (Continued) Berkshire and its subsidiaries’ income tax returns are continuously under audit by U.S. Federal and various local and international taxing authorities. Berkshire’s consolidated U.S. Federal income tax return liabilities have been settled with the Internal Revenue Service through 1998. Berkshire is also involved in income tax litigation in the U.S. with respect to certain issues in Federal income tax returns dating back to 1988, in which a favorable ruling from the U.S. District Court was received in the fourth quarter of 2005. On February 16, 2006, the U.S. Government appealed this ruling to the United States Court of Appeals. Although the ultimate resolution of these matters remains uncertain, Berkshire does not currently believe that the impact of potential audit adjustments will have a material effect on its Consolidated Financial Statements.

所得税费用与美国联邦法定税率下计算的假设税额之间的调节关系如下表所示(单位:百万美元)。

2005 年 2004 年 2003 年

税前利润 12,791 10,936 12,020

按联邦法定税率对上述利润计算的假设税额 4,477 3,828 4,207

以下项目产生的税收影响:

免税利息收入 (65) (59) (88)

股息收入减除 (133) (116) (100)

中美能源的净利润 (183) (83) (150)

州所得税,扣除联邦所得税收益后 84 70 53

境外税率差异 56 (41) (104)

其他差异,净额 (77) (30) (13)

所得税合计 4,159 3,569 3,805

Charges for income taxes are reconciled to hypothetical amounts computed at the U.S. Federal statutory rate in the table shown below (in millions). 2005 2004 2003 Earnings before income taxes................................................................................................ $12,791 $10,936 $12,020 Hypothetical amounts applicable to above computed at the Federal statutory rate ............................................................................... $ 4,477 $ 3,828 $ 4,207 Tax effects resulting from: Tax-exempt interest income ............................................................................................... (65) (59) (88) Dividends received deduction ............................................................................................ (133) (116) (100) Net earnings of MidAmerican............................................................................................ (183) (83) (150) State income taxes, less Federal income tax benefit.............................................................. 84 70 53 Foreign rate differences......................................................................................................... 56 (41) (104) Other differences, net ............................................................................................................ (77) (30) (13) Total income taxes ................................................................................................................ $ 4,159 $ 3,569 $ 3,805

(15) 股息限制——保险子公司

保险子公司的股息支付受到保险法规的限制。未经监管机构事先批准,2006 年保险子公司作为普通股息最多可支付约 67 亿美元。

截至 2005 年 12 月 31 日,依据法定会计规则计算的美国财产/意外险子公司合并股东权益(保单持有人法定盈余)约为 520 亿美元,2004 年 12 月 31 日约为 480 亿美元。

法定盈余与按公认会计准则(GAAP)确定的对应金额不同。法定会计与 GAAP 之间的主要差异在于:递延分保再保险、递延保单获取成本、固定期限证券投资的未实现损益及相关递延所得税在 GAAP 下予以确认,而法定报告则不确认。此外,收购业务的法定会计商誉要求分 10 年摊销,而 GAAP 下商誉需定期进行减值测试。

(16) 金融工具的公允价值

截至 2005 年 12 月 31 日和 2004 年 12 月 31 日,伯克希尔金融工具的估计公允价值如下(单位:百万美元)。

账面价值公允价值
2005 年2004 年2005 年2004 年
保险及其他:
固定期限证券投资27,42022,84627,42022,846
权益证券投资46,72137,71746,72137,717
应付票据及其他借款3,5833,4503,6533,558
金融及金融产品:
固定期限证券投资3,4358,4593,6158,648
衍生合约资产8014,2348014,234
贷款及融资应收款11,0879,17511,3709,382
应付票据及其他借款10,8685,38710,8655,499
衍生合约负债5,0614,7945,0614,794

(15) Dividend restrictions – Insurance subsidiaries Payments of dividends by insurance subsidiaries are restricted by insurance statutes and regulations. Without prior regulatory approval, insurance subsidiaries may pay up to approximately $6.7 billion as ordinary dividends during 2006. Combined shareholders’ equity of U.S. based property/casualty insurance subsidiaries determined pursuant to statutory accounting rules (Statutory Surplus as Regards Policyholders) was approximately $52 billion at December 31, 2005 and $48 billion at December 31, 2004. Statutory surplus differs from the corresponding amount determined on the basis of GAAP. The major differences between statutory basis accounting and GAAP are that deferred charges reinsurance assumed, deferred policy acquisition costs, unrealized gains and losses on investments in securities with fixed maturities and related deferred income taxes are recognized under GAAP but not for statutory reporting purposes. In addition, statutory accounting for goodwill of acquired businesses requires amortization of goodwill over 10 years, whereas under GAAP, goodwill is subject to periodic tests for impairment. (16) Fair values of financial instruments The estimated fair values of Berkshire’s financial instruments as of December 31, 2005 and 2004, are as follows (in millions). Carrying Value Fair Value 2005 2004 2005 2004 Insurance and other: Investments in fixed maturity securities....................................................... $27,420 $22,846 $27,420 $22,846 Investments in equity securities ................................................................... 46,721 37,717 46,721 37,717 Notes payable and other borrowings............................................................ 3,583 3,450 3,653 3,558 Finance and financial products: Investments in fixed maturity securities....................................................... 3,435 8,459 3,615 8,648 Derivative contract assets ............................................................................ 801 4,234 801 4,234 Loans and finance receivables ..................................................................... 11,087 9,175 11,370 9,382 Notes payable and other borrowings............................................................ 10,868 5,387 10,865 5,499 Derivative contract liabilities ....................................................................... 5,061 4,794 5,061 4,794

在确定金融工具的公允价值时,伯克希尔在可获得市场报价的情况下采用市场报价。对于无法取得市场报价的工具,则使用独立定价服务或伯克希尔管理层的评估。这些服务和评估反映了利用类似工具的当前风险调整后市场利率所估算的现值。现金及现金等价物、应收账款与应付账款、其他应计项目、协议回售证券及其他负债的账面价值,被视为其公允价值的合理估计。

在解读用于制定公允价值估计的市场数据时,必然需要大量判断。因此,此处列示的估计值并不必然代表在当下市场交易中能够实现的金额。若采用不同的市场假设和/或估计方法,则可能对估计的公允价值产生重大影响。

In determining fair value of financial instruments, Berkshire used quoted market prices when available. For instruments where quoted market prices were not available, independent pricing services or appraisals by Berkshire’s management were used. Those services and appraisals reflected the estimated present values utilizing current risk adjusted market rates of similar instruments. The carrying values of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable and payable, other accruals, securities sold under agreements to repurchase and other liabilities are deemed to be reasonable estimates of their fair values. Considerable judgment is necessarily required in interpreting market data used to develop the estimates of fair value. Accordingly, the estimates presented herein are not necessarily indicative of the amounts that could be realized in a current market exchange. The use of different market assumptions and/or estimation methodologies may have a material effect on the estimated fair value.

43

43

合并财务报表附注(续)

(17) 普通股

截至 2005 年 12 月 31 日止三个年度内,伯克希尔已发行且流通在外的普通股变动情况如下表所示。

A 类普通股,面值 5 美元 (授权 1,650,000 股)B 类普通股,面值 0.1667 美元 (授权 55,000,000 股)
已发行且流通在外的股份已发行且流通在外的股份
2002 年 12 月 31 日余额 1,311,1866,704,117
A 类普通股转换为 B 类普通股及其他 (28,207)905,426
2003 年 12 月 31 日余额 1,282,9797,609,543
A 类普通股转换为 B 类普通股及其他 (14,196)489,632
2004 年 12 月 31 日余额 1,268,7838,099,175
A 类普通股转换为 B 类普通股及其他 (7,863)294,908
2005 年 12 月 31 日余额 1,260,9208,394,083

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) (17) Common stock Changes in issued and outstanding Berkshire common stock during the three years ended December 31, 2005 are shown in the table below. Class A Common, $5 Par Value Class B Common, $0.1667 Par Value (1,650,000 shares authorized) (55,000,000 shares authorized) Shares Issued and Shares Issued and Outstanding Outstanding Balance December 31, 2002.............................................. 1,311,186 6,704,117 Conversions of Class A common stock to Class B common stock and other............................... (28,207) 905,426 Balance December 31, 2003.............................................. 1,282,979 7,609,543 Conversions of Class A common stock to Class B common stock and other............................... (14,196) 489,632 Balance December 31, 2004.............................................. 1,268,783 8,099,175 Conversions of Class A common stock to Class B common stock and other............................... (7,863) 294,908 Balance December 31, 2005.............................................. 1,260,920 8,394,083

每股 B 类普通股享有相当于 A 类普通股三十分之一(1/30)的股息和分配权。因此,按 A 类普通股等价计算,截至 2005 年 12 月 31 日,流通在外股票为 1,540,723 股;截至 2004 年 12 月 31 日,为 1,538,756 股。

每股 A 类普通股可由持有人选择转换为三十股 B 类普通股。B 类普通股不能转换为 A 类普通股。每股 B 类普通股拥有相当于 A 类普通股二百分之一(1/200)的表决权。A 类和 B 类普通股作为单一类别共同投票。

(18) 养老金计划

伯克希尔的几家子公司各自设立了覆盖特定员工的固定收益养老金计划。这些计划的福利通常基于服务年限和薪酬,不过某些计划的福利基于服务年限和固定福利费率。这些公司通常会按法定要求缴纳计划所需金额,再加上管理层根据精算估值确定的额外金额。养老金计划的计量日期主要为 12 月 31 日。

截至 2005 年 12 月 31 日的连续三个年度,净定期养老金费用的组成部分如下(单位:百万美元)。

2005 年 2004 年 2003 年

服务成本 $ 113 $ 109 $ 105

利息成本 190 189 181

计划资产的预期回报 (186) (171) (159)

缩减收益 — (70) —

净摊销、递延及其他 9 13 7

净养老金费用 $ 126 $ 70 $ 134

2004 年第三季度,伯克希尔的一家子公司修订了其固定收益计划,将福利于 2005 年底冻结。此事件被视为一项缩减,上表中包含的缩减收益代表消除了 2005 年底之后的预计计划福利,并确认了修订日期的未摊销过去服务成本与精算损失。

计入其他综合收益的最低负债增加(减少)额在 2005 年为 6300 万美元,2004 年为 4100 万美元,2003 年为负 300 万美元。这些金额包括了伯克希尔在中美能源的最低负债变动份额。

累计福利义务是指在估值日期前,基于服务与薪酬已赚取的福利的精算现值。预计福利义务是指在估值日期前基于服务与薪酬已赚取的福利的精算现值,当福利基于这些金额时,还包括关于未来薪酬水平的假设。有关累计和预计福利义务的信息如下表所示(单位:百万美元)。

2005 年 2004 年

年初预计福利义务 $3,293 $3,192

服务成本 113 109

利息成本 190 189

已支付福利 (171) (165)

精算损失与其他 177 (32)

年末预计福利义务 $3,602 $3,293

年末累计福利义务 $3,228 $2,908

44

Each share of Class B common stock has dividend and distribution rights equal to one-thirtieth (1/30) of such rights of a Class A share. Accordingly, on an equivalent Class A common stock basis there are 1,540,723 shares outstanding as of December 31, 2005 and 1,538,756 shares as of December 31, 2004. Each share of Class A common stock is convertible, at the option of the holder, into thirty shares of Class B common stock. Class B common stock is not convertible into Class A common stock. Each share of Class B common stock possesses voting rights equivalent to one-two-hundredth (1/200) of the voting rights of a share of Class A common stock. Class A and Class B common shares vote together as a single class. (18) Pension plans Several Berkshire subsidiaries individually sponsor defined benefit pension plans covering certain employees. Benefits under the plans are generally based on years of service and compensation, although benefits under certain plans are based on years of service and fixed benefit rates. The companies generally contribute to the plans amounts required to meet regulatory requirements plus additional amounts determined by management based on actuarial valuations. The measurement date for the pension plans is predominantly December 31. The components of net periodic pension expense for each of the three years ending December 31, 2005 are as follows (in millions). 2005 2004 2003 Service cost ..................................................................................................................................... $ 113 $ 109 $ 105 Interest cost ..................................................................................................................................... 190 189 181 Expected return on plan assets......................................................................................................... (186) (171) (159) Curtailment gain .............................................................................................................................. — (70) — Net amortization, deferral and other ................................................................................................ 9 13 7 Net pension expense........................................................................................................................ $ 126 $ 70 $ 134 During the third quarter of 2004 a Berkshire subsidiary amended its defined benefit plan to freeze benefits as of the end of 2005. Such an event is considered a curtailment and the curtailment gain included in the table above represents the elimination of projected plan benefits beyond the end of 2005 and the recognition of unamortized prior service costs and actuarial losses as of the amendment date. The increase (decrease) in minimum liabilities included in other comprehensive income was $63 million in 2005, $41 million in 2004, and $(3) million in 2003. Such amounts include Berkshire’s share of changes in minimum liabilities of MidAmerican. The accumulated benefit obligation is the actuarial present value of benefits earned based on service and compensation prior to the valuation date. The projected benefit obligation is the actuarial present value of benefits earned based upon service and compensation prior to the valuation date and includes assumptions regarding future compensation levels when benefits are based on those amounts. Information regarding accumulated and projected benefit obligations is shown in the table that follows (in millions). 2005 2004 Projected benefit obligation, beginning of year............................................................................... $3,293 $3,192 Service cost ..................................................................................................................................... 113 109 Interest cost ..................................................................................................................................... 190 189 Benefits paid.................................................................................................................................... (171) (165) Actuarial loss and other ................................................................................................................... 177 (32) Projected benefit obligation, end of year ......................................................................................... $3,602 $3,293 Accumulated benefit obligation, end of year................................................................................... $3,228 $2,908 44

(18) 养老金计划(续)

符合资格的美国固定收益计划的养老金义务,由信托持有的资产提供资金,不计入伯克希尔合并财务报表的资产项。某些美国境外计划及不符合资格的美国计划,其养老金义务没有资金准备。截至 2005 年 12 月 31 日,未通过信托资产提供资金的美国不符合资格计划及境外计划的预计养老金义务,合计为 3.27 亿美元。下表列示了截至 2005 年及 2004 年 12 月 31 日的计划资产信息(单位:百万美元)。

2005 年 2004 年

年初计划资产公允价值 $3,039 $2,819

雇主缴费 104 78

已支付福利 (171) (165)

计划资产的实际回报 119 302

其他及费用 10 5

年末计划资产公允价值 $3,101 $3,039

(18) Pension plans (Continued) Benefit obligations under qualified U.S. defined benefit plans are funded through assets held in trusts and are not included as assets in Berkshire’s Consolidated Financial Statements. Pension obligations under certain non-U.S. plans and non-qualified U.S. plans are unfunded. As of December 31, 2005, projected benefit obligations of non-qualified U.S. plans and non-U.S. plans which are not funded through assets held in trusts totaled $327 million. Information concerning plan assets as of December 31, 2005 and 2004 is presented in the table that follows (in millions). 2005 2004 Plan assets at fair value, beginning of year...................................................................................... $3,039 $2,819 Employer contributions ................................................................................................................... 104 78 Benefits paid.................................................................................................................................... (171) (165) Actual return on plan assets............................................................................................................. 119 302 Other and expenses.......................................................................................................................... 10 5 Plan assets at fair value, end of year................................................................................................ $3,101 $3,039

2005 年 2004 年

现金及等价物 $ 942 $ 999

美国政府债券 1,103 837

抵押贷款支持证券 259 394

公司债券 382 414

权益证券 391 371

其他 24 24

$3,101 $3,039

2005 2004 Cash and equivalents ................................................................................................................... $ 942 $ 999 U.S. Government obligations....................................................................................................... 1,103 837 Mortgage-backed securities ......................................................................................................... 259 394 Corporate obligations................................................................................................................... 382 414 Equity securities........................................................................................................................... 391 371 Other ............................................................................................................................................ 24 24 $3,101 $3,039

养老金计划资产的投资通常着眼于长期目标,即在承担审慎风险水平的同时,力求赚取足够收益以覆盖预期的福利义务。就单项投资或投资类别而言,并无目标配置比例。配置比例会因市场状况和投资机会的变化而迅速调整。计划资产的预期收益率反映了伯克希尔对未来几年投资资产回报的主观评估。在确定长期预期收益率的假设时,伯克希尔并不显著参考既往的投资回报。实际结果会与假设的回报率存在差异,尤其是在季度或年度周期内,这源于市场波动及资产组合构成的变化。

截至 2005 年 12 月 31 日及 2004 年 12 月 31 日,各计划的资金状况如下(单位:百万美元)。

2005 年 2004 年

预期福利义务超出计划资产的部分 $501 $254

未确认的净精算收益及其他 27 262

Pension plan assets are generally invested with the long-term objective of earning sufficient amounts to cover expected benefit obligations, while assuming a prudent level of risk. There are no target investment allocation percentages with respect to individual or categories of investments. Allocations may change rapidly as a result of changing market conditions and investment opportunities. The expected rates of return on plan assets reflect Berkshire’s subjective assessment of expected invested asset returns over a period of several years. Berkshire does not give significant consideration to past investment returns when establishing assumptions for expected long-term rates of returns on plan assets. Actual experience will differ from the assumed rates, in particular over quarterly or annual periods as a result of market volatility and changes in the mix of assets. The funded status of the plans as of December 31, 2005 and 2004 is as follows (in millions). 2005 2004 Excess of projected benefit obligations over plan assets ................................................................. $501 $254 Unrecognized net actuarial gains and other ..................................................................................... 27 262

应计福利成本负债 $528 $516

Accrued benefit cost liability........................................................................................................... $528 $516

截至 2005 年 12 月 31 日和 2004 年 12 月 31 日,累计福利义务超过计划资产的各项计划(包括未提拨计划)的总净赤字分别为 5.89 亿美元和 4.25 亿美元。预计 2006 年对这些固定收益养老金计划的缴款约为 8600 万美元。未来十年内的福利支付金额(已酌情反映预期的未来服务)预计如下(单位:百万美元):2006 年 — 155;2007 年 — 161;2008 年 — 170;2009 年 — 178;2010 年 — 183;以及 2011 年至 2015 年 — 1,068。

确定预计福利义务时使用的加权平均假设如下。这些比率与确定净定期养老金费用时使用的加权平均比率大致相同。

2005 年 2004 年

折现率 5.7% 5.9%

计划资产的预期长期回报率 6.4% 6.5%

薪酬增长率 4.4% 4.4%

The total net deficit status for plans (including unfunded plans) with accumulated benefit obligations in excess of plan assets was $589 million and $425 million as of December 31, 2005 and 2004, respectively. Expected contributions to defined benefit pension plans during 2006 are estimated to be $86 million. Benefit payments over the next ten years, which reflect expected future service as appropriate, are expected to be paid as follows (in millions): 2006 - $155; 2007 - $161; 2008 - $170; 2009 - $178; 2010 - $183; and 2011 to 2015 - $1,068. Weighted average assumptions used in determining projected benefit obligations were as follows. These rates are substantially the same as the weighted average rates used in determining the net periodic pension expense. 2005 2004 Discount rate ........................................................................................................................................... 5.7 5.9 Expected long-term rate of return on plan assets..................................................................................... 6.4 6.5 Rate of compensation increase ................................................................................................................ 4.4 4.4

伯克希尔的许多子公司都为员工设立了固定缴款退休计划,例如 401(k) 或利润分享计划。员工对这些计划的缴款需受监管限制和具体计划条款的约束。伯克希尔的子公司可能会按照计划规定的上限对员工缴款进行配比,也可能根据管理层决定进行额外的自主性缴款。截至 2005 年、2004 年和 2003 年 12 月 31 日的各年度,与雇主为这些计划缴款相关的总费用分别为 3.95 亿美元、3.38 亿美元和 2.42 亿美元。

Many Berkshire subsidiaries sponsor defined contribution retirement plans, such as 401(k) or profit sharing plans. Employee contributions to the plans are subject to regulatory limitations and the specific plan provisions. Berkshire subsidiaries may match these contributions up to levels specified in the plans, and may make additional discretionary contributions as determined by management. The total expenses related to employer contributions for these plans were $395 million, $338 million and $242 million for the years ended December 31, 2005, 2004 and 2003, respectively.

45

45

合并财务报表附注(续)

(19) 补充现金流量信息

截至 2005 年 12 月 31 日止三年各年的补充现金流量信息汇总如下表(单位:百万美元)。

2005 年 2004 年 2003 年

年度内支付的现金:

所得税 $2,695 $2,674 $3,309

金融与金融产品业务的利息 484 495 372

保险及其他业务的利息 149 146 215

非现金投资与筹资活动:

收购业务时承担的负债 2,046 72 2,167

出售固定到期证券,扣除直接相关回购协议减少额 4,693 2,075 5,936

以权益证券及认股权证换入权益证券的价值 5,877 585 —

(20) 业务分部信息

伯克希尔的报告分部按照管理层审视各项业务活动的方式组织。某些业务基于相似的产品或产品线,以及营销、销售和分销特征被归入同一分部进行报告,尽管这些业务单位由不同的本地管理层独立经营。共有超过 40 个独立的业务单位。

下列表格信息列示了可报告分部的数据,并将其调节为合并财务报表所反映的金额。在管理层评估各分部业绩时予以考虑的分部间交易,不予抵销。2004 年,伯克希尔采纳了 EITF 00-21(“多交付物收入安排会计处理”)的规定。因此,出于合并报告目的,与分式飞机销售相关的收入确认方法发生了变化。管理层继续按原收入确认标准评估 NetJets 的业绩,因此,飞行服务分部的收入和税前利润系采用原收入确认方法列示。此外,伯克希尔管理层在评估报告单位的业绩时,不考虑投资与衍生品利得/损失,也不考虑收购会计调整的摊销。这些项目均汇总包含在分部金额与合并金额的调节项目中。

业务识别 业务活动

GEICO 主要通过直销方式承保私人乘用车保险

通用再保险 在全球范围内承保超额损失再保险、比例再保险和临分再保险

伯克希尔·哈撒韦再保险集团 为财产险和意外险保险公司及再保险公司承保超额损失再保险和比例再保险

伯克希尔·哈撒韦基础保险集团 主要为商业客户承保多种财产险和意外险保单

Fruit of the Loom、Garan、Fechheimer Brothers、H.H. Brown 制造和分销各类鞋类和服装产品,包括内衣、运动服、

Shoe Group 和 Justin Brands(“服装”) 童装和制服

Acme Building Brands、Benjamin Moore、Johns Manville 制造和分销各类建筑材料及相关产品和服务

和 MiTek(“建材”)

BH Finance、Clayton Homes、XTRA、CORT、Berkshire 自营投资、预制住房及相关消费融资、运输设备租赁、家具

Hathaway Life 和 General Re Securities(“金融与金融产品”) 租赁、人寿年金和风险管理产品

FlightSafety 和 NetJets(“飞行服务”) 为飞机和船舶操作人员提供培训,并为通用航空飞机提供分式拥有项目

McLane Company 杂货及非食品商品的批发分销

Nebraska Furniture Mart、R.C. Willey Home Furnishings、 家居用品、电器、电子产品、精品珠宝和礼品零售

Star Furniture Company、Jordan’s Furniture、Borsheim’s、

Helzberg Diamond Shops 和 Ben Bridge Jeweler(“零售”)

Shaw Industries 以多种品牌制造和分销地毯及地板覆盖物

未具体列明的其他业务包括:Scott Fetzer,一家多元化的商用及工业用产品制造商和分销商;《布法罗新闻》,纽约西部的一家报纸出版商;International Dairy Queen,特许经营并服务于约 6,000 家冰雪皇后(Dairy Queen)门店的网络;See’s Candies,盒装巧克力及其他糖果产品的制造商和分销商;Larson-Juhl,设计、制造并分销定制画框产品;CTB International,为家禽、生猪、蛋品和谷物行业制造设备与系统的公司;The Pampered Chef,厨房用具直销商;以及 Forest River,一家领先的休闲车制造商。

46

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) (19) Supplemental cash flow information A summary of supplemental cash flow information for each of the three years ending December 31, 2005 is presented in the following table (in millions). 2005 2004 2003 Cash paid during the year for: Income taxes ............................................................................................................................... $2,695 $2,674 $3,309 Interest of finance and financial products businesses.................................................................. 484 495 372 Interest of insurance and other businesses .................................................................................. 149 146 215 Non-cash investing and financing activities: Liabilities assumed in connection with acquisitions of businesses ............................................. 2,046 72 2,167 Fixed maturity securities sold offset by decrease in directly related repurchase agreements ........................................................................................................................... 4,693 2,075 5,936 Value of equity securities and warrants exchanged for equity securities .................................... 5,877 585 — (20) Business segment data Berkshire’s reportable business segments are organized in a manner that reflects how management views those business activities. Certain businesses have been grouped together for segment reporting based upon similar products or product lines, marketing, selling and distribution characteristics, even though those business units are operated under separate local management. There are over 40 separate business units. The tabular information that follows shows data of reportable segments reconciled to amounts reflected in the Consolidated Financial Statements. Intersegment transactions are not eliminated in instances where management considers those transactions in assessing the results of the respective segments. In 2004, Berkshire adopted the provisions of EITF 00-21 (“Accounting for Revenue Arrangements with Multiple Deliverables”). As a result, for consolidated reporting purposes, the method of recognizing revenue related to fractional aircraft sales was changed. Management continues to evaluate the results of NetJets under the prior revenue recognition criteria and thus has shown the revenues and earnings before taxes for the Flight Services segment using the former revenue recognition method. Furthermore, Berkshire management does not consider investment and derivative gains/losses or amortization of purchase accounting adjustments in assessing the performance of reporting units. Collectively, these items are included in reconciliations of segment amounts to consolidated amounts. Business Identity Business Activity GEICO Underwriting private passenger automobile insurance mainly by direct response methods General Re Underwriting excess-of-loss, quota-share and facultative reinsurance worldwide Berkshire Hathaway Reinsurance Group Underwriting excess-of-loss and quota-share reinsurance for property and casualty insurers and reinsurers Berkshire Hathaway Primary Group Underwriting multiple lines of property and casualty insurance policies for primarily commercial accounts Fruit of the Loom, Garan, Fechheimer Brothers, H.H. Manufacturing and distribution of a variety of footwear and Brown Shoe Group and Justin Brands (“Apparel”) clothing products, including underwear, activewear, children’s clothes and uniforms Acme Building Brands, Benjamin Moore, Johns Manufacturing and distribution of a variety of building materials Manville and MiTek (“Building products”) and related products and services BH Finance, Clayton Homes, XTRA, CORT, Berkshire Proprietary investing, manufactured housing and related consumer Hathaway Life and General Re Securities (“Finance financing, transportation equipment leasing, furniture leasing, life and financial products”) annuities and risk management products FlightSafety and NetJets (“Flight services”) Training to operators of aircraft and ships and providing fractional ownership programs for general aviation aircraft McLane Company Wholesale distributing of groceries and non-food items Nebraska Furniture Mart, R.C. Willey Home Retail sales of home furnishings, appliances, electronics, fine Furnishings, Star Furniture Company, Jordan’s jewelry and gifts Furniture, Borsheim’s, Helzberg Diamond Shops and Ben Bridge Jeweler (“Retail”) Shaw Industries Manufacturing and distribution of carpet and floor coverings under a variety of brand names Other businesses not specifically identified consist of: Scott Fetzer, a diversified manufacturer and distributor of commercial and industrial products; Buffalo News, a newspaper publisher in Western New York; International Dairy Queen, which licenses and services a system of about 6,000 Dairy Queen stores; See’s Candies, a manufacturer and distributor of boxed chocolates and other confectionery products; Larson-Juhl, which designs, manufactures, and distributes custom picture framing products; CTB International, a manufacturer of equipment and systems for the poultry, hog, egg production and grain industries; The Pampered Chef, a direct seller of kitchen tools and Forest River, a leading manufacturer of leisure vehicles. 46

(20) 业务分部数据(续)

以下及下一页的表格列示了伯克希尔近三个年度的合并数据分解情况。金额单位为百万美元。

经营性业务:营收

保险集团:2005 年 2004 年 2003 年

已赚保费:

GEICO $10,101 $ 8,915 $ 7,784

通用再保险 6,435 7,245 8,245

伯克希尔·哈撒韦再保险集团 3,963 3,714 4,430

伯克希尔·哈撒韦保险主集团 1,498 1,211 1,034

投资收益 3,501 2,842 3,238

保险集团合计 25,498 23,927 24,731

服装 2,286 2,200 2,075

建材产品 4,806 4,337 3,846

金融及金融产品 * 4,559 3,774 3,045

飞行服务 3,660 3,244 2,431

McLane Company 24,074 23,373 13,743

零售 2,759 2,601 2,311

Shaw Industries 5,723 5,174 4,660

其他业务 3,588 3,213 3,040

合计 76,953 71,843 59,882

分部与合并金额的调节项:

投资及衍生品损益 * 5,494 3,496 4,129

其他收入 42 53 39

抵销及其他 (826) (1,010) (191)

总计 $81,663 $74,382 $63,859

(20) Business segment data (Continued) A disaggregation of Berkshire’s consolidated data for each of the three most recent years is presented in the tables which follow on this and the following page. Amounts are in millions. Operating Businesses: Revenues Insurance group: 2005 2004 2003 Premiums earned: GEICO ................................................................................................................ $10,101 $ 8,915 $ 7,784 General Re .......................................................................................................... 6,435 7,245 8,245 Berkshire Hathaway Reinsurance Group ............................................................ 3,963 3,714 4,430 Berkshire Hathaway Primary Group ................................................................... 1,498 1,211 1,034 Investment income ................................................................................................. 3,501 2,842 3,238 Total insurance group................................................................................................ 25,498 23,927 24,731 Apparel...................................................................................................................... 2,286 2,200 2,075 Building products ...................................................................................................... 4,806 4,337 3,846 Finance and financial products *............................................................................... 4,559 3,774 3,045 Flight services ........................................................................................................... 3,660 3,244 2,431 McLane Company ..................................................................................................... 24,074 23,373 13,743 Retail ......................................................................................................................... 2,759 2,601 2,311 Shaw Industries ......................................................................................................... 5,723 5,174 4,660 Other businesses........................................................................................................ 3,588 3,213 3,040 76,953 71,843 59,882 Reconciliation of segments to consolidated amount: Investment and derivative gains/losses * ............................................................... 5,494 3,496 4,129 Other revenues ....................................................................................................... 42 53 39 Eliminations and other ........................................................................................... (826) (1,010) (191) $81,663 $74,382 $63,859

税前收益(亏损)

经营性企业: 及少数股东权益

保险集团: 2005 年 2004 年 2003 年

承保收益(亏损):

GEICO $ 1,221 $ 970 $ 452

通用再保险 (334) 3 145

伯克希尔·哈撒韦再保险集团 (1,069) 417 1,047

伯克希尔·哈撒韦保险主集团 235 161 74

净投资收益 3,480 2,824 3,223

保险集团合计 3,533 4,375 4,941

服装 348 325 289

建材 751 643 559

金融及金融产品 * 822 584 619

飞行服务 120 191 72

McLane Company 217 228 150

零售 201 163 165

Shaw Industries 485 466 436

其他业务 501 465 486

总计 6,978 7,440 7,717

分部与合并金额的调节项:

投资及衍生品损益 * 5,494 3,489 4,121

MidAmerican Energy Holdings Company 权益收益 523 237 429

利息支出(不含分配给业务分部的部分) (72) (92) (94)

抵销及其他 (132) (138) (153)

$12,791 $10,936 $12,020

Earnings (loss) before taxes Operating Businesses: and minority interests Insurance group: 2005 2004 2003 Underwriting gain (loss): GEICO ................................................................................................................ $ 1,221 $ 970 $ 452 General Re .......................................................................................................... (334) 3 145 Berkshire Hathaway Reinsurance Group ............................................................ (1,069) 417 1,047 Berkshire Hathaway Primary Group ................................................................... 235 161 74 Net investment income........................................................................................... 3,480 2,824 3,223 Total insurance group................................................................................................ 3,533 4,375 4,941 Apparel...................................................................................................................... 348 325 289 Building products ...................................................................................................... 751 643 559 Finance and financial products *............................................................................... 822 584 619 Flight services ........................................................................................................... 120 191 72 McLane Company ..................................................................................................... 217 228 150 Retail ......................................................................................................................... 201 163 165 Shaw Industries ......................................................................................................... 485 466 436 Other businesses........................................................................................................ 501 465 486 6,978 7,440 7,717 Reconciliation of segments to consolidated amount: Investment and derivative gains/losses * ............................................................... 5,494 3,489 4,121 Equity in earnings of MidAmerican Energy Holdings Company........................... 523 237 429 Interest expense, excluding interest allocated to business segments ...................... (72) (92) (94) Eliminations and other ........................................................................................... (132) (138) (153) $12,791 $10,936 $12,020

  • 投资与衍生品利得/损失未包含通用再保险证券(GRS)的衍生品损失(见附注 11),2005 年、2004 年和 2003 年分别为 8,600 万美元、2,500 万美元和 4,600 万美元。GRS 的衍生品损失已计入金融与金融产品分部的业绩中。
  • Investment and derivative gains/losses exclude derivative losses of GRS (see Note 11) of $86 million, $25 million and $46

million in 2005, 2004 and 2003, respectively. The GRS derivative losses have been included in the results of the finance and financial products segment.

47

47

原件此处是表格,PDF 抽取时列结构已丢失,下面只剩按列读出的数字,行列对应关系无法还原。核对数据请打开来源正文。

合并财务报表附注(续)

(20)业务分部数据(续)

折旧 固定资产资本支出 *

运营业务: 2005 2004 2003 2005 2004 2003

保险集团 $ 60 $ 52 $ 55 $ 62 $ 52 $ 63

服装 79 51 71 52 52 51

建筑产品 212 219 170 184 172 174

金融与金融产品 354 373 296 221 213 181

航空服务 1,023 155 150 156 146 136

麦克莱恩公司 125 136 51 96 107 59

零售 82 126 106 54 56 51

肖氏工业 209 125 120 113 99 91

其他业务 51 41 47 44 44 43

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) (20) Business segment data (Continued) Depreciation Capital expenditures * of tangible assets Operating Businesses: 2005 2004 2003 2005 2004 2003 Insurance group........................................................................... $ 60 $ 52 $ 55 $ 62 $ 52 $ 63 Apparel........................................................................................ 79 51 71 52 52 51 Building products........................................................................ 212 219 170 184 172 174 Finance and financial products.................................................... 354 373 296 221 213 181 Flight services ............................................................................. 1,023 155 150 156 146 136 McLane Company....................................................................... 125 136 51 96 107 59 Retail........................................................................................... 82 126 106 54 56 51 Shaw Industries ........................................................................... 209 125 120 113 99 91 Other businesses.......................................................................... 51 41 47 44 44 43

$2,195 $1,278 $1,066 $ 982 $ 941 $ 849

$2,195 $1,278 $1,066 $ 982 $ 941 $ 849

  • 不含属于企业收购的资本支出。
  • Excludes capital expenditures which were part of business acquisitions.

商誉 可辨认资产

年末 年末

经营企业: 2005 年 2004 年 2005 年 2004 年

保险集团:

GEICO $ 1,370 $ 1,370 $ 18,262 $ 15,968

通用再保险 13,476 13,518 30,564 37,734

伯克希尔·哈撒韦再保险及直接保险集团 290 143 78,770 61,057

保险集团合计 15,136 15,031 127,596 114,759

Goodwill Identifiable assets at year-end at year-end Operating Businesses: 2005 2004 2005 2004 Insurance group: GEICO............................................................................................. $ 1,370 $ 1,370 $ 18,262 $ 15,968 General Re ....................................................................................... 13,476 13,518 30,564 37,734 Berkshire Hathaway Reinsurance and Primary Groups ................... 290 143 78,770 61,057 Total insurance group ......................................................................... 15,136 15,031 127,596 114,759

原件此处是表格,PDF 抽取时列结构已丢失,下面只剩按列读出的数字,行列对应关系无法还原。核对数据请打开来源正文。

服装 54 54 1,668 1,582

建筑产品 2,154 2,159 2,755 2,803

金融与金融产品 951 911 23,573 30,086

航空服务 1,369 1,369 3,171 2,823

麦克莱恩公司 158 158 2,555 2,349

零售 434 434 1,765 1,669

肖氏工业 2,228 1,979 2,711 2,153

其他业务 1,160 917 2,579 1,875

Apparel ............................................................................................... 54 54 1,668 1,582 Building products................................................................................ 2,154 2,159 2,755 2,803 Finance and financial products ........................................................... 951 911 23,573 30,086 Flight services..................................................................................... 1,369 1,369 3,171 2,823 McLane Company .............................................................................. 158 158 2,555 2,349 Retail................................................................................................... 434 434 1,765 1,669 Shaw Industries................................................................................... 2,228 1,979 2,711 2,153 Other businesses ................................................................................. 1,160 917 2,579 1,875

$23,644 $23,012 168,373 160,099

$23,644 $23,012 168,373 160,099

分部金额调节至合并金额:

公司及其他 2,183 1,796

对中美能源控股公司的投资 4,125 3,967

商誉 23,644 23,012

Reconciliation of segments to consolidated amount: Corporate and other ........................................................................ 2,183 1,796 Investments in MidAmerican Energy Holdings Company.............. 4,125 3,967 Goodwill ......................................................................................... 23,644 23,012

$198,325 $188,874

$198,325 $188,874

按地理区域(以被保险人或再保险人的注册地为准)划分的保费收入汇总如下。

金额单位:百万美元。

财产/意外险寿险/健康险
200520042003200520042003
美国16,22814,88614,7011,1471,0401,031
西欧2,6433,5333,880578361297
其他地区760587797578621510

Insurance premiums written by geographic region (based upon the domicile of the insured or reinsured) are summarized below. Dollars are in millions. Property/Casualty Life/Health 2005 2004 2003 2005 2004 2003 United States ................................................................ $16,228 $14,886 $14,701 $1,147 $1,040 $1,031 Western Europe............................................................ 2,643 3,533 3,880 578 361 297 All other ....................................................................... 760 587 797 578 621 510

$19,631 $19,006 $19,378 $2,303 $2,022 $1,838

$19,631 $19,006 $19,378 $2,303 $2,022 $1,838

48

48

(20) 业务分部信息(续)

(20) Business segment data (Continued)

2005 年、2004 年和 2003 年的合并销售收入和营业收入分别为 461 亿美元、432 亿美元和 321 亿美元。每年超过 90% 的金额来自美国境内,其余主要来自加拿大和欧洲。2005 年的合并销售收入和营业收入中,有 87 亿美元来自向沃尔玛百货公司的销售,这些销售主要与伯克希尔在 2003 年 5 月收购的 McLane 批发分销业务相关。

伯克希尔的财产/意外险和人寿/健康保险业务的承保保费和赚取保费汇总如下。金额单位为百万美元。

财产/意外险人寿/健康
200520042003200520042003
承保保费:
直接承保13,58211,48310,710
分入承保6,7888,0399,2272,4002,7752,517
分出承保(739)(516)(559)(97)(753)(679)
合计19,63119,00619,3782,3032,0221,838

Consolidated sales and service revenues in 2005, 2004 and 2003 totaled $46.1 billion, $43.2 billion and $32.1 billion, respectively. Over 90% of such amounts in each year were in the United States with the remainder primarily in Canada and Europe. In 2005, consolidated sales and service revenues included $8.7 billion of sales to Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. which were primarily related to McLane’s wholesale distribution business that Berkshire acquired in May 2003. Premiums written and earned by Berkshire’s property/casualty and life/health insurance businesses are summarized below. Dollars are in millions. Property/Casualty Life/Health 2005 2004 2003 2005 2004 2003 Premiums Written: Direct ........................................................................ $13,582 $11,483 $10,710 Assumed ................................................................... 6,788 8,039 9,227 $2,400 $2,775 $2,517 Ceded ........................................................................ (739) (516) (559) (97) (753) (679)

已赚保费:直接$19,631 $13,287$19,006 $11,301$19,378 $10,342$2,303$2,022$1,838
假定7,1148,2789,992$2,387$2,769$2,520
分出(699)(509)(688)(92)(754)(673)
$19,702$19,070$19,646$2,295$2,015$1,847
Premiums Earned: Direct$19,631 $13,287$19,006 $11,301$19,378 $10,342$2,303$2,022$1,838
Assumed7,1148,2789,992$2,387$2,769$2,520
Ceded(699)(509)(688)(92)(754)(673)
$19,702$19,070$19,646$2,295$2,015$1,847

$19,702 $19,070 $19,646 $2,295 $2,015 $1,847

$19,702 $19,070 $19,646 $2,295 $2,015 $1,847

(21)季度数据

下表列示了过去两年各季度的营收与利润汇总。数据未经审计。除每股数据外,金额单位为百万美元。

第一季度第二季度第三季度第四季度
2005 年
营收$17,634$18,128$20,533$25,368
净利润*1,3631,4495865,130
每股等值 A 类普通股净利润8869413813,330

(21) Quarterly data A summary of revenues and earnings by quarter for each of the last two years is presented in the following table. This information is unaudited. Dollars are in millions, except per share amounts. 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 2005 Quarter Quarter Quarter Quarter Revenues.............................................................................................................. $17,634 $18,128 $20,533 $25,368 Net earnings * ...................................................................................................... 1,363 1,449 586 5,130 Net earnings per equivalent Class A common share ............................................ 886 941 381 3,330

2004 年

第一季度第二季度第三季度第四季度
营收$17,184$17,996$19,172$20,030
净利润*1,5501,2821,1373,339
每股等值 A 类普通股净利润1,0088347392,171
  • 包含投资和衍生品利得/损失,这些利得/损失在任何特定时期均无预测价值,且不同时期金额的变化也缺乏实际分析价值,尤其是考虑到伯克希尔合并投资组合中目前存在的未实现增值。2005 年第三季度的净利润包括一笔 30 亿美元(税后 19.5 亿美元)的税前承保亏损,与袭击美国墨西哥湾沿岸地区的卡特里娜飓风和丽塔飓风有关。2005 年第四季度的净利润包括一笔 50 亿美元(税后 32.5 亿美元)的非现金税前收益,产生于吉列普通股与宝洁普通股的交换(见附注 6)。上述各期税后投资和衍生品利得/损失如下(单位:百万美元):
第一季度第二季度第三季度第四季度
投资和衍生品利得/损失——2005 年$(77)$(160)$480$3,287
投资和衍生品利得/损失——2004 年415(172)5181,498

(22)或有事项与承诺

伯克希尔及其子公司是正常业务过程中产生的各种法律诉讼的当事方。此类法律诉讼特别影响伯克希尔的保险和再保险业务。这些诉讼通常旨在直接通过保险合同或间接通过伯克希尔子公司签发的再保险合同确立责任。原告偶尔会寻求惩罚性或惩戒性赔偿。伯克希尔认为,这些正常和常规的诉讼不会对其财务状况或经营业绩产生重大影响。伯克希尔及其某些子公司还涉及其他类型的法律诉讼,其中一些诉讼主张或可能主张索赔,或寻求处以高额罚款和罚金,具体情况如下所述。

a) 政府调查

2003 年 10 月,通用再保险公司("General Reinsurance"),作为通用再保险公司("General Re")的全资子公司和伯克希尔的间接全资子公司,以及其四名现任和前任员工(包括其前任总裁),收到了美国弗吉尼亚东区联邦检察官办公室里士满分部("EDVA 联邦检察官")的传票,要求提供与 EDVA 联邦检察官调查美国互惠保险公司("ROA")有关的文件。ROA 是一家总部位于弗吉尼亚州的互惠保险公司,承保医生、医院和律师的职业责任风险。

2004 Revenues.............................................................................................................. $17,184 $17,996 $19,172 $20,030 Net earnings * ...................................................................................................... 1,550 1,282 1,137 3,339 Net earnings per equivalent Class A common share ............................................ 1,008 834 739 2,171

  • Includes investment and derivative gains/losses, which, for any given period have no predictive value, and variations in amount

from period to period have no practical analytical value, particularly in view of the unrealized appreciation now existing in Berkshire’s consolidated investment portfolio. Net earnings in the third quarter of 2005 include a pre-tax underwriting loss of $3.0 billion ($1.95 billion after-tax) related to Hurricanes Katrina and Rita which struck the Gulf coast region of the United States. Net earnings in the fourth quarter of 2005 include a non-cash pre-tax gain of $5.0 billion ($3.25 billion after-tax) which arose from the exchange of Gillette common stock for Procter & Gamble common stock (see Note 6). After-tax investment and derivative gains/losses for the periods presented above are as follows (in millions): 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Quarter Quarter Quarter Quarter Investment and derivative gains/losses – 2005.................................................... $(77) $(160) $480 $3,287 Investment and derivative gains/losses – 2004.................................................... 415 (172) 518 1,498 (22) Contingencies and Commitments Berkshire and its subsidiaries are parties in a variety of legal actions arising out of the normal course of business. In particular, such legal actions affect Berkshire’s insurance and reinsurance businesses. Such litigation generally seeks to establish liability directly through insurance contracts or indirectly through reinsurance contracts issued by Berkshire subsidiaries. Plaintiffs occasionally seek punitive or exemplary damages. Berkshire does not believe that such normal and routine litigation will have a material effect on its financial condition or results of operations. Berkshire and certain of its subsidiaries are also involved in other kinds of legal actions, some of which assert or may assert claims or seek to impose fines and penalties in substantial amounts and are described below. a) Governmental Investigations In October 2003, General Reinsurance Corporation (“General Reinsurance”), a wholly owned subsidiary of General Re Corporation (“General Re”) and an indirectly wholly owned subsidiary of Berkshire, and four of its current and former employees, including its former president, received subpoenas for documents from the U.S. Attorney for the Eastern District of Virginia, Richmond Division (the “EDVA U.S. Attorney”) in connection with the EDVA U.S. Attorney’s investigation of Reciprocal of America (“ROA”). ROA was a Virginia-based reciprocal insurer of physician, hospital and lawyer professional liability risks.

49

49

合并财务报表附注(续)

(22) 或有事项与承诺(续)

通用再保险公司正继续全力配合 EDVA 美国联邦检察官及华盛顿的司法部(“DOJ”),就其正在进行的、涉及 ROA 以及部分涉及通用再保险公司与 ROA 之间交易的调查。EDVA 美国联邦检察官及 DOJ 持续要求通用再保险公司提供关于 ROA 及其关联公司第一弗吉尼亚再保险有限公司(“FVR”),以及通用再保险公司与 ROA 和 FVR 之间交易的补充信息。EDVA 美国联邦检察官及 DOJ 还约谈了通用再保险及通用再保险公司的多位现任和前任高管与员工。2005 年 8 月,EDVA 美国联邦检察官就通用再保险公司与 ROA 及 FVR 的交易,向通用再保险公司发出了追加传票。最初于 2003 年 10 月被传唤的其中一人,已收到 EDVA 美国联邦检察官的通知,告知此人已成为 EDVA 美国联邦检察官调查的目标。如下文所述,通用再保险公司还因涉及 ROA 的多起民事诉讼而被起诉。

通用再保险、伯克希尔以及伯克希尔旗下包括国民赔偿公司(“NICO”)在内的部分其他保险子公司,也正继续全力配合美国证券交易委员会(“SEC”)、DOJ 和纽约州总检察长(“NYAG”)就其正在进行的非传统产品调查。EDVA 美国联邦检察官和 DOJ 也就这些调查与 SEC 及 NYAG 协同工作。通用再保险最初于 2005 年 1 月收到 SEC 和 NYAG 的传票。通用再保险、伯克希尔和 NICO 一直应 2005 年 1 月的传票及相关要求向政府提供信息,涉及的是通用再保险公司或 NICO(或其各自的子公司或关联公司)与其他保险公司之间的交易;此外,就通用再保险公司(或其子公司或关联公司)而言,还回应了其他美国联邦检察官就其中某些交易进行调查而发出的传票。特别是,通用再保险和伯克希尔一直在回应政府索取信息的要求,这些要求涉及某些可能被通用再保险公司(或其子公司或关联公司)的交易对手方错误入账的交易。SEC、NYAG、DOJ 和 EDVA 美国联邦检察官已约谈了通用再保险及通用再保险公司的多位现任和前任高管及员工,以及伯克希尔的董事长兼首席执行官沃伦·E·巴菲特,并表示计划约谈更多人员。

政府正在审查通用再保险及其子公司以及其交易对手方在某些有限风险交易中扮演的角色,包括通用再保险或其子公司是否与他人合谋,歪曲交易对手方的财务报表,或协助、教唆交易对手方作出此类虚假陈述。在一起案例中,对于 2000 年末与美国国际集团(“AIG”)初始达成的一项交易(“AIG 交易”),AIG 已更正了其先前对该交易的会计处理,理由正如 AIG 在 2004 年 10-K 报告中所称,该交易是为达成期望的会计结果而进行的,并未包含足够的合格风险转移,不足以支持按再保险进行会计处理。如下文所述,通用再保险公司已在对 AIG 提起的相关民事诉讼中被列为被告。作为正在进行的调查的一部分,政府部门还询问了伯克希尔旗下部分保险子公司对所承担和分出的某些有限风险交易的会计处理情况。

2005 年 5 月,在其前首席执行官罗纳德·弗格森就 SEC 和 DOJ 调查所涉问题援引第五修正案之后,通用再保险终止了与他的咨询服务。2005 年 6 月,通用再保险旗下子公司科隆再保险(都柏林)有限公司(“CRD”)的前首席执行官约翰·霍尔兹沃思,承认了合谋歪曲 AIG 部分财务报表的联邦刑事指控,并就相关事宜与 SEC 达成了部分和解协议。此前被行政停职的霍尔兹沃思先生,在此事公布后被解雇。2005 年 6 月,曾任 AIG 客户代表的通用再保险前高级副总裁理查德·纳皮尔,也承认了合谋歪曲 AIG 部分财务报表的联邦刑事指控,并就相关事宜与 SEC 达成了部分和解协议。通用再保险在上述行动公布后解雇了纳皮尔先生。

2005 年 9 月,罗纳德·弗格森、通用再保险首席执行官约瑟夫·布兰登、通用再保险公司前高级副总裁克里斯托弗·加兰德,以及通用再保险公司前高级副总裁兼助理总法律顾问罗伯特·格雷厄姆,各自收到了 SEC 发出的“威尔斯通知”。除霍尔兹沃思、纳皮尔、布兰登、弗格森、加兰德和格雷厄姆诸位先生外,通用再保险前首席财务官伊丽莎白·蒙拉德也于 2005 年 5 月就其调查收到了 SEC 的“威尔斯通知”。

2006 年 2 月 2 日,DOJ 宣布联邦大陪审团已就与 AIG 交易相关的指控,对 Gen Re 的三名前高管提起公诉。起诉书指控弗格森先生、蒙拉德女士和格雷厄姆先生,以及 AIG 的一名前高管,就 AIG 交易犯有一项共谋证券欺诈罪、四项证券欺诈罪、两项导致向 SEC 作出虚假陈述罪、四项电信欺诈罪和两项邮件欺诈罪。SEC 也于 2006 年 2 月 2 日宣布,已对弗格森先生、蒙拉德女士、格雷厄姆先生、加兰德先生以及同一名 AIG 前高管提起执法行动,指控他们就 AIG 交易协助和教唆 AIG 违反联邦证券法中的反欺诈条款及其他条款。SEC 的诉状寻求永久性禁令救济、追缴所有违法所得、民事罚款,以及禁止每位被告担任上市公司高管或董事的禁制令。被联邦大陪审团起诉的每位被告均于 2006 年 2 月 16 日被提审,并且每位被告对所有指控均表示不认罪。庭审日期定于 2006 年 5 月 22 日。2006 年 2 月 9 日,AIG 宣布已与 DOJ、SEC、NYAG 及纽约州保险局就其及其子公司在会计、财务报告和保险经纪业务方面受到调查的索赔与事项达成和解,涉及的事项包括与 AIG 交易相关的被调查索赔与事项,以及与少缴部分工伤保险保费税及其他缴款相关的索赔。AIG 宣布,因这些和解,其将支付总计约 16.4 亿美元。

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) (22) Contingencies and Commitments (Continued) General Reinsurance is continuing to cooperate fully with the EDVA U.S. Attorney and the Department of Justice in Washington (the “DOJ”) in their ongoing investigation regarding ROA and, in part, its transactions with General Reinsurance. The EDVA U.S. Attorney and the DOJ have continued to request additional information from General Reinsurance regarding ROA and its affiliate, First Virginia Reinsurance, Ltd. (“FVR”) and General Reinsurance’s transactions with ROA and FVR. The EDVA U.S. Attorney and the DOJ have also interviewed a number of current and former officers and employees of General Re and General Reinsurance. In August 2005, the EDVA U.S. Attorney issued an additional subpoena to General Reinsurance regarding General Reinsurance’s transactions with ROA and FVR. One of the individuals originally subpoenaed in October 2003 has been informed by the EDVA U.S. Attorney that this individual is a target of the EDVA U.S. Attorney’s investigation. General Reinsurance has also been sued in a number of civil actions related to ROA, as described below. General Re, Berkshire, and certain of Berkshire’s other insurance subsidiaries, including National Indemnity Company (“NICO”) have also been continuing to cooperate fully with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), the DOJ and the New York State Attorney General (“NYAG”) in their ongoing investigations of non-traditional products. The EDVA U.S. Attorney and the DOJ have also been working with the SEC and the NYAG in connection with these investigations. General Re originally received subpoenas from the SEC and NYAG in January 2005. General Re, Berkshire and NICO have been providing information to the government relating to transactions between General Reinsurance or NICO (or their respective subsidiaries or affiliates) and other insurers in response to the January 2005 subpoenas and related requests and, in the case of General Reinsurance (or its subsidiaries or affiliates), in response to subpoenas from other U.S. Attorneys conducting investigations relating to certain of these transactions. In particular, General Re and Berkshire have been responding to requests from the government for information relating to certain transactions that may have been accounted for incorrectly by counterparties of General Reinsurance (or its subsidiaries or affiliates). The SEC, NYAG, DOJ and the EDVA U.S. Attorney have interviewed a number of current and former officers and employees of General Re and General Reinsurance as well as Berkshire’s Chairman and CEO, Warren E. Buffett, and have indicated they plan to interview additional individuals. The government is reviewing the role of General Re and its subsidiaries, as well as that of their counterparties, in certain finite transactions, including whether General Re or its subsidiaries conspired with others to misstate counterparty financial statements or aided and abetted such misstatements by the counterparties. In one case, a transaction initially effected with American International Group (“AIG”) in late 2000 (the “AIG Transaction”), AIG has corrected its prior accounting for the transaction on the grounds, as stated in AIG’s 2004 10-K, that the transaction was done to accomplish a desired accounting result and did not entail sufficient qualifying risk transfer to support reinsurance accounting. General Reinsurance has been named in related civil actions brought against AIG, as described below. As part of their ongoing investigations, governmental authorities have also inquired about the accounting by certain of Berkshire’s insurance subsidiaries for certain assumed and ceded finite transactions. In May 2005, General Re terminated the consulting services of its former Chief Executive Officer, Ronald Ferguson, after Mr. Ferguson invoked the Fifth Amendment in response to questions from the SEC and DOJ relating to their investigations. In June 2005, John Houldsworth, the former Chief Executive Officer of Cologne Reinsurance Company (Dublin) Limited (“CRD”), a subsidiary of General Re, pleaded guilty to a federal criminal charge of conspiring with others to misstate certain AIG financial statements and entered into a partial settlement agreement with the SEC with respect to such matters. Mr. Houldsworth, who had been on administrative leave, was terminated following this announcement. In June 2005, Richard Napier, a former Senior Vice President of General Re who had served as an account representative for the AIG account, also pleaded guilty to a federal criminal charge of conspiring with others to misstate certain AIG financial statements and entered into a partial settlement agreement with the SEC with respect to such matters. General Re terminated Mr. Napier following the announcement of these actions. In September 2005, Ronald Ferguson, Joseph Brandon, the Chief Executive Officer of General Re, Christopher Garand, a former Senior Vice President of General Reinsurance, and Robert Graham, a former Senior Vice President and Assistant General Counsel of General Reinsurance, each received a “Wells” notice from the SEC. In addition to Messrs. Houldsworth, Napier, Brandon, Ferguson, Garand and Graham, Elizabeth Monrad, the former Chief Financial Officer of General Re, also received a “Wells” notice from the SEC in May 2005 in connection with its investigation. On February 2, 2006, the DOJ announced that a federal grand jury had indicted three former executives of Gen Re on charges related to the AIG Transaction. The indictment charges Mr. Ferguson, Ms. Monrad and Mr. Graham, along with one former officer of AIG, with one count of conspiracy to commit securities fraud, four counts of securities fraud, two counts of causing false statements to be made to the SEC, four counts of wire fraud and two counts of mail fraud in connection with the AIG Transaction. The SEC also announced on February 2, 2006 that it had filed an enforcement action against Mr. Ferguson, Ms. Monrad, Mr. Graham, Mr. Garand and the same former AIG officer, for aiding and abetting AIG’s violations of the antifraud provisions and other provisions of the federal securities laws in connection with the AIG Transaction. The SEC complaint seeks permanent injunctive relief, disgorgement of any ill-gotten gains, civil penalties and orders barring each defendant from acting as an officer or director of a public company. Each of the individuals indicted by the federal grand jury was arraigned on February 16, 2006 and each individual pleaded not guilty to all charges. A trial date was set for May 22, 2006. On February 9, 2006, AIG announced that it had reached a resolution of claims and matters under investigation with the DOJ, the SEC, the NYAG and the New York State Department of Insurance in connection with the accounting, financial reporting and insurance brokerage practices of AIG and its subsidiaries, including claims and matters under investigation relating to the AIG Transaction, as well as claims relating to the underpayment of certain workers’ compensation premium taxes and other assessments. AIG announced that it will make payments totaling approximately $1.64 billion as a result of these settlements.

50

50

(22)或有事项与承诺(续)

各州保险监管机构已发出传票或以其他方式要求通用再保险公司(General Reinsurance)、NICO 及其关联公司提供与非传统产品有关的文件和信息。康涅狄格州总检察长办公室也已向通用再保险公司发出传票,要求提供与非传统产品有关的信息。通用再保险公司、NICO 及其关联公司一直在全面配合上述传票和信息提供要求。

2005 年 4 月 14 日,澳大利亚审慎监管局(Australian Prudential Regulation Authority,“APRA”)宣布,对通用再保险公司子公司——通用再保险澳大利亚有限公司(General Reinsurance Australia Limited,“GRA”)涉及的财务再保险或有限再保险交易展开调查。APRA 根据 1973 年《保险法》第 52 条指定了一名检查官,该检查官一直在进行调查,包括要求 GRA 提供其财务再保险或有限再保险业务的相关文件。GRA 一直在全面配合此项调查。

2004 年 12 月,英国金融服务管理局(Financial Services Authority,“FSA”)告知通用再保险公司的关联公司 Faraday 集团(Faraday Group,“Faraday”),该局正就 1998 年 GRA 与 FAI 保险有限公司(FAI Insurance Limited)关联公司之间达成的交易,对 Faraday 时任首席执行官米兰·武凯利奇(Milan Vukelic)进行调查。武凯利奇先生此前曾担任通用再保险国际有限再保险业务部门的负责人。2005 年 4 月,FSA 告知通用再保险公司,该局正就某些有限风险再保险交易对武凯利奇先生及 CRD 的一名前高管进行调查,所涉交易包括 CRD 与其他几家保险公司之间的交易。此外,FSA 已要求通用再保险公司设在英国的关联公司提供与其调查所涉交易有关的信息,包括与 AIG 进行的交易。通用再保险公司及其关联公司正在上述事项上全面配合 FSA。2005 年 5 月,武凯利奇先生被安排行政休假,并于 2005 年 7 月被解雇。

CRD 也正就爱尔兰金融服务监管局(Irish Financial Services Regulatory Authority)对其活动开展的调查,向该局提供信息并予以全面配合。爱尔兰公司执法署(Office of the Director of Corporate Enforcement)正在对 CRD 进行初步评估,尤其关注 CRD 与 AIG 之间的交易。CRD 正在全面配合此项初步评估。

通用再保险公司的子公司科隆再保险公司(Kolnische Ruckversicherungs-Gesellschaft AG,“Cologne Re”),也正就德国联邦金融监管局(German Federal Financial Supervisory Authority)关于科隆再保险涉及“有限再保险”的相关活动,以及科隆再保险或其子公司(包括 CRD)与 AIG 之间交易的提供信息要求,予以全面配合。通用再保险公司还正就加拿大金融机构监管局(Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions Canada)对通用再保险及其关联公司涉及“有限再保险”活动的调查,向该局提供信息并予以全面配合。

伯克希尔目前无法预判这些事项的结果,无法估计可能的损失范围,并且无法预测相关结果是否会对伯克希尔的业务或经营业绩产生重大不利影响,至少无法在这些事项完成或以其他方式了结的季度期间内做出此类判断。

b)民事诉讼

与 ROA 有关的诉讼

通用再保险公司及其四名现任及前任雇员,连同其他众多被告,因 ROA 相关事宜在数起民事诉讼中被起诉。原告在这些民事诉讼中基于通用再保险公司向 ROA 及相关实体提供的各类再保险保障,对通用再保险公司及其他方提出了多项索赔,包括违约、不当得利、欺诈和共谋。

八起推定集体诉讼由通过 ROA 或其设在田纳西州的某些风险自留团体购买保险的医生、医院和律师提起。这些诉状要求判给原告认为公正且合理的补偿性赔偿金、三倍赔偿金和惩罚性赔偿金。通用再保险公司还面临以下诉讼:弗吉尼亚州保险专员以 ROA 副接管人身份提起的诉讼;田纳西州保险专员以三家田纳西州风险自留团体清算人身份提起的诉讼;一家密苏里州医院集团提起的联邦诉讼;以及一名阿拉巴马州医生提起、后被移送至联邦法院的州法院诉讼。上述诉讼中最早的一起于 2003 年 3 月提起,后续诉讼于 2003 年 4 月至 2005 年 12 月期间陆续提起。在弗吉尼亚州保险专员提起的诉讼中,该专员在其部分索赔主张中声称,针对所有被告的所谓损害赔偿总额超过 2 亿美元。其中 11 起案件被合并指定由美国田纳西州西区联邦地区法院进行审前程序。通用再保险公司已在其中 10 起案件中提出动议,请求驳回针对其的全部索赔,法院尚未就这些动议做出裁决。另一起联邦案件已提交至美国密西西比州北区联邦地区法院,目前正等待签发将该案附条件移送至美国田纳西州西区联邦地区法院的命令。上述所有案件均尚未启动证据开示程序。

通用再保险公司还是两起在阿拉巴马州州法院提起诉讼的被告。第一起诉讼由曾是阿拉巴马州医院协会信托基金(Alabama Hospital Association Trust,“AHAT”)成员的一组阿拉巴马州医院,在蒙哥马利县巡回法院提起。该诉讼(“AHA 诉讼”)指控通用再保险公司以及联邦诉讼中的几乎全部被告,基于据称 2001 年 AHAT 与 ROA 之间的业务合并,以及 2002 年阿拉巴马州医院随后向 ROA 的注资行为,违反了《阿拉巴马州证券法》,并构成共谋、欺诈、隐瞒、不当得利和违约。AHA 诉讼的指控与弗吉尼亚州 ROA 接管人提交的诉状中所列指控大致相同。通用再保险公司此前已提出动议,请求驳回 AHA 诉讼中的所有索赔。法院于 2005 年 3 月发出命令,部分批准了该动议,驳回了针对通用再保险公司的《阿拉巴马州证券法》索赔,并要求原告修改其关于欺诈和隐瞒的指控。AHA 诉讼的原告于 2005 年 4 月提交了经修订与重述的诉状,指控通用再保险公司构成共谋、欺诈、隐瞒以及协助和教唆违反信义义务。通用再保险公司于 2005 年 5 月提出动议,请求驳回经修订与重述的诉状中的所有指控。

(22) Contingencies and Commitments (Continued) Various state insurance departments have issued subpoenas or otherwise requested that General Reinsurance, NICO and their affiliates provide documents and information relating to non-traditional products. The Office of the Connecticut Attorney General has also issued a subpoena to General Reinsurance for information relating to non-traditional products. General Reinsurance, NICO and their affiliates have been cooperating fully with these subpoenas and requests. On April 14, 2005, the Australian Prudential Regulation Authority (“APRA”) announced an investigation involving financial or finite reinsurance transactions by General Reinsurance Australia Limited (“GRA”), a subsidiary of General Reinsurance. An inspector appointed by APRA under section 52 of the Insurance Act 1973 has been conducting an investigation including a request for the production of documents of GRA’s financial or finite reinsurance business. GRA has been cooperating fully with this investigation. In December 2004, the Financial Services Authority (“FSA”) advised General Reinsurance’s affiliate Faraday Group (“Faraday”) that it was investigating Milan Vukelic, the then Chief Executive Officer of Faraday with respect to transactions entered into between GRA and companies affiliated with FAI Insurance Limited in 1998. Mr. Vukelic previously served as the head of General Re’s international finite business unit. In April 2005, the FSA advised General Reinsurance that it was investigating Mr. Vukelic and a former officer of CRD with respect to certain finite risk reinsurance transactions, including transactions between CRD and several other insurers. In addition, the FSA has requested that General Reinsurance affiliates based in the United Kingdom provide information relating to the transactions involved in their investigations, including transactions with AIG. General Reinsurance and its affiliates are cooperating fully with the FSA in these matters. In May 2005, Mr. Vukelic was placed on administrative leave and in July 2005 his employment was terminated. CRD is also providing information to and cooperating fully with the Irish Financial Services Regulatory Authority in its inquiries regarding the activities of CRD. The Office of the Director of Corporate Enforcement in Ireland is conducting a preliminary evaluation in relation to CRD concerning, in particular, transactions between CRD and AIG. CRD is cooperating fully with this preliminary evaluation. General Reinsurance’s subsidiary, Kolnische Ruckversicherungs-Gesellschaft AG (“Cologne Re”), is also cooperating fully with requests for information from the German Federal Financial Supervisory Authority regarding the activities of Cologne Re relating to “finite reinsurance” and regarding transactions between Cologne Re or its subsidiaries, including CRD, and AIG. General Reinsurance is also providing information to and cooperating fully with the Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions Canada in its inquiries regarding the activities of General Re and its affiliates relating to “finite reinsurance.” Berkshire cannot at this time predict the outcome of these matters, is unable to estimate a range of possible loss and cannot predict whether or not the outcomes will have a material adverse effect on Berkshire’s business or results of operations for at least the quarterly period when these matters are completed or otherwise resolved. b) Civil Litigation Litigation Related to ROA General Reinsurance and four of its current and former employees, along with numerous other defendants, have been sued in a number of civil actions related to ROA. Plaintiffs assert various claims in these civil actions, including breach of contract, unjust enrichment, fraud and conspiracy, against General Reinsurance and others, arising from various reinsurance coverages General Reinsurance provided to ROA and related entities. Eight putative class actions were initiated by doctors, hospitals and lawyers that purchased insurance through ROA or certain of its Tennessee-based risk retention groups. These complaints seek compensatory, treble, and punitive damages in an amount plaintiffs contend is just and reasonable. General Reinsurance is also subject to actions brought by the Virginia Commissioner of Insurance, as Deputy Receiver of ROA, the Tennessee Commissioner of Insurance, as Liquidator for three Tennessee risk retention groups, a federal lawsuit filed by a Missouri-based hospital group and a state lawsuit filed by an Alabama doctor that was removed to federal court. The first of these actions was filed in March 2003 and additional actions were filed in April 2003 through December 2005. In the action filed by the Virginia Commissioner of Insurance, the Commissioner asserts in several of its claims that the alleged damages being sought exceed $200 million in the aggregate as against all defendants. Eleven of these cases are collectively assigned to the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Tennessee for pretrial proceedings. General Reinsurance has filed motions to dismiss all of the claims against it in ten of these cases and the court has not yet ruled on these motions. The other federal case has been filed in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Mississippi and is currently awaiting issuance of a conditional transfer order to the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Tennessee. No discovery has been initiated in any of these cases. General Reinsurance is also a defendant in two lawsuits filed in Alabama state courts. The first suit was filed in the Circuit Court of Montgomery County by a group of Alabama hospitals that are former members of the Alabama Hospital Association Trust (“AHAT”). This suit (the “AHA Action”) alleged violations of the Alabama Securities Act, conspiracy, fraud, suppression, unjust enrichment and breach of contract against General Reinsurance and virtually all of the defendants in the federal suits based on an alleged business combination between AHAT and ROA in 2001 and subsequent capital contributions to ROA in 2002 by the Alabama hospitals. The allegations of the AHA Action are largely identical to those set forth in the complaint filed by the Virginia receiver for ROA. General Reinsurance previously filed a motion to dismiss all of the claims in the AHA Action. The motion was granted in part by an order in March 2005, which dismissed the Alabama Securities Act claim against General Reinsurance and ordered plaintiffs to amend their allegations of fraud and suppression. Plaintiffs in the AHA Action filed their Amended and Restated Complaint in April 2005, alleging claims of conspiracy, fraud, suppression and aiding and abetting breach of fiduciary duty against General Reinsurance. General Reinsurance filed a motion to dismiss all counts of the Amended and Restated Complaint in May

51

51

合并财务报表附注(续)

(22)或有事项及承诺(续)

2005 年。法院指定的特别主事官于 2005 年 7 月 13 日听取了辩论,并于 2005 年 7 月 22 日建议驳回该动议。2005 年 7 月 22 日,法院驳回了通用再保险的撤诉动议。通用再保险于 2005 年 9 月 1 日提交并送达了对修订及重述起诉状的答辩和积极抗辩。证据开示程序已经开始。第二起诉讼同样在蒙哥马利县巡回法院提起,由 AHAT 前成员 Baptist Health Systems, Inc.(“BHS”)发起,提出的指控与首起 AHA 诉讼相同,另加违反信托义务和放任行为的指控。这些案件已合并进行审前程序。BHS 于 2005 年 4 月提交了第一修订起诉状,指控通用再保险违反《阿拉巴马州证券法》、共谋、欺诈、隐瞒、违反信托义务、放任行为及不当得利。通用再保险于 2005 年 5 月提出动议,要求驳回修订及重述起诉状中的全部诉因。特别主事官于 2005 年 7 月 13 日听取了辩论,并于 2005 年 7 月 22 日建议驳回依据《阿拉巴马州证券法》提出的指控,但建议驳回要求驳回其余指控的动议。2005 年 7 月 22 日,法院驳回了通用再保险的撤诉动议。通用再保险于 2005 年 9 月 1 日提交并送达了对修订及重述起诉状的答辩和积极抗辩。证据开示程序已经开始。AHA 诉讼与 BHS 起诉状就所有被告合计索赔金额超过 6000 万美元。

与 AIG 相关的诉讼

通用再保险于 2005 年 4 月 29 日收到一份传票和一份合并修订的集体诉讼起诉状,案件名称为“In re American International Group Securities Litigation”,案号 04-CV-8141-(LTS),由美国纽约南区联邦地区法院审理。这是一起推定集体诉讼,由在 1999 年 10 月至 2005 年 3 月期间购买 AIG 公开交易证券的投资者代表提起。2005 年 6 月 7 日,通用再保险收到第二份传票和集体诉讼起诉状,涉及另一起推定集体诉讼,同样代表在 1999 年 10 月至 2005 年 3 月期间购买 AIG 证券的投资者,案件名称为“San Francisco Employees’ Retirement System, et al. vs. American International Group, Inc., et al.”,案号 05-CV-4270,由美国纽约南区联邦地区法院审理。在 2005 年 7 月的一次会议上,法院裁定案号 04-CV-8141 的原告将担任首席原告。2005 年 9 月 27 日,案号 04-CV-8141 的原告提交了一份合并修订的第二修订起诉状(“起诉状”)。该起诉状对 AIG 及其多名高管、董事、投资银行及其他方提出多项指控。被告包括通用再保险以及 Ferguson、Napier 和 Houldsworth 先生(起诉状将其定义为“通用再保险被告”)。起诉状指控通用再保险被告因在上文“政府调查”部分所述的与 AIG 交易相关的活动中,违反了《证券交易法》第 10(b) 条及其项下的第 10b-5 规则。起诉状寻求数额未明确的损害赔偿及其他救济。通用再保险被告已提出动议要求驳回起诉状,理由是起诉状未能陈述可针对这些被告给予救济的诉讼请求。该动议定于 2006 年 4 月 17 日进行听证。尚未进行任何证据开示。

2005 年 7 月 27 日,通用再保险收到一份传票和一份经核证修订的股东派生起诉状,案件名称为“In re American International Group, Inc. Derivative Litigation”,案号 04-CV-08406,由美国纽约南区联邦地区法院审理,被告名称为“Gen Re Corporation”。目前尚不清楚原告是针对通用再保险还是其母公司 General Re 提出指控。该案件由审理上述集体诉讼的同一法官负责。该起诉状由 AIG 的数名自称股东提起,针对 AIG 的多名高管和董事,以及与 AIG 有业务往来的多家个人和实体,寻求损害赔偿、禁令及宣告性救济,涉及 AIG 据称的各种不当行为。针对“Gen Re Corporation”的指控聚焦于上文所述的 2000 年底与 AIG 的交易,起诉状声称对“Gen Re Corporation”提出协助和教唆其他被告违反信托义务及不当得利的诉讼因由。起诉状未明确说明寻求针对“Gen Re Corporation”的损害赔偿金额或其他任何救济的性质。2005 年 8 月,通用再保险收到一份传票和第一修订合并股东派生起诉状,案件名称为“In re American International Group, Inc. Consolidated Derivative Litigation”,案号 769-N,由特拉华州衡平法院审理。特拉华州起诉状中提出的指控与本段上文所述的纽约派生诉讼中的指控基本相似,区别在于特拉华州起诉状明确声称原告既针对通用再保险也针对 General Re 提出指控。纽约派生诉讼和特拉华州派生诉讼的程序均已暂停,直至 2006 年 5 月 1 日。

FAI/HIH 事项

2003 年 12 月,FAI Insurance Limited(“FAI”)和 HIH Insurance Limited(“HIH”)的清算人通知 GRA 和科隆再保险,他们打算就 GRA 于 1998 年 5 月和 6 月与 FAI 达成的保险交易提出索赔。2004 年 8 月,清算人向新南威尔士州最高法院提起了索赔,以避免某些原告的诉讼时效过期,但清算人并未向 GRA 或科隆再保险送达法律程序文书。清算人对 GRA 和科隆再保险指控的核心是 GRA 于 1998 年与 FAI 达成的交易(FAI 于 1999 年被 HIH 收购)。清算人声称,除其他外,GRA 与科隆再保险从事了欺骗性行为,帮助 FAI 不当将这些交易作为再保险进行会计处理,并且这种欺骗行为导致 HIH 收购了 FAI,并给 FAI 和 HIH 造成了各种损失。

保险经纪反垄断诉讼

伯克希尔、General Re 和通用再保险是多地区诉讼“In Re: Insurance Brokerage Antitrust Litigation”(MDL No. 1663,新泽西州联邦地区法院)的被告。2005 年 2 月,多地区诉讼司法小组将数起不同的案件移交给新泽西州联邦地区法院进行协调和合并。每起合并案件均涉及对商业保险经纪公司和保险公司之间一项行业广泛阴谋的指控,该阴谋旨在欺诈一个推定的保险购买者类别。

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) (22) Contingencies and Commitments (Continued) 2005. The Special Master appointed by the court heard arguments on July 13, 2005 and recommended denial of the motion on July 22, 2005. On July 22, 2005, the Court denied General Reinsurance’s motion to dismiss. General Reinsurance filed and served its answer and affirmative defenses to the Amended and Restated Complaint on September 1, 2005. Discovery has begun. The second suit, also filed in the Circuit Court of Montgomery County, was initiated by Baptist Health Systems, Inc. (“BHS”), a former member of AHAT, and alleged claims identical to those in the initial AHA Action, plus claims for breach of fiduciary duty and wantonness. These cases have been consolidated for pretrial purposes. BHS filed its First Amended Complaint in April 2005, alleging violations of the Alabama Securities Act, conspiracy, fraud, suppression, breach of fiduciary duty, wantonness and unjust enrichment against General Reinsurance. General Reinsurance filed a motion to dismiss all counts of the Amended and Restated Complaint in May 2005. The Special Master heard arguments on July 13, 2005, and on July 22, 2005, recommended dismissal of the claim under the Alabama Securities Act, but recommended denial of the motion to dismiss the remaining claims. On July 22, 2005, the Court denied General Reinsurance’s motion to dismiss. General Reinsurance filed and served its answer and affirmative defenses to the Amended and Restated Complaint on September 1, 2005. Discovery has begun. The AHA Action and the BHS complaint claim damages in excess of $60 million in the aggregate as against all defendants. Actions related to AIG General Reinsurance received a Summons and a Consolidated Amended Class Action Complaint on April 29, 2005, in the matter captioned In re American International Group Securities Litigation, Case No. 04-CV-8141-(LTS), United States District Court, Southern District of New York. This is a putative class action asserted on behalf of investors who purchased publicly-traded securities of AIG between October 1999 and March 2005. On June 7, 2005, General Reinsurance received a second Summons and Class Action Complaint in a putative class action asserted on behalf of investors who purchased AIG securities between October 1999 and March 2005, captioned San Francisco Employees’ Retirement System, et al. vs. American International Group, Inc., et al., Case No. 05-CV-4270, United States District Court, Southern District of New York. At a July 2005 conference, the court ruled that the plaintiffs in case no. 04-CV-8141 would be lead plaintiffs. On September 27, 2005, the plaintiffs in case no. 04-CV-8141 filed a Consolidated Second Amended Complaint (the “Complaint”). The Complaint asserts various claims against AIG, and various of its officers, directors, investment banks and other parties. Included among the defendants are General Reinsurance and Messrs. Ferguson, Napier and Houldsworth (whom the Complaint defines as the “General Re Defendants”). The Complaint alleges that the General Re Defendants violated Section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act and Rule 10b-5 promulgated under that Act through their activities in connection with the AIG transaction described in “Governmental Investigations,” above. The Complaint seeks damages and other relief in unspecified amounts. The General Re Defendants have moved to dismiss the Complaint on the grounds that it fails to state a claim on which relief can be granted against these defendants. The motion is scheduled to be heard on April 17, 2006. No discovery has taken place. On July 27, 2005, General Reinsurance received a Summons and a Verified and Amended Shareholder Derivative Complaint in In re American International Group, Inc. Derivative Litigation, Case No. 04-CV-08406, United States District Court, Southern District of New York, naming “Gen Re Corporation” as a defendant. It is unclear whether the plaintiffs are asserting claims against General Reinsurance or its parent, General Re. This case is assigned to the same judge as the class actions described above. The complaint, brought by several alleged shareholders of AIG, seeks damages, injunctive and declaratory relief against various officers and directors of AIG as well as a variety of individuals and entities with whom AIG did business, relating to a wide variety of allegedly wrongful practices by AIG. The allegations against “Gen Re Corporation” focus on the late 2000 transaction with AIG described above, and the complaint purports to assert causes of action against “Gen Re Corporation” for aiding and abetting other defendants’ breaches of fiduciary duty and for unjust enrichment. The complaint does not specify the amount of damages or the nature of any other relief sought against “Gen Re Corporation.” In August 2005, General Reinsurance received a Summons and First Amended Consolidated Shareholders’ Derivative Complaint in In re American International Group, Inc. Consolidated Derivative Litigation, Case No. 769-N, Delaware Chancery Court. The claims asserted in the Delaware complaint are substantially similar to those asserted in the New York derivative complaint described earlier in this paragraph, except that the Delaware complaint makes clear that the plaintiffs are asserting claims against both General Reinsurance and General Re. Proceedings in both the New York derivative suit and the Delaware derivative suit are stayed until May 1, 2006. FAI/HIH Matter In December 2003, the Liquidators of both FAI Insurance Limited (“FAI”) and HIH Insurance Limited (“HIH”) advised GRA and Cologne Re that they intended to assert claims arising from insurance transactions GRA entered into with FAI in May and June 1998. In August 2004, the Liquidators filed claims in the Supreme Court of New South Wales in order to avoid the expiration of a statute of limitations for certain plaintiffs, but neither GRA nor Cologne Re have been served with legal process by the Liquidators. The focus of the Liquidators’ allegations against GRA and Cologne Re are the 1998 transactions GRA entered into with FAI (which was acquired by HIH in 1999). The Liquidators contend, among other things, that GRA and Cologne Re engaged in deceptive conduct that assisted FAI in improperly accounting for such transactions as reinsurance, and that such deception led to HIH’s acquisition of FAI and caused various losses to FAI and HIH. Insurance Brokerage Antitrust Litigation Berkshire, General Re and General Reinsurance are defendants in this multi-district litigation, In Re: Insurance Brokerage Antitrust Litigation, MDL No. 1663 (D.N.J.). In February 2005, the Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation transferred several different cases to the District of New Jersey for coordination and consolidation. Each consolidated case concerned allegations of an industry-wide scheme on the part of commercial insurance brokers and insurance companies to defraud a purported class of insurance

52

52

(22)或有事项及承诺(续)

通过串通投标和附条件佣金安排。伯克希尔、通用再保险(General Re)和通用再保险公司(General Reinsurance)并非最初移送案件中的当事人。2005 年 8 月 1 日,列名原告—— 14 家企业、两个市政当局及三名个人——提交了其第一份经合并修订的商业集体诉讼起诉状,伯克希尔、通用再保险(General Re)和通用再保险公司(General Reinsurance)(连同大量保险公司和保险经纪商)在该修订起诉状中被列为被告。原告方声称,所有被告均参与了违反《反敲诈勒索及腐败组织法》(RICO)的敲诈勒索活动模式,并且共谋限制贸易。他们进一步指控,经纪商被告违反对原告的信托义务,保险公司被告协助并教唆了该等违约行为,且所有被告在此过程中不当得利。原告要求金额未明确的三倍损害赔偿,外加利息、律师费和开支。他们还寻求法院就不当行为作出宣告式判决,以及发布禁止未来反竞争行为的禁制令。2005 年 11 月 29 日,通用再保险(General Re)、通用再保险公司(General Reinsurance)与伯克希尔,连同其他被告,提交了驳回起诉状的动议。2006 年 2 月 1 日,原告提交了请求准许提交第二份经合并修订起诉状的动议。除其他事项外,原告请求获准增加众多新被告,包括若干新增的伯克希尔子公司,其中含国民赔偿公司(NICO)等。伯克希尔反对该请求准予修订的动议,法院已驳回该动议,但不影响原告在对被告关于驳回第一份经合并修订起诉状的动议作出裁决后重新提出。

伯克希尔目前无法预测这些事项的结果,无法估计可能发生的损失范围(如有),也无法预测其结果是否会对伯克希尔的业务或经营业绩产生重大不利影响,至少在这些事项得以完成或以其他方式解决之前的那个季度无法预测。

c) 承诺

伯克希尔子公司租赁了部分制造、仓储、零售和办公设施以及部分设备。2005 年、2004 年和 2003 年所有租赁的总租金费用分别为 4.32 亿美元、4.22 亿美元和 3.84 亿美元。初始或剩余不可撤销期限超过一年的经营租赁的最低租金付款额如下。金额单位为百万美元。

2006 年 2007 年 2008 年 2009 年 2010 年 2010 年之后 合计

<<<END PAIR 1>>>

(22) Contingencies and Commitments (Continued) purchasers through bid-rigging and contingent commission arrangements. Berkshire, General Re and General Reinsurance were not parties to the original, transferred cases. On August 1, 2005, the named plaintiffs—fourteen businesses, two municipalities, and three individuals—filed their First Consolidated Amended Commercial Class Action Complaint, and Berkshire, General Re and General Reinsurance (along with a large number of insurance companies and insurance brokers) were named as defendants in the Amended Complaint. The plaintiffs claim that all defendants engaged in a pattern of racketeering activity, in violation of RICO, and that they conspired to restrain trade. They further allege that the broker defendants breached fiduciary duties to the plaintiffs, that the insurer defendants aided and abetted that breach, and that all defendants were unjustly enriched in the process. Plaintiffs seek treble damages in an unspecified amount, together with interest and attorneys fees and expenses. They also seek a declaratory judgment of wrongdoing as well as an injunction against future anticompetitive practices. On November 29, 2005, General Re, General Reinsurance and Berkshire, together with the other defendants, filed motions to dismiss the complaint. On February 1, 2006, plaintiffs filed a motion for leave to file a Second Consolidated Amended Complaint. Among other things, plaintiffs seek leave to add numerous new defendants, including several additional Berkshire subsidiaries including, among others, NICO. Berkshire opposed the motion for leave to amend, and the Court has denied the motion without prejudice to plaintiffs’ renewing it following a ruling on defendants’ motion to dismiss the First Consolidated Amended Complaint. Berkshire cannot at this time predict the outcome of these matters, is unable to estimate a range of possible loss, if any, and cannot predict whether or not the outcomes will have a material adverse effect on Berkshire’s business or results of operations for at least the quarterly period when these matters are completed or otherwise resolved. c) Commitments Berkshire subsidiaries lease certain manufacturing, warehouse, retail and office facilities as well as certain equipment. Total rent expense for all leases was $432 million, $422 million and $384 million in 2005, 2004 and 2003, respectively. Minimum rental payments for operating leases having initial or remaining non-cancelable terms in excess of one year are as follows. Amounts are in millions. After 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2010 Total

$357 $296 $236 $187 $136 $420 $1,632

$357 $296 $236 $187 $136 $420 $1,632

伯克希尔旗下好几家子公司都做出了长期采购承诺,用于购买其业务经营所需的商品和服务。其中数额最大的是奈特捷的承诺:到 2015 年为止,最多购买 404 架飞机。所有这类子公司承诺的金额,2006 年大约是 39 亿美元,2007 年是 18 亿美元,2008 年是 16 亿美元,2009 年是 13 亿美元,2010 年是 11 亿美元,2010 年之后是 30 亿美元。

Several of Berkshire’s subsidiaries have made long-term commitments to purchase goods and services used in their businesses. The most significant of these relate to NetJets’ commitments to purchase up to 404 aircraft through 2015. Commitments under all such subsidiary arrangements are approximately $3.9 billion in 2006, $1.8 billion in 2007, $1.6 billion in 2008, $1.3 billion in 2009, $1.1 billion in 2010 and $3.0 billion after 2010.

53

53

管理层关于财务报告内部控制的报告

伯克希尔·哈撒韦公司管理层负责建立和维护对财务报告的充分内部控制,该术语的定义见《1934 年证券交易法》规则 13a-15(f)。在我们的管理层(包括我们的首席执行官和首席财务官)的监督与参与下,我们按照《1934 年证券交易法》规则 13a-15(c) 的要求,对公司截至 2005 年 12 月 31 日的财务报告内部控制有效性进行了评估。在做这项评估时,我们使用了特雷德韦委员会发起组织委员会发布的《内部控制——整合框架》中的标准。基于我们在《内部控制——整合框架》这一框架下的评估,我们的管理层得出结论:截至 2005 年 12 月 31 日,我们对财务报告的内部控制是有效的。

我们管理层关于截至 2005 年 12 月 31 日财务报告内部控制有效性的评估,已由独立注册公共会计师事务所德勤会计师事务所审计,其结果见其下方报告。

Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting Management of Berkshire Hathaway Inc. is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 Rule 13a-15(f). Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2005 as required by the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 Rule 13a-15(c). In making this assessment, we used the criteria set forth in the framework in Internal Control – Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on our evaluation under the framework in Internal Control – Integrated Framework, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2005. Our management’s assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2005 has been audited by Deloitte & Touche LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report which appears below.

伯克希尔·哈撒韦公司

2006 年 3 月 1 日

Berkshire Hathaway Inc. March 1, 2006

独立注册公共会计师事务所报告

致伯克希尔·哈撒韦公司董事会及股东:

我们已审计了随附的《管理层关于财务报告内部控制的报告》中所涵盖的管理层评估,即伯克希尔·哈撒韦公司及其子公司(“公司”)依据特雷德韦委员会发起组织委员会(COSO)发布的《内部控制——整合框架》所确立的标准,在截至 2005 年 12 月 31 日时维持了有效的财务报告内部控制。公司管理层负责维持有效的财务报告内部控制,并负责其对该等内部控制有效性的评估。我们的责任是基于我们的审计,对管理层的评估以及公司财务报告内部控制的有效性发表意见。

我们是依据美国上市公司会计监督委员会(PCAOB)的准则执行审计工作的。这些准则要求我们计划和执行审计,以合理保证在所有重大方面是否维持了有效的财务报告内部控制。我们的审计工作包括了解财务报告内部控制,评价管理层的评估,测试和评价内部控制的设计和运行有效性,以及执行我们在当时情况下认为必要的其他程序。我们相信,我们的审计工作为我们的意见提供了合理基础。

公司的财务报告内部控制是一个流程,由公司首席执行官和首席财务官或履行类似职能的人员设计或在其监督下设计,并由公司董事会、管理层及其他人员付诸实施,旨在为根据公认会计原则对外编制财务报表时财务报告的可靠性和财务报表的编制提供合理保证。公司的财务报告内部控制包括那些政策与程序,这些政策和程序 (1) 涉及以合理详尽的方式维护准确、公允地反映公司资产的交易及处置的记录;(2) 提供合理保证,即交易被按照编制符合公认会计原则的财务报表的要求加以记录,且公司的收支仅按照管理层和董事的授权进行;以及 (3) 提供关于防止或及时发现可能对财务报表产生重大影响的未经授权获取、使用或处置公司资产的合理保证。

由于财务报告内部控制存在固有局限性,包括共谋或管理层不当凌驾于控制之上的可能性,因此因错误或舞弊导致的重大错报可能无法被及时防止或发现。此外,将任何财务报告内部控制有效性的评价投射至未来期间均存在风险,即该等控制可能因情况变化而变得不充分,或者对政策或程序遵守的程度可能恶化。

我们认为,依据特雷德韦委员会发起组织委员会(COSO)发布的《内部控制——整合框架》所确立的标准,管理层关于公司截至 2005 年 12 月 31 日维持了有效的财务报告内部控制的评估,在所有重大方面公允呈报。同时我们认为,依据特雷德韦委员会发起组织委员会(COSO)发布的《内部控制——整合框架》所确立的标准,公司在截至 2005 年 12 月 31 日时在所有重大方面维持了有效的财务报告内部控制。

我们还已依据美国上市公司会计监督委员会(PCAOB)的准则审计了公司截至 2005 年 12 月 31 日止年度的合并财务报表,并已于 2006 年 3 月 2 日出具日期为当日的报告,对这些财务报表发表了无保留意见。

<<<END PAIR 3>>>

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of Berkshire Hathaway Inc. We have audited management’s assessment, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting, that Berkshire Hathaway Inc. and subsidiaries (the “Company”) maintained effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2005, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on management’s assessment and an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, evaluating management’s assessment, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinions. A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed by, or under the supervision of, the company’s principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons performing similar functions, and effected by the company’s board of directors, management, and other personnel to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of the inherent limitations of internal control over financial reporting, including the possibility of collusion or improper management override of controls, material misstatements due to error or fraud may not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. Also, projections of any evaluation of the effectiveness of the internal control over financial reporting to future periods are subject to the risk that the controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. In our opinion, management’s assessment that the Company maintained effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2005, is fairly stated, in all material respects, based on the criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Also, in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2005, based on the criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2005 of the Company and our report dated March 2, 2006 expressed an unqualified opinion on those financial statements.

德勤会计师事务所

内布拉斯加州奥马哈

2006 年 3 月 2 日

DELOITTE & TOUCHE LLP Omaha, Nebraska March 2, 2006

54

54

伯克希尔·哈撒韦公司及其子公司 过去五年精选财务数据 (除每股数据外,金额单位均为百万美元) 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001

收入:

已赚保费 ………………………………………… 21,997 21,085 21,493 19,182 17,905

销售与服务收入 ………………………………… 46,138 43,222 32,098 16,958 14,507

利息、股息及其他投资收益 …………… 3,487 2,816 3,098 2,943 2,765

金融与金融产品业务的

利息及其他收入 ………………………………… 4,633 3,788 3,087 2,314 1,792

投资与衍生品收益/亏损(1)……………… 5,408 3,471 4,083 838 1,624

BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY INC. and Subsidiaries Selected Financial Data for the Past Five Years (dollars in millions except per share data) 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 Revenues: Insurance premiums earned .................................................... $21,997 $21,085 $21,493 $19,182 $17,905 Sales and service revenues ..................................................... 46,138 43,222 32,098 16,958 14,507 Interest, dividend and other investment income ..................... 3,487 2,816 3,098 2,943 2,765 Interest and other revenues of finance and financial products businesses ............................................................. 4,633 3,788 3,087 2,314 1,792 Investment and derivative gains/losses (1)............................... 5,408 3,471 4,083 838 1,624

总收入 …………………………………………………… 81,663 74,382 63,859 42,235 38,593

Total revenues ........................................................................ $81,663 $74,382 $63,859 $42,235 $38,593

原件此处是表格,PDF 抽取时列结构已丢失,下面只剩按列读出的数字,行列对应关系无法还原。核对数据请打开来源正文。

利润:

净利润 (1) (2) (3) ………………………………………… 8,528 7,308 8,151 4,286 795

Earnings: Net earnings (1) (2) (3) ................................................................ $ 8,528 $ 7,308 $ 8,151 $ 4,286 $ 795

原件此处是表格,PDF 抽取时列结构已丢失,下面只剩按列读出的数字,行列对应关系无法还原。核对数据请打开来源正文。

每股净收益(3) ………………………………………… 5,538 4,753 5,309 2,795 521

Net earnings per share (3) ........................................................ $ 5,538 $ 4,753 $ 5,309 $ 2,795 $ 521

年末数据:

总资产 …………………………………………………… 198,325 188,874 180,559 169,544 162,752

保险及其他非金融业务的

应付票据及其他借款 ………………………………… 3,583 3,450 4,182 4,775 3,455

金融业务的

应付票据及其他借款 ………………………………… 10,868 5,387 4,937 4,513 9,049

股东权益 ………………………………………………… 91,484 85,900 77,596 64,037 57,950

流通在外的 A 类等效普通股

(千股) ………………………………………………… 1,541 1,539 1,537 1,535 1,528

每股流通在外的 A 类等效普通股

对应的股东权益 ……………………………………… 59,377 55,824 50,498 41,727 37,920

(1)

任何特定期间的投资和衍生品损益数额都不具预测价值,各期间数额的变化也没有实际的分析意义——尤其考虑到伯克希尔合并投资组合中目前存在的未实现增值。2005 年税后投资和衍生品收益为 3,530 百万美元,2004 年为 2,259 百万美元,2003 年为 2,729 百万美元,2002 年为 566 百万美元,2001 年为 923 百万美元。2005 年的投资收益包括一笔因吉列股票换宝洁股票而产生的 50 亿美元税前非现金收益(税后 32.5 亿美元)。

(2) 截至 2005 年 12 月 31 日的年度净利润,包含因袭击美国墨西哥湾沿岸和东南部地区的卡特里娜飓风、丽塔飓风和威尔玛飓风而产生的 34 亿美元税前承保损失。该损失使净利润减少约 22 亿美元,每股收益减少 1,446 美元。截至 2001 年 12 月 31 日的年度净利润,包含因 9 月 11 日恐怖袭击而产生的 24 亿美元税前承保损失。该损失使净利润减少约 15 亿美元,每股收益减少 982 美元。

(3) 自 2002 年 1 月 1 日起,伯克希尔采纳了财务会计准则公告(“SFAS”)第 142 号“商誉及其他无形资产”。SFAS 第 142 号将商誉的会计处理方法从原先要求摊销商誉辅以减值测试的模式,改为完全基于减值测试的会计模式。下表列示了截至 2005 年 12 月 31 日的五年中,伯克希尔合并利润表从报告金额调整为剔除商誉摊销金额后的对账过程。截至 2001 年 12 月 31 日的年度商誉摊销中,包含与伯克希尔在中美能源控股公司的权益法投资相关的 78 百万美元。

2005 2004 2003 2002 2001

报告净利润 …………………………………………… 8,528 7,308 8,151 4,286 795

税后商誉摊销 ………………………………………… — — — — 636

调整后净利润 ………………………………………… 8,528 7,308 8,151 4,286 1,431

Year-end data: Total assets ............................................................................. $198,325 $188,874 $180,559 $169,544 $162,752 Notes payable and other borrowings of insurance and other non-finance businesses.................... 3,583 3,450 4,182 4,775 3,455 Notes payable and other borrowings of finance businesses............................................................... 10,868 5,387 4,937 4,513 9,049 Shareholders’ equity............................................................... 91,484 85,900 77,596 64,037 57,950 Class A equivalent common shares outstanding, in thousands .................................................... 1,541 1,539 1,537 1,535 1,528 Shareholders’ equity per outstanding Class A equivalent common share ...................................... $ 59,377 $ 55,824 $ 50,498 $ 41,727 $ 37,920 (1) The amount of investment and derivative gains and losses for any given period has no predictive value, and variations in amount from period to period have no practical analytical value, particularly in view of the unrealized appreciation now existing in Berkshire's consolidated investment portfolio. After-tax investment and derivative gains were $3,530 million in 2005, $2,259 million in 2004, $2,729 million in 2003, $566 million in 2002 and $923 million in 2001. Investment gains in 2005 include a non-cash pre-tax gain of $5.0 billion ($3.25 billion after-tax) relating to the exchange of Gillette stock for Procter & Gamble stock. (2) Net earnings for the year ending December 31, 2005 includes pre-tax underwriting losses of $3.4 billion in connection with Hurricanes Katrina, Rita and Wilma that struck the Gulf coast and Southeast regions of the United States. Such loss reduced net earnings by approximately $2.2 billion and earnings per share by $1,446. Net earnings for the year ending December 31, 2001 includes pre-tax underwriting losses of $2.4 billion in connection with the September 11th terrorist attack. Such loss reduced net earnings by approximately $1.5 billion and earnings per share by $982. (3) Effective January 1, 2002, Berkshire adopted Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (“SFAS”) No. 142 “Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets.” SFAS No. 142 changed the accounting for goodwill from a model that required amortization of goodwill, supplemented by impairment tests, to an accounting model that is based solely upon impairment tests. A reconciliation of Berkshire’s Consolidated Statements of Earnings for each of the five years ending December 31, 2005 from amounts reported to amounts exclusive of goodwill amortization is shown below. Goodwill amortization for the year ending December 31, 2001 includes $78 million related to Berkshire’s equity method investment in MidAmerican Energy Holdings Company. 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 Net earnings as reported ........................................................... $8,528 $7,308 $8,151 $4,286 $ 795 Goodwill amortization, after tax ............................................... — — — — 636 Net earnings as adjusted ........................................................... $8,528 $7,308 $8,151 $4,286 $ 1,431

原件此处是表格,PDF 抽取时列结构已丢失,下面只剩按列读出的数字,行列对应关系无法还原。核对数据请打开来源正文。

每股 A 类普通股等值收益:

如报告所示 $5,538 $4,753 $5,309 $2,795 $ 521

商誉摊销 — — — — 416

调整后每股收益 $5,538 $4,753 $5,309 $2,795 $ 937

Earnings per Class A equivalent common share: As reported ................................................................................ $5,538 $4,753 $5,309 $2,795 $ 521 Goodwill amortization............................................................... — — — — 416 Earnings per share as adjusted ................................................. $5,538 $4,753 $5,309 $2,795 $ 937

55

55

伯克希尔·哈撒韦公司及其子公司

管理层对财务状况与经营业绩的讨论与分析

经营业绩

下表列示了过去三年每年的净利润明细。所有金额均已扣除所得税和少数股东权益。单位:百万美元。

BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY INC. and Subsidiaries Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Results of Operations Net earnings for each of the past three years are disaggregated in the table that follows. Amounts are after deducting income taxes and minority interests. Dollars are in millions.

2005 2004 2003

2005 2004 2003

保险 – 承保 $ 27 $1,008 $1,114

保险 – 投资收益 2,412 2,045 2,276

非保险业务 2,160 1,913 1,745

中美能源控股公司权益收益 523 237 429

利息支出,未分摊 (46) (59) (59)

其他 (78) (95) (83)

投资和衍生品损益 3,530 2,259 2,729

Insurance – underwriting............................................................................................... $ 27 $1,008 $1,114 Insurance – investment income ..................................................................................... 2,412 2,045 2,276 Non-insurance businesses ............................................................................................. 2,160 1,913 1,745 Equity in earnings of MidAmerican Energy Holdings Company ................................. 523 237 429 Interest expense, unallocated ........................................................................................ (46) (59) (59) Other ............................................................................................................................. (78) (95) (83) Investment and derivative gains/losses ......................................................................... 3,530 2,259 2,729

净利润 $8,528 $7,308 $8,151

Net earnings...................................................................................................... $8,528 $7,308 $8,151

伯克希尔的运营业务采用一种极为去中心化的方式进行管理。公司基本上不存在集中化或一体化的业务职能(如销售、市场营销、采购、法务或人力资源),伯克希尔总部几乎不参与运营业务的日常经营活动。伯克希尔总部管理层参与重大资本配置决策、投资活动以及各运营业务首席执行官人选的确定,并对这些事务负有最终责任。

因此,伯克希尔的报告业务分部是按照最高管理层看待这些业务活动的方式来组织的。某些业务尽管由各自独立的当地管理层运营,但会根据相似的产品或产品线、市场营销、销售和分销特点进行归类。目前有 40 多个独立报告单元。业务分部数据(合并财务报表附注 20)应结合本讨论一同阅读。

保险 — 承保

下表汇总了过去三年伯克希尔保险业务的承保业绩。金额单位:百万美元。

归属于以下各方的承保利润(亏损)200520042003
GEICO$ 1,221$ 970$ 452
通用再保险(334)3145
伯克希尔·哈撒韦再保险集团(1,069)4171,047
伯克希尔·哈撒韦初级保险集团23516174
税前承保利润531,5511,718
所得税与少数股东权益26543604

<<<END PAIR 3>>>

Berkshire’s operating businesses are managed on an unusually decentralized basis. There are essentially no centralized or integrated business functions (such as sales, marketing, purchasing, legal or human resources) and there is minimal involvement by Berkshire’s corporate headquarters in the day-to-day business activities of the operating businesses. Berkshire’s corporate office management participates in and is ultimately responsible for significant capital allocation decisions, investment activities and the selection of the Chief Executive to head each of the operating businesses. Accordingly, Berkshire’s reportable business segments are organized in a manner that reflects how Berkshire’s top management views those business activities. Certain businesses have been grouped based upon similar products or product lines, marketing, selling and distribution characteristics even though those businesses are operated by separate local management. There are over 40 separate reporting units. The business segment data (Note 20 to the Consolidated Financial Statements) should be read in conjunction with this discussion. Insurance — Underwriting A summary follows of underwriting results from Berkshire’s insurance businesses for the past three years. Dollars are in millions. 2005 2004 2003 Underwriting gain (loss) attributable to: GEICO .................................................................................................................... $ 1,221 $ 970 $ 452 General Re .............................................................................................................. (334) 3 145 Berkshire Hathaway Reinsurance Group ................................................................ (1,069) 417 1,047 Berkshire Hathaway Primary Group....................................................................... 235 161 74 Pre-tax underwriting gain.............................................................................................. 53 1,551 1,718 Income taxes and minority interests.............................................................................. 26 543 604

净承保利润 $ 27 $ 1,008 $ 1,114

Net underwriting gain....................................................................................... $ 27 $ 1,008 $ 1,114

2005 年第三季度,卡特里娜飓风和丽塔飓风袭击了美国墨西哥湾沿岸地区,造成了财产/意外险行业有史以来单季度最大的巨灾损失。第四季度,威尔玛飓风袭击了美国东南部。伯克希尔(包括通用再保险、GEICO 以及其他伯克希尔子公司,含 BHRG)因这些事件造成的税前损失估计为 34 亿美元,主要记录在 2005 年第三季度,随着有关损失性质和金额的更多信息被了解,这些数字可能会发生变化。

伯克希尔同时从事财产和意外风险的直接保险与再保险业务。通过通用再保险,伯克希尔还提供寿险和健康险的再保险。在直接保险业务中,伯克希尔子公司承担来自直接面临风险的个人或组织的特定部分损失风险。在再保险业务中,伯克希尔子公司承担其他保险公司或再保险公司在其自身保险业务中已承担的风险的特定部分,这些风险可能相似也可能不同。伯克希尔的主要保险业务包括:(1)GEICO,美国四大汽车保险公司之一;(2)通用再保险;(3)伯克希尔·哈撒韦再保险集团(“BHRG”);(4)伯克希尔·哈撒韦直接保险集团。2005 年 6 月 30 日,伯克希尔收购了医疗保护公司(“Med Pro”),这是一家为医生、牙医及其他医疗保健提供者提供职业责任险的公司。该业务的承保结果自 2005 年 7 月 1 日起纳入伯克希尔·哈撒韦直接保险集团。

During the third quarter of 2005, Hurricanes Katrina and Rita struck the Gulf Coast region of the United States producing the largest catastrophe losses for any quarter in the history of the property/casualty insurance industry. In the fourth quarter, Hurricane Wilma struck the Southeast U.S. Estimates of Berkshire’s (including General Re, GEICO and other Berkshire subsidiaries including BHRG) pre-tax losses from these events of $3.4 billion were recorded primarily in the third quarter of 2005 and are subject to change as additional information concerning the nature and amount of losses becomes known. Berkshire engages in both primary insurance and reinsurance of property and casualty risks. Through General Re, Berkshire also reinsures life and health risks. In primary insurance activities, Berkshire subsidiaries assume defined portions of the risks of loss from persons or organizations that are directly subject to the risks. In reinsurance activities, Berkshire subsidiaries assume defined portions of similar or dissimilar risks that other insurers or reinsurers have subjected themselves to in their own insuring activities. Berkshire’s principal insurance businesses are: (1) GEICO, one of the four largest auto insurers in the U.S., (2) General Re, (3) Berkshire Hathaway Reinsurance Group (“BHRG”) and (4) Berkshire Hathaway Primary Group. On June 30, 2005, Berkshire acquired Medical Protective Company (“Med Pro”), a provider of professional liability insurance to physicians, dentists and other healthcare providers. Underwriting results from this business are included in the Berkshire Hathaway Primary Group beginning July 1, 2005.

56

56

保险 — 承保(续)

伯克希尔管理层将保险业务视为包含两项独立运作——承保和投资。承保决策由各业务单元负责人负责;投资方面,除 GEICO 和通用再保险的海外业务有少数例外,其余由伯克希尔董事会主席兼首席执行官沃伦·E. 巴菲特负责。因此,伯克希尔在评估承保业绩时不分配任何投资收益。

定期承保结果可能因未决赔款和理赔费用(包括为以前年度发生的事故计提的金额)的估计变化而受到显著影响。有关损失准备金估计过程的说明,请参见本讨论中的关键会计政策部分。此外,巨灾损失的时间和金额也可能导致定期承保结果大幅波动。

这些业务共同遵循的一个关键市场策略是维持超强的资本实力。截至 2005 年 12 月 31 日,伯克希尔保险业务的法定盈余总计约 520 亿美元。这种卓越的资本实力创造了机会,特别是在再保险活动方面,使得我们能够就特别设计以满足保险和再保险购买者独特需求的保险合同进行谈判和签约。以下是关于伯克希尔保险和再保险业务的更多信息。

GEICO

GEICO 主要向 49 个州及哥伦比亚特区的被保险人提供私人乘用车保险。GEICO 保单主要通过直销方式销售,客户通过互联网、电话或邮件直接向公司申请投保。这是 GEICO 实现低成本保险公司战略的关键要素。此外,GEICO 致力于为客户提供优质服务,目标是建立长期客户关系。

GEICO 过去三年的承保结果总结如下。金额单位为百万美元。

200520042003
金额%金额%金额%
已赚保费$10,101100.0$8,915100.0$7,784100.0

Insurance — Underwriting (Continued) Berkshire’s management views insurance businesses as possessing two distinct operations – underwriting and investing. Underwriting decisions are the responsibility of the unit managers; investing, with limited exceptions at GEICO and General Re’s international operations, is the responsibility of Berkshire’s Chairman and CEO, Warren E. Buffett. Accordingly, Berkshire evaluates performance of underwriting operations without any allocation of investment income. Periodic underwriting results can be affected significantly by changes in estimates for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses, including amounts established for occurrences in prior years. See the Critical Accounting Policies section of this discussion for information concerning the loss reserve estimation process. In addition, the timing and amount of catastrophe losses can produce significant volatility in periodic underwriting results. A key marketing strategy followed by all these businesses is the maintenance of extraordinary capital strength. Statutory surplus of Berkshire’s insurance businesses totaled approximately $52 billion at December 31, 2005. This superior capital strength creates opportunities, especially with respect to reinsurance activities, to negotiate and enter into insurance and reinsurance contracts specially designed to meet unique needs of insurance and reinsurance buyers. Additional information regarding Berkshire’s insurance and reinsurance operations follows. GEICO GEICO provides primarily private passenger automobile coverages to insureds in 49 states and the District of Columbia. GEICO policies are marketed mainly by direct response methods in which customers apply for coverage directly to the company via the Internet, over the telephone or through the mail. This is a significant element in GEICO’s strategy to be a low cost insurer. In addition, GEICO strives to provide excellent service to customers, with the goal of establishing long-term customer relationships. GEICO’s underwriting results for the past three years are summarized below. Dollars are in millions. 2005 2004 2003 Amount % Amount % Amount % Premiums written ............................................................... $10,285 $9,212 $8,081

原件此处是表格,PDF 抽取时列结构已丢失,下面只剩按列读出的数字,行列对应关系无法还原。核对数据请打开来源正文。

已赚保费 $10,101 100.0 $8,915 100.0 $7,784 100.0

损失及损失调整费用 7,128 70.6 6,360 71.3 5,955 76.5

承保费用 1,752 17.3 1,585 17.8 1,377 17.7

损失及费用总计 8,880 87.9 7,945 89.1 7,332 94.2

Premiums earned................................................................ $10,101 100.0 $8,915 100.0 $7,784 100.0 Losses and loss adjustment expenses ................................. 7,128 70.6 6,360 71.3 5,955 76.5 Underwriting expenses....................................................... 1,752 17.3 1,585 17.8 1,377 17.7 Total losses and expenses................................................... 8,880 87.9 7,945 89.1 7,332 94.2

税前承保利润 $ 1,221* $ 970 $ 452

Pre-tax underwriting gain................................................... $ 1,221* $ 970 $ 452

  • 扣除卡特里娜、丽塔和威尔玛飓风造成的 2 亿美元损失。2005 年和 2004 年已赚保费分别比上一年同期增长 13.3% 和 14.5%。

2005 年自愿投保汽车险的已赚保费增长率为 13.3%,反映出过去一年有效保单数量增长了 12.4%。2004 年第三季度,GEICO 开始在新泽西州销售汽车保险,这推动了有效保单的增长。从 2004 年底开始,公司在几个州实施了费率下调,并调整了核保准则,以便更好地使价格与基础风险相匹配,这导致每张保单的平均保费相对较低。

2005 年,优质风险市场的有效保单增长了 12.9%,标准和非标准市场增长了 10.7%。与 2004 年相比,2005 年自愿投保汽车险的新业务销售额增长了 14.0%。截至 2005 年 12 月 31 日,自愿投保汽车险的有效保单比 2004 年 12 月 31 日增加了 74.5 万份。

2005 年的损失和损失调整费用总计 71.28 亿美元,比 2004 年增长 12.1%。损失率从 2004 年的 71.3% 和 2003 年的 76.5% 下降到 2005 年的 70.6%,主要原因是所有市场和大多数险种的索赔频率都在下降。2005 年,财产损失险的索赔频率比 2004 年下降了 2% 到 5%,而人身伤害险的索赔频率下降了 5% 到 7%。2005 年人身伤害险的严重程度比 2004 年增加了 3% 到 5%,而财产损失险的严重程度增加了 5% 到 8%。2005 年因灾难事件产生的已发生损失总计约 2.27 亿美元(主要来自第三和第四季度的飓风),而 2004 年为 7100 万美元。

2005 年的核保费用总计 17.52 亿美元,比 2004 年增长 10.5%,而 2004 年比 2003 年增长 15.1%。2005 年的保单获取费用比 2004 年增长 20.1%,反映出与新业务销售相关的广告、核保和保单签发成本增加。2005 年的其他核保费用相比 2004 年略有下降。

通用再保险

通用再保险在全球范围内开展再保险业务,为客户提供财产灾害险以及人寿和健康险保障。在北美,财产灾害再保险通过通用再保险公司直接承保。在国际上,财产灾害再保险通过持股 91% 的科隆再保险(总部位于德国)和其他全资子公司直接承保,并通过伦敦法拉第公司的经纪人进行承保。寿险

  • Net of losses of $200 million from Hurricanes Katrina, Rita and Wilma.

Premiums earned in 2005 and 2004 increased 13.3% and 14.5%, respectively, over the corresponding prior year amounts. The growth in premiums earned in 2005 for voluntary auto was 13.3% and reflects a 12.4% increase in policies-in-force during the past year. During the third quarter of 2004, GEICO began selling auto insurance in New Jersey which contributed to the policies-in- force growth. Beginning in late 2004, rate decreases have been implemented in several states and underwriting guidelines have been adjusted to better match prices with underlying risks which has resulted in relatively lower premiums per policy. During 2005, policies-in-force increased 12.9% in the preferred risk markets and 10.7% in the standard and nonstandard markets. Voluntary auto new business sales in 2005 increased 14.0% compared to 2004. Voluntary auto policies-in-force at December 31, 2005 were 745,000 higher than at December 31, 2004. Losses and loss adjustment expenses in 2005 totaled $7,128 million, an increase of 12.1% over 2004. The loss ratio declined to 70.6% in 2005 compared to 71.3% in 2004 and 76.5% in 2003 primarily due to decreasing claim frequencies across all markets and most coverage types. In 2005, claims frequencies for physical damage coverages decreased in the two to five percent range from 2004 while frequencies for injury coverages decreased in the five to seven percent range. Injury severity in 2005 increased in the three to five percent range over 2004 while physical damage severity has increased in the five to eight percent range. Incurred losses from catastrophe events totaled approximately $227 million in 2005 (primarily from the hurricanes in the third and fourth quarters) compared to $71 million in 2004. Underwriting expenses in 2005 totaled $1,752 million, an increase of 10.5% over 2004, which increased 15.1% over 2003. Policy acquisition expenses in 2005 increased 20.1% over 2004, reflecting increased advertising, underwriting and policy issuance costs associated with the new business sales. Other underwriting expenses for 2005 decreased slightly from 2004. General Re General Re conducts a reinsurance business offering property and casualty and life and health coverages to clients world-wide. In North America, property and casualty reinsurance is written on a direct basis through General Reinsurance Corporation. Internationally, property and casualty reinsurance is written on a direct basis through 91% owned Cologne Re (based in Germany) and other wholly-owned subsidiaries as well as through brokers with respect to Faraday in London. Life and

57

57

管理层讨论(续)

保险——承保(续)

通用再保险(续)

健康再保险通过科隆再保险公司为全球客户承保。通用再保险过去三年的税前承保业绩汇总如下表。金额单位为百万美元。

税前承保
已承保保费已赚保费收益(亏损)
200520042003200520042003200520042003
财产/意外险:
北美1,9882,7473,4402,2013,0123,551(307)1167
国际1,8642,0912,7421,9392,2182,847(138)(93)20
人寿/健康2,3032,0221,8392,2952,0151,8471118558
合计6,1556,8608,0216,4357,2458,245(334)*3145

Management’s Discussion (Continued) Insurance — Underwriting (Continued) General Re (Continued) health reinsurance is written for clients worldwide through Cologne Re. General Re’s pre-tax underwriting results are summarized for the past three years in the following table. Amounts are in millions. Pre-tax underwriting Premiums written Premiums earned gain (loss) 2005 2004 2003 2005 2004 2003 2005 2004 2003 Property/casualty: North American ......... $1,988 $2,747 $3,440 $2,201 $3,012 $3,551 $ (307) $ 11 $ 67 International ............... 1,864 2,091 2,742 1,939 2,218 2,847 (138) (93) 20 Life/health ....................... 2,303 2,022 1,839 2,295 2,015 1,847 111 85 58 $6,155 $6,860 $8,021 $6,435 $7,245 $8,245 $ (334)* $ 3 $ 145

  • 包括与飓风卡特里娜、丽塔和威尔玛相关的 6.85 亿美元损失。

财产/意外险

2005 年北美财产/意外险保费收入较 2004 年下降 27.6%,而 2004 年保费收入较 2003 年下降 20.1%。2005 年国际财产/意外险保费收入较 2004 年减少 10.9%,2004 年则较 2003 年减少 23.7%。过去两年北美和国际保费收入的持续下降,源于我们坚持承保纪律,继续拒绝那些定价与风险不匹配的业务。我们不以市场份额来评估承保业绩,承保人被明确要求拒绝定价不足的风险。

2005 年北美已赚保费的下降,主要因为保单取消和未续保数量超过新合同,费率变动的影响微乎其微。2004 年已赚保费较 2003 年的下降,同样源于取消和未续保超过新合同(估计减少 6.97 亿美元),但所有险种费率上调(估计增加 1.58 亿美元)部分抵消了这一影响。过去两年国际业务已赚保费的同比减少,反映了保费规模的收缩。按当地货币计算,2005 年国际已赚保费较 2004 年下降 12.3%,而 2004 年较 2003 年下降 29.1%。

北美财产/意外险业务在 2005 年产生税前承保亏损 3.07 亿美元,相比之下 2004 年承保盈利 1100 万美元,2003 年承保盈利 6700 万美元。2005 年的承保亏损中,包括因飓风卡特里娜、丽塔和威尔玛造成的约 4.8 亿美元当前事故年度损失。除此之外,2005 年的承保结果包括 2.2 亿美元当前事故年度盈利,部分被 4700 万美元以往事故年度损失所抵消。2005 年当前事故年度业绩(不含飓风损失)普遍受益于过去几年重新定价及改善承保条款和条件的有利影响。2004 年 1100 万美元的净承保盈利,包括当前事故年度盈利 1.66 亿美元,部分被 1.55 亿美元以往事故年度损失所抵消。2004 年当前事故年度业绩中,包含因削减部分养老金福利而一次性减少的 7000 万美元承保费用,以及袭击美国东南部的四场飓风造成的约 1.2 亿美元巨灾损失。2003 年的承保结果包括当前事故年度净承保盈利 2 亿美元,这得益于重新定价努力以及异常少的大额个别和与巨灾相关的财产损失。抵消这些盈利的是以往事故年度新增的 1.33 亿美元损失。

如前所述,2005 年北美承保结果中包含 4700 万美元的以往事故年度损失准备金增加。该增加反映了工伤保险业务的准备金净增额(2.28 亿美元);工伤保险准备金的折价累积及追溯再保险覆盖下的递延费用摊销(1.36 亿美元);以及石棉和环境大规模侵权风险敞口的准备金增加(1.02 亿美元)。围绕石棉和环境损失的法律环境不断变化,使潜在损失的估算变得极为困难。未来如果发现新的风险敞口或索赔人、出现新索赔诉讼或新责任理论,可能需要大幅增加这些准备金。抵消以往事故年度损失准备金增加的是其他责任险和财产险业务准备金净减少 4.19 亿美元,其中包括世贸中心减少 7200 万美元准备金。2004 年,1.55 亿美元的以往事故年度损失包括:责任险和工伤保险准备金增加 7.29 亿美元、因折价累积和递延费用摊销增加准备金 1.1 亿美元,但被以往年度财产损失准备金减少(主要为世贸中心损失敞口)3.07 亿美元以及合同清算和结算收益 3.77 亿美元所抵消。2004 年和 2005 年工伤保险准备金的增加,反映了医疗使用率和通货膨胀的不断攀升。2004 年的责任险准备金增加主要与金融机构错误与遗漏及董事与高管责任险业务相关。2003 年的承保结果包括与以往事故年度相关的 1.33 亿美元损失,其中 9900 万美元来自折价累积和递延费用摊销。

  • Includes losses of $685 million related to Hurricanes Katrina, Rita and Wilma.

Property/casualty North American property/casualty premiums written in 2005 declined 27.6% from 2004 and premiums written in 2004 declined 20.1% from 2003 amounts. International property/casualty premiums written in 2005 decreased 10.9% as compared to 2004 amounts, which decreased 23.7% from the comparable 2003 amounts. The decline in both North American and International premiums written in each of the past two years is attributable to maintaining underwriting discipline by continuing to reject transactions where pricing is deemed inadequate with respect to the risk. Underwriting performance is not evaluated based upon market share and underwriters are instructed to reject inadequately priced risks. The decline in North American premiums earned in 2005 was primarily due to cancellations and non-renewals exceeding new contracts, with a minimal effect from rate changes. The decline in premiums earned in 2004 from 2003 was attributable to cancellations and non-renewals over new contracts (estimated at $697 million), partially offset by rate increases across all lines (estimated at $158 million). The comparative decline in premiums earned in the International business in each of the past two years reflects reductions in premium volume. In local currencies, 2005 International premiums earned declined 12.3% from 2004, which declined 29.1% compared with 2003. The North American property/casualty business produced a pre-tax underwriting loss of $307 million in 2005 compared with underwriting gains of $11 million in 2004 and $67 million in 2003. Underwriting losses in 2005 included approximately $480 million in current accident year losses from Hurricanes Katrina, Rita and Wilma. Otherwise, underwriting results for 2005 consisted of $220 million in current accident year gains partially offset by $47 million in prior accident years’ losses. The 2005 current accident year results (excluding hurricane losses) generally benefited from the favorable effects of re- pricing efforts and improved coverage terms and conditions put into place over the last few years. The net underwriting gain of $11 million in 2004 consisted of current accident year gains of $166 million partially offset by $155 million in prior accident year losses. The 2004 current accident year results included a one-time reduction of $70 million in underwriting expenses from the curtailment of certain pension benefits and approximately $120 million of catastrophe losses from the four hurricanes that struck the Southeast United States. Underwriting results for 2003 included net underwriting gains for the current accident year of $200 million, which reflected re-pricing efforts and unusually small amounts of large individual and catastrophe-related property losses. Offsetting these gains were $133 million in additional losses for prior accident years’ occurrences. As previously stated, 2005 North American underwriting results included $47 million in reserve increases on prior years’ loss occurrences. The increase reflected net reserve increases on workers’ compensation business ($228 million); discount accretion on workers’ compensation reserves and deferred charge amortization on retroactive reinsurance coverages ($136 million); and reserve increases on asbestos and environmental mass tort exposures ($102 million). The changing legal environment concerning asbestos and environmental losses has made estimation of potential losses very difficult. In the future if new exposures or claimants are identified, new claims are reported or new theories of liability emerge, significant increases to these reserves may be required. Offsetting the prior years’ loss reserve increases were $419 million in net reserve decreases in other casualty lines and property lines, including World Trade Center reserves of $72 million. In 2004, the $155 million prior accident years’ losses consisted of $729 million of reserve increases on casualty and workers’ compensation reserves, increased reserves of $110 million related to discount accretion and deferred charge amortization, offset by $307 million of reserve reductions for prior year property losses (primarily in World Trade Center loss exposures) and $377 million of gains from contract commutations and settlements. The increase in workers’ compensation reserves in 2004 and 2005 reflected escalating medical utilization and inflation. Casualty reserve increases in 2004 related primarily to losses under financial institutions’ errors and omissions and directors and officers’ lines of business. Underwriting results in 2003 included $133 million in losses related to prior accident years, which included $99 million from discount accretion and deferred charge amortization.

58

58

保险——承保情况(续)

通用再保险

财产/意外险(续)

国际财产/意外险业务在 2005 年和 2004 年分别产生了 1.38 亿美元和 9300 万美元的税前承保亏损,而 2003 年则实现了 2000 万美元的盈利。承保业绩中包括美国飓风造成的巨灾损失,2005 年为 2.05 亿美元,2004 年为 1.1 亿美元。此外,2005 年的业绩还包含了“厄尔温”风暴造成的 2900 万美元损失。2003 年,巨灾损失和大型单一财产损失极少。过去三年中,每一年的承保业绩都受益于航空业务的良好表现以及相对较小的非巨灾财产损失。国际财产和意外险的承保业绩中,包含了以往年度损失事故发展带来的影响:2005 年带来 1.08 亿美元的收益,而 2004 年和 2003 年则分别造成 1.02 亿美元和 1.04 亿美元的亏损。2004 年和 2003 年的以往年度损失主要集中于机动车超额责任险、工伤保险和其他意外险险种,同时也反映了对已进入收尾阶段业务所增加的责任准备金。

尽管目前认为损失准备金水平是充足的,但这点无法保证。净责任准备金估算值的相对微小变动,就可能导致年度承保业绩出现巨大变化。此外,预计巨灾损失和大型单一财产损失的发生时点和损失规模,将继续导致未来定期承保业绩出现波动。

人寿与健康险

2005 年已赚保费较 2004 年增长 13.9%,而 2004 年较 2003 年增长 9.1%。剔除汇率变动影响后,2005 年已赚保费增长 14.2%,2004 年增长 3.7%。2005 年已赚保费的增长,反映了北美和欧洲人寿业务的双双增长。2004 年的增长则部分归因于外币升值和欧洲人寿业务的增加。

全球人寿/健康险业务在 2005 年实现税前承保利润 1.11 亿美元,2004 年为 8500 万美元,2003 年为 5800 万美元。过去三年中,美国和国际的人寿/健康险业务均实现盈利,主要得益于有利的死亡率;不过,大部分利润来自国际人寿业务。此外,2005 年和 2004 年的业绩中分别包含了 6600 万美元和 4600 万美元的净亏损,这些亏损源于对某些已进入收尾阶段的美国健康险业务所增加的责任准备金。

伯克希尔·哈撒韦再保险集团

伯克希尔·哈撒韦再保险集团(“BHRG”)为全球的保险公司和再保险公司提供超额损失再保险和比例再保险。BHRG 的业务包括巨灾超额损失再保险,以及针对大型或特殊单一财产风险(称为“单一风险”)的超额直接和临时再保险。追溯再保险保单为过去的损失事件提供损失和损失调整费用的赔付。其他多险种业务是指以比例和超额方式承保的其他业务,包括参与劳合社辛迪加的业务及与其签订的合约。此外,在过去十二个月中,BHRG 承保的航空业务和工伤保险业务量有所增加。金额单位是百万美元。

已赚保费 税前承保利润(亏损)

2005 2004 2003 2005 2004 2003

巨灾与单一风险 $1,663 $1,462 $1,330 $(1,178) $385 $1,108

追溯再保险 10 188 526 (214) (412) (387)

其他多险种 2,290 2,064 2,574 323 444 326

Insurance — Underwriting (Continued) General Re Property/casualty (Continued) The International property/casualty businesses produced pre-tax underwriting losses of $138 million in 2005 and $93 million in 2004 compared with a gain of $20 million in 2003. Underwriting results included catastrophe losses from U.S. hurricanes of $205 million in 2005 and $110 million in 2004. Additionally, results in 2005 included $29 million in losses from Windstorm Erwin. Losses from catastrophes and large individual property losses were minimal in 2003. Underwriting results for each of the last three years benefited from favorable results of the aviation business and relatively small non-catastrophe property losses. The International property and casualty underwriting results included gains from prior years’ loss occurrences of $108 million in 2005, compared with losses of $102 million in 2004 and $104 million in 2003. Prior years’ losses in 2004 and 2003 were primarily in motor excess, workers’ compensation and other casualty lines and also reflect reserve increases for operations placed in run-off. Although loss reserve levels are now believed to be adequate, there are no guarantees. A relatively small change in the estimate of net reserves can produce large changes in annual underwriting results. In addition, the timing and magnitude of catastrophe and large individual property losses are expected to continue to contribute to volatile periodic underwriting results in the future. Life and health Premiums earned in 2005 increased 13.9% over 2004, which increased 9.1% over 2003. Adjusting for the effects of foreign currency exchange rates, premiums earned increased 14.2% in 2005 and 3.7% in 2004. The increase in 2005 premiums earned reflected increases in both North American and European life business. In 2004, the increase was attributable, in part, to the strengthening of foreign currencies and an increase in European life business. Underwriting results for the global life/health operations produced pre-tax underwriting gains of $111 million in 2005, $85 million in 2004 and $58 million in 2003. Both the U.S. and International life/health operations were profitable in each of the past three years primarily due to favorable mortality; however, most of the gains were earned in the International life business. Additionally, included in the 2005 and 2004 results were $66 million and $46 million, respectively, of net losses attributable to reserve increases on certain U.S. health business in run-off. Berkshire Hathaway Reinsurance Group The Berkshire Hathaway Reinsurance Group (“BHRG”) underwrites excess-of-loss reinsurance and quota-share coverages for insurers and reinsurers world-wide. BHRG’s business includes catastrophe excess-of-loss reinsurance and excess direct and facultative reinsurance for large or otherwise unusual discrete property risks referred to as individual risk. Retroactive reinsurance policies provide indemnification of losses and loss adjustment expenses with respect to past loss events. Other multi- line refers to other business written on both a quota-share and excess basis, and includes participations in and contracts with Lloyd’s syndicates. In addition, during the past twelve months BHRG has written increased amounts of aviation business and workers’ compensation insurance. Amounts are in millions. Premiums earned Pre-tax underwriting gain (loss) 2005 2004 2003 2005 2004 2003 Catastrophe and individual risk .............................. $1,663 $1,462 $1,330 $(1,178) $ 385 $1,108 Retroactive reinsurance .......................................... 10 188 526 (214) (412) (387) Other multi-line ...................................................... 2,290 2,064 2,574 323 444 326

$3,963 $3,714 $4,430 $(1,069)* $ 417 $1,047

$3,963 $3,714 $4,430 $(1,069)* $ 417 $1,047

  • 包括卡特里娜、丽塔和威尔玛飓风造成的 25 亿美元损失。

巨灾和单一风险合同可能提供异常大额的赔偿限额,常常数亿美元,偶尔超过 10 亿美元,覆盖巨灾风险(如飓风、地震或其他自然灾害)或其他财产风险(如航空与航天、商业多重险或恐怖主义)。2005 年承保的巨灾和单一风险保费总额约为 18 亿美元,2004 年为 15 亿美元,2003 年为 12 亿美元。未来期间的业务量将根据市场条件以及管理层对保费费率充足性的评估而变化,可能变化显著,这受到行业巨灾保障容量的影响。

2005 年巨灾和单一风险业务的承保结果中,包括卡特里娜、丽塔和威尔玛飓风造成的估计损失约 24 亿美元。2004 年,巨灾和单一风险业务的承保结果中,包括第三季度袭击美国和加勒比地区的四场飓风造成的估计巨灾损失 7.9 亿美元。2003 年,由于缺乏巨灾或其他重大损失事件,巨灾和单一风险业务产生了可观的承保收益。损失的时机和规模可能导致伯克希尔·哈撒韦再保险集团巨灾和单一风险业务的定期承保结果出现异常波动。然而,只要实现承保利润的长期前景合理,管理层接受这种波动。伯克希尔·哈撒韦再保险集团通常不向其他再保险公司分出巨灾和单一风险。

  • Includes losses of $2.5 billion from Hurricanes Katrina, Rita and Wilma.

Catastrophe and individual risk contracts may provide exceptionally large limits of indemnification, often several hundred million dollars and occasionally in excess of $1 billion, and cover catastrophe risks (such as hurricanes, earthquakes or other natural disasters) or other property risks (such as aviation and aerospace, commercial multi-peril or terrorism). Catastrophe and individual risk premiums written totaled approximately $1.8 billion in 2005, $1.5 billion in 2004 and $1.2 billion in 2003. The level of business written in future periods will vary, perhaps materially, based upon market conditions and management’s assessment of the adequacy of premium rates, which is affected by industry capacity for catastrophe coverages. Underwriting results from catastrophe and individual risk business in 2005 included estimated losses of approximately $2.4 billion from Hurricanes Katrina, Rita and Wilma. In 2004, underwriting results from catastrophe and individual risk business included estimated catastrophe losses of $790 million from four hurricanes that struck the U.S. and Caribbean during the third quarter. The catastrophe and individual risk business produced substantial underwriting gains in 2003 due to the lack of catastrophic or otherwise large loss events. The timing and magnitude of losses may produce extraordinary volatility in periodic underwriting results of BHRG’s catastrophe and individual risk business. Management accepts such volatility, however, provided that the long-term prospect of achieving underwriting profits is reasonable. BHRG generally does not cede catastrophe and individual risks to other reinsurers.

59

59

管理层讨论(续)

保险 — 承保(续)

伯克希尔·哈撒韦再保险集团(续)

追溯保单通常对过去损失事件未支付的损失和损失调整费用提供金额巨大但范围有限的经济补偿,这些赔付一般预计将在很长时期内完成。追溯再保险产生的承保损失,主要源于对早年签订的追溯再保险合同所设立的递延费用的摊销。递延费用代表保单保费与最终预估赔款准备金之间的差额,按利息法在预计赔款支付期内摊销。摊销费用计入已发生损失,因此产生承保损失。某个时期的摊销水平,取决于对未来损失赔付时间和金额的预估。虽然合同条款各不相同,但追溯合同下的损失通常受制于一个非常大的累计美元上限,单个合同的上限偶尔会超过 10 亿美元。未来损失赔付的预计金额和时间会定期审核。如果这些预估发生变化,递延费用余额将通过累计调整进行追溯调整。

2005 年追溯合同的承保损失,扣除了一笔约 4600 万美元的税前收益,这笔收益与某份追溯再保险协议下剩余未付损失最终结算有关。此外,2005 年第四季度对未付损失估计进行了审核,导致损失准备金净减少 7500 万美元。同时,由于某些合同的损失赔付速度慢于预期,其递延费用摊销率有所下降。2004 年,某一大额合同未来损失赔付的时间估计被提前,导致产生了约 1 亿美元的额外税前摊销费用。

所有追溯合同的损失赔付,包括前述结算款项,在 2005 年总计约为 9.69 亿美元,而 2004 年为 8.6 亿美元。截至 2005 年 12 月 31 日,未摊销的递延费用总计约为 21.3 亿美元,而 2004 年底为 24.5 亿美元。管理层认为,这些费用相对于这些保单所产生的大量浮存金而言是合理的,截至 2005 年 12 月 31 日相关浮存金总额约为 69 亿美元。浮存金投资所产生的收入反映在净投资收益和投资利得中。

2005 年从其他多险种再保险中赚取的保费比 2004 年增加了约 2.26 亿美元。2005 年新增的保费来自新的工伤保险项目和持续的航空保险计划,但被成数再保险合同保费下降部分抵消。2004 年从传统多险种再保险中赚取的保费比 2003 年减少了 5.1 亿美元。这一同比减少主要是由于成数再保险参与份额(包括劳合社)的下降,以及 2003 年年中一份主要成数再保险合同的终止。

2005 年其他多险种再保险的税前承保业绩,包括了因卡特里娜、丽塔和威尔玛飓风造成的约 1 亿美元的预估损失。2004 年的税前承保业绩包括了因第三季度影响美国和加勒比海地区的飓风所产生的约 1.75 亿美元损失。然而,2004 年的巨灾损失被航空险承保收益的增加以及来自数份再保险合同解约的约 1.6 亿美元收益所完全抵消。2003 年的承保收益反映了较低的财产险和航空险损失。2003 年没有重大的合同解约。

截至 2005 年 12 月 31 日,单次事件的最大预估税前可能损失估计为 60 亿美元,源自加州发生大地震的潜在损失风险。

伯克希尔·哈撒韦直接保险集团

伯克希尔的直接保险集团由众多规模较小的保险业务组成,主要承保商业客户的赔偿责任保险。这些业务包括:国民赔偿公司直接集团业务(“NICO 直接集团”),承保机动车和一般责任险;美国投资公司(“USIC”),其子公司承保特殊险种;内部称为“同州”业务的公司群,提供标准多险种保险;中央各州赔偿公司(“CSI”),通过金融机构向全国个人提供信用和残疾保险;以及 Med Pro(于 2005 年 6 月 30 日收购)。关于此次收购的更多信息,请参见合并财务报表附注 3。

总计而言,伯克希尔其他直接保险业务在 2005 年产生了 14.98 亿美元的已赚保费,2004 年为 12.11 亿美元,2003 年为 10.34 亿美元。Med Pro 在 2005 年赚取的保费,占该集团总已赚保费相比 2004 年增长的大部分。2004 年相比 2003 年的已赚保费增长,主要归因于 USIC 和 NICO 直接集团的业务量增加。伯克希尔其他直接保险业务的净承保收益在 2005 年总计为 2.35 亿美元,2004 年为 1.61 亿美元,2003 年为 7400 万美元。2005 年的承保收益反映了对 2005 年之前发生的汽车和一般责任业务损失事件的损失准备金估计的减少、同州、USIC 和 CSI 业务业绩的改善,这部分被因医疗事故准备金增加而产生的已发生损失所抵消。

Management’s Discussion (Continued) Insurance — Underwriting (Continued) Berkshire Hathaway Reinsurance Group (Continued) Retroactive policies normally provide very large, but limited, indemnification of unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses with respect to past loss events, which are generally expected to be paid over long periods of time. The underwriting losses from retroactive reinsurance are primarily attributed to the amortization of deferred charges established on retroactive reinsurance contracts written in previous years. The deferred charges, which represent the difference between the policy premium and the estimated ultimate claim reserves, are amortized over the expected claim payment period using the interest method. The amortization charges are recorded as losses incurred and, therefore, produce underwriting losses. The level of amortization in a given period is based upon estimates of the timing and amount of future loss payments. While contract terms vary, losses under retroactive contracts are generally subject to a very large aggregate dollar limit occasionally exceeding $1 billion under a single contract. The expected amount and timing of future loss payments is reviewed periodically. To the extent there are changes in these estimates, deferred charge balances are adjusted on a retrospective basis via a cumulative adjustment. Underwriting losses in 2005 from retroactive contracts are net of a pre-tax gain of approximately $46 million related to the final settlement of remaining unpaid losses under a certain retroactive reinsurance agreement. In addition, estimates of unpaid losses were reviewed during the fourth quarter of 2005 which resulted in a net reduction of $75 million in loss reserves. Also, rates of deferred charge amortization on certain contracts were decreased due to slower than expected loss payments. During 2004 the estimated timing of future loss payments with respect to one large contract was accelerated which produced an incremental pre-tax amortization charge of approximately $100 million. Loss payments for all retroactive contracts, including the aforementioned settlement totaled approximately $969 million in 2005 compared to $860 million in 2004. Unamortized deferred charges at December 31, 2005 totaled approximately $2.13 billion compared to $2.45 billion at year-end 2004. Management believes that these charges are reasonable with respect to the large amounts of float related to these policies, which totaled about $6.9 billion at December 31, 2005. Income generated from the investment of float is reflected in net investment income and investment gains. Premiums earned in 2005 from other multi-line reinsurance increased approximately $226 million over 2004. In 2005, increased premiums were earned from new workers’ compensation and ongoing aviation programs and were partially offset by declines in quota-share contracts. Premiums earned in 2004 from traditional multi-line reinsurance decreased $510 million compared to 2003. The comparative decrease was primarily due to declines in quota-share participations (including Lloyd’s) and the termination of a major quota-share contract in mid-2003. Pre-tax underwriting results from other multi-line reinsurance in 2005 included estimated losses of approximately $100 million from Hurricanes Katrina, Rita and Wilma. Pre-tax underwriting results in 2004 included losses of approximately $175 million arising from the third quarter hurricanes affecting the U.S. and Caribbean. However, catastrophe losses in 2004 were more than offset by increased underwriting gains in aviation coverages and approximately $160 million in gains from the commutations of several reinsurance contracts. Underwriting gains in 2003 reflected low amounts of property and aviation losses. There were no significant commutations in 2003. The pre-tax maximum probable loss from a single event at December 31, 2005 is estimated to be $6 billion resulting from potential risk of loss from a major earthquake in California. Berkshire Hathaway Primary Group Berkshire’s primary insurance group consists of a wide variety of smaller insurance businesses that principally write liability coverages for commercial accounts. These businesses include: National Indemnity Company’s primary group operation (“NICO Primary Group”), a writer of motor vehicle and general liability coverages; U.S. Investment Corporation (“USIC”), whose subsidiaries underwrite specialty insurance coverages; a group of companies referred to internally as “Homestate” operations, providers of standard multi-line insurance; Central States Indemnity Company (“CSI”), a provider of credit and disability insurance to individuals nationwide through financial institutions; and Med Pro which was acquired as of June 30, 2005. See Note 3 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information concerning this acquisition. Collectively, Berkshire’s other primary insurance businesses produced earned premiums of $1,498 million in 2005, $1,211 million in 2004, and $1,034 million in 2003. Premiums earned in 2005 by Med Pro accounted for most of the increase in total premiums earned by the group compared with 2004. The increase in premiums earned in 2004 compared to 2003 was largely attributed to increased volume of USIC and the NICO Primary Group. Net underwriting gains of Berkshire’s other primary insurance businesses totaled $235 million in 2005, $161 million in 2004, and $74 million in 2003. The underwriting gain in 2005 reflected a decrease in loss reserve estimates for pre-2005 loss events in auto and general liability business, improved results of Homestate, USIC and CSI operations, partially offset by losses incurred from increases in medical malpractice reserves.

60

60

保险——投资收益

以下是伯克希尔保险业务过去三年的净投资收益汇总。

单位:百万美元

年份200520042003
税前投资收益3,4802,8243,223
适用所得税及少数股东权益1,068779947

Insurance — Investment Income Following is a summary of the net investment income of Berkshire’s insurance operations for the past three years. Dollars are in millions. 2005 2004 2003 Investment income before taxes........................................................................................ $3,480 $2,824 $3,223 Applicable income taxes and minority interests................................................................ 1,068 779 947

税后及扣除少数股东损益后的投资收益 2,412 2,045 2,276

Investment income after taxes and minority interests ....................................................... $2,412 $2,045 $2,276

投资收入包括伯克希尔保险业务所持现金等价物、固定期限证券和权益投资产生的利息与股息。2005 年,伯克希尔保险业务的税前投资收入比 2004 年增加了 6.56 亿美元(增幅 23.2%)。2005 年投资收入增长主要反映了当年美国短期利率相比 2004 年有所上升。而 2004 年的投资收入较 2003 年下降了 12.4%,这反映出短期利率相对较低,以及高收益公司债带来的利息收入减少。

以下是伯克希尔保险业务所持投资的汇总。金额单位为百万美元。

2005 年 12 月 31 日2004 年 12 月 31 日2003 年 12 月 31 日
现金及现金等价物38,81438,70629,908
权益证券46,41237,42035,017
固定期限证券27,38522,83126,087
其他9182,0592,656
113,529101,01693,668

Investment income consists of interest and dividends earned on cash equivalents and fixed maturity and equity investments of Berkshire’s insurance businesses. Pre-tax investment income earned in 2005 by Berkshire’s insurance businesses exceeded amounts earned in 2004 by $656 million (23.2%). The increase in investment income in 2005 primarily reflects higher short-term interest rates in the United States in 2005 as compared to 2004. Investment income in 2004 declined 12.4% from 2003, reflecting relatively lower short-term interest rates and lower amounts of interest earned from high yield corporate bonds. A summary of investments held in Berkshire’s insurance businesses follows. Dollar amounts are in millions. Dec. 31, Dec. 31, Dec. 31, 2005 2004 2003 Cash and cash equivalents............................................................................................... $ 38,814 $ 38,706 $29,908 Equity securities .............................................................................................................. 46,412 37,420 35,017 Fixed maturity securities ................................................................................................. 27,385 22,831 26,087 Other................................................................................................................................ 918 2,059 2,656 $113,529 $101,016 $93,668

截至 2005 年 12 月 31 日,固定期限投资的具体情况如下所示。金额单位为百万美元。

Fixed maturity investments as of December 31, 2005 were as follows. Dollar amounts are in millions.

摊销成本 未实现损益 公允价值

美国国债、政府公司及机构 7,633 (15) 7,618

州、市及下属政治实体 4,243 90 4,333

外国政府 6,884 77 6,961

公司债券及可赎回优先股(投资级) 3,235 187 3,422

公司债券及可赎回优先股(非投资级) 2,257 1,290 3,547

住房抵押贷款支持证券 1,464 40 1,504

Amortized Unrealized cost gains/losses Fair value U.S. Treasury, government corporations and agencies ................................................. $ 7,633 $ (15) $ 7,618 States, municipalities and political subdivisions ........................................................... 4,243 90 4,333 Foreign governments..................................................................................................... 6,884 77 6,961 Corporate bonds and redeemable preferred stocks, investment grade........................... 3,235 187 3,422 Corporate bonds and redeemable preferred stocks, non-investment grade.................... 2,257 1,290 3,547 Mortgage-backed securities........................................................................................... 1,464 40 1,504

$25,716 $ 1,669 $27,385

$25,716 $ 1,669 $27,385

所有美国政府债券均被主要评级机构评为 AAA 级,大约 95% 的州政府、市政及政治分支机构债券、外国政府债券和抵押贷款支持证券被评为 AA 级或更高。非投资级证券是指评级低于 BBB- 或 Baa3 的证券。公允价值优先采用公开市场报价(如可获得),若无公开报价,则采用独立定价服务机构提供的价格。

投资资产来源于股东资本、留存收益以及保险合同项下承担的净负债,即“浮存金”。浮存金的主要构成包括:未决赔款、未赚保费及其他对保单持有人的应付款项,减去保费及再保险应收款、追溯再保险合同项下承担的递延费用以及递延保单获取成本。截至 2005 年 12 月 31 日,浮存金总额约为 493 亿美元;截至 2004 年 12 月 31 日约为 461 亿美元;截至 2003 年 12 月 31 日约为 442 亿美元。以税前承保损益与平均浮存金的比率衡量的浮存金成本,在过去三年中均为负值,因为伯克希尔旗下的保险业务每年都实现了税前承保利润。

All U.S. government obligations are rated AAA by the major rating agencies and about 95% of all state, municipal and political subdivisions, foreign government obligations and mortgage-backed securities were rated AA or higher. Non-investment grade securities represent securities that are rated below BBB- or Baa3. Fair value reflects quoted market prices where available or, if not available, prices obtained from independent pricing services. Invested assets derive from shareholder capital and reinvested earnings as well as net liabilities assumed under insurance contracts or “float.” The major components of float are unpaid losses, unearned premiums and other liabilities to policyholders less premiums and reinsurance receivables, deferred charges assumed under retroactive reinsurance contracts and deferred policy acquisition costs. Float totaled approximately $49.3 billion at December 31, 2005, $46.1 billion at December 31, 2004 and $44.2 billion at December 31, 2003. The cost of float, as represented by the ratio of pre-tax underwriting gain or loss to average float, was negative for the last three years, as Berkshire’s insurance businesses generated pre-tax underwriting gains in each year.

非保险业务

以下是伯克希尔非保险业务过去三年的业绩汇总。金额单位为百万美元。

年份200520042003
税前利润3,4453,0652,776
所得税及少数股东权益1,2851,1521,031

Non-Insurance Businesses A summary follows of results from Berkshire’s non-insurance businesses for the past three years. Dollars are in millions. 2005 2004 2003 Pre-tax earnings .................................................................................................................... $3,445 $3,065 $2,776 Income taxes and minority interests...................................................................................... 1,285 1,152 1,031

净收益 2,160 1,913 1,745

Net earnings .......................................................................................................................... $2,160 $1,913 $1,745

61

61

管理层讨论(续)

非保险业务(续)

非保险业务 2005、2004 与 2003 年的营收和税前利润对比如下。金额单位为百万美元。

营收 税前利润

2005 2004 2003 2005 2004 2003

Management’s Discussion (Continued) Non-Insurance Businesses (Continued) A comparison of revenues and pre-tax earnings between 2005, 2004 and 2003 for the non-insurance businesses follows. Dollars are in millions. Revenues Pre-tax earnings 2005 2004 2003 2005 2004 2003

服装$ 2,286$ 2,200$ 2,075$ 348$ 325$ 289
建筑产品4,8064,3373,846751643559
金融与金融产品4,5593,7743,045822584619
飞行服务 *3,6603,2442,43112019172
McLane 公司24,07423,37313,743217228150
零售2,7592,6012,311201163165
Shaw Industries5,7235,1744,660485466436
其他业务3,5883,2133,040501465486
$51,455$47,916$35,151$3,445$3,065$2,776
Apparel$ 2,286$ 2,200$ 2,075$ 348$ 325$ 289
Building products4,8064,3373,846751643559
Finance and financial products4,5593,7743,045822584619
Flight services *3,6603,2442,43112019172
McLane Company24,07423,37313,743217228150
Retail2,7592,6012,311201163165
Shaw Industries5,7235,1744,660485466436
Other businesses3,5883,2133,040501465486
$51,455$47,916$35,151$3,445$3,065$2,776

$51,455 $47,916 $35,151 $3,445 $3,065 $2,776

$51,455 $47,916 $35,151 $3,445 $3,065 $2,776

  • 2004 年,伯克希尔采纳了 EITF 00-21(“涉及多个交付物的收入安排会计处理”)的规定。因此,在合并报表层面,与 NetJets 公务机部分销售相关的收入确认方法发生了改变。管理层继续按照之前的收入确认标准来评估 NetJets 的业绩,因此飞行服务板块的收入和税前利润仍按原有方法列示。表中所示收入比伯克希尔合并财务报表中报告的金额高出 2005 年 7.04 亿美元和 2004 年 9.02 亿美元。表中 2005 年和 2004 年的税前利润分别比合并财务报表中的金额高出 6300 万美元和 7400 万美元。

服装板块

2005 年服装板块收入比 2004 年增加 8600 万美元(增长 4%),2004 年收入比 2003 年增加 1.25 亿美元(增长 6%)。服装产品(鲜果布衣(“FOL”)、Garan 和 Fechheimer)的销售额在 2005 年总计 17.54 亿美元,比 2004 年增加 6000 万美元(增长 3.5%),主要原因是 FOL 产品的销售量增加 3% 以及销售组合的变化。2005 年鞋类产品(HH Brown 鞋业集团和 Justin)的销售额比 2004 年增加 2600 万美元(增长 5.3%),增长来自西部靴和女式休闲鞋。2004 年相较于 2003 年的所有增长几乎全部来自 FOL 的销售增长,其销售量增加了 14%,但部分被较低的净销售价格所抵消。对几家主要零售商的销售额约占服装板块收入的 45%。对某个主要客户的销售减少或中断,可能会对服装板块的收入和税前利润产生重大不利影响。

2005 年服装业务的税前利润总计 3.48 亿美元,比 2004 年增长 7%。2005 年税前利润的增长近一半来自 FOL,这得益于上述销售增长,尽管更高的广告和工厂关闭成本对利润产生了不利影响。此外,鞋类业务的利润也有所增加。

建材板块

2005 年建材板块收入总计 48.06 亿美元,比 2004 年增加 4.69 亿美元(增长 11%)。2005 年所有主要产品线的销量均有所增长,包括保温和屋面产品(Johns Manville – 增长 10%)、涂料和涂层(Benjamin Moore – 增长 5%)、砖石产品(Acme – 增长 11%)以及钢连接板和桁架机械(MiTek – 增长 22%)。伯克希尔的建材业务在近期受益于相对强劲的住宅房地产市场环境。2005 年收入的增长主要受多数产品平均售价上升的推动,这在多数情况下是由于材料、生产和交付成本相对升高,特别是钢铁、石化和能源成本。

2005 年建材板块的税前利润比 2004 年增加 1.08 亿美元(增长 17%),反映出保温和屋面产品、连接板/桁架机械以及砖石产品的利润增长,但部分被涂料和涂层利润的下降所抵消。过去一年,伯克希尔的建材业务已实施提价以弥补原材料和与能源相关的生产及运输成本的上升。尽管如此,某些生产过程中的关键成本,包括天然气(砖和保温材料)、钢铁(连接板)和石化产品(涂料和涂层),由于各种原因,越来越容易受到价格快速波动和供应限制的影响。此外,利率的快速上升可能对住房建设产生不利影响,从而导致伯克希尔建材业务的销售下滑。2003 年的税前业绩中包括 Johns Manville 一家管道保温材料工厂因火灾造成的 2100 万美元损失。

  • In 2004, Berkshire adopted the provisions of EITF 00-21 (“Accounting for Revenue Arrangements with Multiple

Deliverables”). As a result, for consolidated reporting purposes, the method of recognizing revenue related to NetJets’ fractional aircraft sales was changed. Management continues to evaluate the results of NetJets under the prior revenue recognition criteria and thus has shown revenues and pre-tax earnings for the flight services segment using the prior revenue recognition method. Revenues shown in this table are greater than the amounts reported in Berkshire’s consolidated financial statements by $704 million in 2005 and $902 million in 2004. Pre-tax earnings included in this table for 2005 and 2004 exceed the amounts included in the consolidated financial statements by $63 million and $74 million, respectively. Apparel Apparel revenues in 2005 increased $86 million (4%) over 2004 and revenues in 2004 increased $125 million (6%) over 2003. Sales of clothing products (Fruit of the Loom (“FOL”), Garan and Fechheimer) totaled $1,754 million in 2005 an increase of $60 million (3.5%) over 2004, which was primarily attributed to a 3% increase in unit volume and changes in the sales mix of FOL products. Footwear (HH Brown Shoe Group and Justin) sales in 2005 increased $26 million (5.3%) over 2004. Increased sales were generated in Western boots and women’s casual shoes. Increased sales by FOL accounted for essentially all of the increases in 2004 over 2003, as unit sales increased 14%, partially offset by lower net selling prices. Sales to a few major retailers account for about 45% of apparel revenues. Loss or curtailment of sales to a major customer could have a material adverse impact on revenues and pre-tax earnings of the apparel segment. Pre-tax earnings of apparel businesses totaled $348 million in 2005, an increase of 7% over 2004. Almost half of the increase in pre-tax earnings in 2005 was generated by FOL due to the aforementioned sales increase, although higher advertising and plant closure costs had an adverse effect on earnings. In addition, increased earnings were achieved in the footwear businesses. Building products Building products revenues in 2005 totaled $4,806 million, an increase of $469 million (11%) over 2004. Increased sales volume was generated in all significant product lines in 2005, including insulation and roofing products (Johns Manville- 10%), paint and coatings (Benjamin Moore-5%), brick and masonry (Acme-11%) and steel connector plates and truss machinery (MiTek-22%). Berkshire’s building products businesses have benefited in recent periods by relatively strong residential housing market conditions. The increases in revenues in 2005 were primarily driven by higher average selling prices for most products, which in most instances were precipitated by comparatively higher materials, production and delivery costs, particularly for steel, petrochemicals and energy. Pre-tax earnings of the building products group in 2005 exceeded earnings in 2004 by $108 million (17%), reflecting increased earnings from insulation and roofing products, connector plate/truss machinery and bricks partially offset by lower earnings from paints and coatings. Over the past year, Berkshire’s building products businesses have instituted price increases to compensate for rising raw material and energy related production and transportation costs. Nevertheless, certain costs essential to the production processes, including natural gas (brick and insulation), steel (connector plates) and petrochemicals (paint and coatings) are increasingly subject to rapid price changes and constraints in availability for a variety of reasons. In addition, rapid rises in interest rates could adversely affect housing construction which could result in declining sales for Berkshire’s building products businesses. The pre-tax results for 2003 included a loss of $21 million from a fire at a Johns Manville pipe insulation plant.

62

62

非保险业务(续)

金融与金融产品

以下是伯克希尔金融与金融产品业务的营收和税前收益汇总。金额单位为百万美元。

项目营收营收营收税前收益税前收益税前收益
2005 年2004 年2003 年2005 年2004 年2003 年
预制房屋及金融$3,175$2,024$512$416$192$34
家具/运输设备租赁8567897501739234
其他5289611,783233300551
$4,559$3,774$3,045$822$584$619

Non-Insurance Businesses (Continued) Finance and financial products A summary of revenues and pre-tax earnings from Berkshire’s finance and financial products businesses follows. Dollar amounts are in millions. Revenues Pre-tax earnings 2005 2004 2003 2005 2004 2003 Manufactured housing and finance............................. $3,175 $2,024 $ 512 $ 416 $ 192 $ 34 Furniture/transportation equipment leasing................ 856 789 750 173 92 34 Other........................................................................... 528 961 1,783 233 300 551 $4,559 $3,774 $3,045 $ 822 $ 584 $ 619

2005 年,克莱顿之家(Clayton Homes,简称“克莱顿”)在预制房屋和金融业务上的收入增长,主要归因于预制房屋销售增加(4.91 亿美元)以及分期贷款余额相对提高带来的利息收入增加(5.83 亿美元)。自 2003 年 8 月 7 日伯克希尔收购之日起至 2005 年 12 月 31 日,分期贷款余额从约 85 亿美元增至 96 亿美元,这反映了多次贷款组合收购以及新增贷款的影响。克莱顿的业绩自收购之日起纳入伯克希尔的合并财务报表。

2005 年,克莱顿预制房屋和金融业务的总税前利润为 4.16 亿美元,较 2004 年增加 2.24 亿美元(增幅 117%)。税前利润大幅增长的主要原因是 2004 年和 2005 年收购的贷款组合增加,带来了更高的利息收入,但这一增长被伯克希尔·哈撒韦金融公司(一家关联公司,已发行约 88 亿美元面值的中期票据,为上述分期贷款增长提供融资)产生的更高利息支出部分抵消。此外,克莱顿制造和零售板块的业绩改善也促进了整体利润增长。

2005 年,家具和运输设备租赁收入主要反映了租金收入的增加。2005 年家具和运输设备租赁活动的税前利润较 2004 年增加 8100 万美元,这得益于租金收入增加以及行政和利息支出减少。

2005 年和 2004 年的其他金融收入主要来自其他贷款和固定收益投资的利息收入,以及正在进行终止清算的通用再保险证券(General Re Securities,简称“GRS”)的业务。2003 年,其他金融收入包括因几笔大规模交易而产生的 7 亿美元寿险年金保费。2005 年和 2004 年产生的年金保费微不足道。2004 年的其他金融收入还包括前六个月合并价值资本有限合伙公司(Value Capital L.P.,简称“VC”)所产生的 2.82 亿美元。由于伯克希尔在 VC 的经济利益占比大幅下降,伯克希尔自 2004 年 7 月 1 日起停止合并 VC,并在此后按权益法核算其对 VC 的投资。

2005 年,其他金融活动的税前利润为 2.33 亿美元,较 2004 年减少 6700 万美元。伯克希尔对 VC 的投资在 2005 年产生了 3300 万美元的税前亏损,而 2004 年则为 3000 万美元的税前收益。GRS 在 2005 年和 2004 年分别产生了 1.04 亿美元和 4400 万美元的税前亏损。GRS 亏损增加是由于解除衍生品头寸造成的更高损失。2005 年,寿险/年金业务产生的税前利润较 2004 年增加 6800 万美元,原因是短期利率上升,以及年金合同死亡率估算变化未产生不利影响。

2004 年,其他金融活动的税前利润较 2003 年下降约 2.51 亿美元,主要原因是投资资产相对较少。此外,2004 年的税前利润还受到以下因素的负面影响:更多资金配置于低收益的现金及现金等价物、折价购买的固定收益证券提前赎回量大幅减少,以及死亡率假设变化带来的不利影响。

航空服务

2005 年航空服务收入较 2004 年增加 4.16 亿美元(增幅 13%),而 2004 年又较 2003 年增加 8.13 亿美元(增幅 33%)。2005 年,培训业务(飞安国际,FlightSafety)和分时所有权业务(奈特杰特,NetJets)的收入各较 2004 年增长 13%。2005 年,培训收入增长的主要原因是模拟器使用量增加,以及主要来自公务航空和支线航空市场的需求增长。2005 年分时所有权计划收入较 2004 年的增长,反映了飞行运营和管理服务费增加 18%。飞行运营收入增长主要源于已占用飞行小时数增加 7%、费率提升以及大型机舱飞机使用比例提高(这些能带来更高收入)。2004 年收入较 2003 年的增长中,超过 90% 来自奈特杰特业务,其中飞行运营收入增加近 4 亿美元,飞机销售收入增加约 3.6 亿美元。奈特杰特和飞安国际仍然是飞机分时所有权和培训市场的领导者。

2005 年,航空服务业务的总税前利润为 1.2 亿美元,较 2004 年减少 7100 万美元。2005 年,飞安国际培训业务的税前利润较 2004 年增长约 10%,达到约 2 亿美元,主要原因是培训收入和模拟器销售增长。奈特杰特在 2005 年产生了约 8000 万美元的税前亏损,而 2004 年则为约 1000 万美元的税前利润。导致 2005 年亏损的因素有几个。整个 2005 年,由于需求增加,奈特杰特遭遇了异常严重的可用飞机短缺问题。

The increase in revenues in 2005 from manufactured housing and finance activities of Clayton Homes (“Clayton”) was primarily attributed to increased sales of manufactured homes ($491 million) and increased interest income ($583 million) from comparatively higher installment loan balances. Installment loan balances have increased approximately $8.5 billion from the date of Berkshire’s acquisition on August 7, 2003 to $9.6 billion as of December 31, 2005, reflecting the impact of several loan portfolio acquisitions as well as loan originations. Clayton’s results are included in Berkshire’s consolidated financial statements beginning as of the acquisition date. Pre-tax earnings from Clayton’s manufactured housing and finance activities totaled $416 million in 2005, an increase of $224 million (117%) over 2004. The significant increase in pre-tax earnings is primarily due to higher interest income from the increase in acquired loan portfolios during 2004 and 2005, partially offset by higher interest expense derived from Berkshire Hathaway Finance Corporation, an affiliate that has issued approximately $8.8 billion par of medium term notes to finance the aforementioned increase in installment loans. In addition, improved comparative results in the manufacturing and retail segments of Clayton’s business contributed to the overall earnings growth. Furniture and transportation equipment leasing revenues in 2005 primarily reflect increased rental income. Pre-tax earnings from furniture and transportation equipment leasing activities in 2005 increased $81 million over 2004, reflecting higher rental income and lower administrative and interest expenses. Other finance revenues in 2005 and 2004 are primarily derived from interest income from other loans and fixed income investments and the operations of General Re Securities (“GRS”) which is being run-off. In 2003, other finance revenues included life insurance annuity premiums of $700 million arising from a few sizable transactions. Annuity premiums generated in 2005 and 2004 were nominal. Other finance revenues in 2004 also included $282 million from the consolidation of Value Capital L.P. (“VC”) during the first six months. As a result of a significant decline in the percentage of Berkshire’s economic interest in VC, Berkshire ceased consolidation of VC effective July 1, 2004 and thereafter accounted for its investment in VC pursuant to the equity method. Pre-tax earnings from other finance activities in 2005 were $233 million, a decrease of $67 million from 2004. Berkshire’s investment in VC produced a pre-tax loss in 2005 of $33 million compared to a pre-tax gain of $30 million in 2004. GRS generated pre-tax losses of $104 million in 2005 and $44 million in 2004. The increase in GRS losses was due to higher losses from unwinding derivative positions. In 2005, pre-tax earnings attributed to the life insurance/annuity business exceeded 2004 by $68 million as a result of higher short-term interest rates and the absence of adverse effects from changes to mortality estimates pertaining to annuity contracts. Pre-tax earnings from other finance activities in 2004 declined approximately $251 million from 2003 primarily as a result of comparatively lower amounts of invested assets. In addition, pre-tax earnings for 2004 were negatively impacted by higher allocations of investments in low-yielding cash and cash equivalents, a significant reduction in the early redemptions of fixed-income securities purchased at a discount and adverse effects from changes in mortality assumptions. Flight services Flight service revenues in 2005 increased $416 million (13%) over 2004, which, in turn, increased $813 million (33%) over 2003. In 2005, revenues of the training business (FlightSafety) and the fractional ownership business (NetJets) each increased 13% over revenues in 2004. In 2005, the increase in training revenue was primarily due to increased simulator usage and increased demand, primarily in the corporate aviation and regional airline markets. The fractional ownership program revenue increase in 2005 over 2004 reflected an 18% increase in flight operations and management service fees. The increase in flight operations revenue primarily resulted from a 7% increase in occupied flight hours, rate increases and a higher mix of larger cabin aircraft usage, which generate higher revenues. Over 90% of the revenue increase in 2004 over 2003 resulted from the NetJets business where flight operations revenue increased just under $400 million and revenues from aircraft sales increased about $360 million. NetJets and FlightSafety continue to be leaders in the aircraft fractional ownership and training markets. Pre-tax earnings of the flight services businesses totaled $120 million in 2005, a decrease of $71 million as compared to 2004. In 2005, pre-tax earnings from the FlightSafety training business, increased approximately 10% over 2004 to approximately $200 million, due primarily to the impact of increased training revenues and simulator sales. NetJets incurred a pre-tax loss of about $80 million in 2005 compared to pre-tax income of about $10 million in 2004. Several factors contributed to the loss in 2005. Throughout 2005, NetJets experienced unusually high shortages of available aircraft due to increases in

63

63

管理层讨论(续)

飞行服务(续)

客户需求超过运力增长。因此,NetJets 通过包机服务转包了额外的飞机运力。与转包航班相关的成本无法从客户处完全收回,并在 2005 年产生了约 8500 万美元的额外税前成本。NetJets 已增加核心机队飞机数量,并正在制定策略以解决运力问题并恢复盈利能力。NetJets 在 2005 年第四季度计提了 2000 万美元的特别费用,用于支付与飞行员和空乘人员新劳工合同相关的过往期间薪酬。此外,由于利率上升,2005 年的利息支出增加了约 2300 万美元。

麦克莱恩公司

2003 年 5 月 23 日,伯克希尔收购了麦克莱恩公司(McLane),该公司是一家向零售商、便利店和餐馆分销食品杂货的分销商。麦克莱恩的业务运营结果从该日起并入伯克希尔的合并报表。2005 年麦克莱恩的营收总额为 241 亿美元,2004 年为 234 亿美元,2003 年全年约为 220 亿美元。2005 年食品杂货销售增长约 5%,但被面向餐饮服务客户的销售下滑部分抵消。麦克莱恩的业务特点是高销售额和极低的利润率。

2005 年税前收益为 2.17 亿美元,比 2004 年下降 1100 万美元。毛利率在两年间相对不变。然而,由此产生的毛利润增长被更高的工资、燃料和保险费用完全抵消。麦克莱恩目前约 33% 的年收入来自向沃尔玛的销售。沃尔玛采购的减少或中止可能对麦克莱恩的营收和税前收益产生重大不利影响。

零售业务

伯克希尔的零售业务包括几家家居用品和珠宝零售商。2005 年总营收比 2004 年增加 1.58 亿美元(6%)。家居用品业务 2005 年营收为 19.58 亿美元,2004 年为 18.43 亿美元;珠宝业务 2005 年营收为 8.01 亿美元,2004 年为 7.58 亿美元。2005 年同店销售额总额比 2004 年增长约 2.5%。此外,营收增长还来自 R.C. Willey 和 Jordan’s 的新店销售。零售集团 2005 年税前收益总额为 2.01 亿美元,比 2004 年增加 3800 万美元(23%)。税前收益同比增幅中约 90% 来自家居用品业务。

2004 年零售业务总营收为 26.01 亿美元,比 2003 年增加 2.9 亿美元(13%)。2004 年同店销售额比 2003 年增长 2.4%。零售集团 2004 年税前收益总额为 1.63 亿美元,2003 年为 1.65 亿美元。销售增长被与新家居用品门店相关的更高成本(包括工资和福利、折旧及分销成本增加)大幅抵消。

Shaw Industries

Shaw Industries 2005 年营收为 57.23 亿美元,比 2004 年增加 5.49 亿美元(11%)。2005 年的增长反映了地毯平均净售价的提高和地毯销量的微小增长。2005 年期间,地毯的销售也比 2004 年有所增长。2005 年税前收益比 2004 年增加 1900 万美元(4%)。尽管售价提高,但 2005 年营业利润率受到石油基原材料成本反复上涨的不利影响。因此,过去两年中,生产成本的增长总体上超过了平均净售价的增长。此外,2005 年与推出新产品相关的产品样品成本比 2004 年增加了约 2900 万美元。

Shaw Industries 2004 年营收比 2003 年增加 5.14 亿美元(11%),原因是地毯销量增长 9%、净售价提高以及硬质地面材料和地毯销售增长。此外,2004 年的销售还包括 Shaw 在 2003 年收购的两项业务(Georgia Tufters 和 Dixie Group 的北乔治亚业务)。这些收购在 2004 年贡献了 2.4 亿美元的销售额,2003 年贡献了 5000 万美元。2004 年税前收益总额为 4.66 亿美元,比 2003 年增加 3000 万美元(7%)。售价上涨滞后于原材料供应商的涨价,导致 2004 年毛利率相比 2003 年下降。

在中美能源公司的权益收益

来自中美能源的收益代表伯克希尔按权益法计算的在中美能源净收益中的份额。2005 年,伯克希尔在中美能源净收益中的份额为 5.23 亿美元,2004 年为 2.37 亿美元。中美能源 2004 年的业绩包含一项 3.4 亿美元的税后费用(伯克希尔份额约为 2.55 亿美元),用于减记第三季度停运的某个运营资产,以及从实现某些与安然相关的破产债权中获得 4400 万美元收益(伯克希尔份额约为 3300 万美元)。2005 年,中美能源受益于其国内大部分业务的有利同比业绩以及出售某些非战略性资产和投资的收益。这些改善部分被英国电力业务收益下降所抵消。忽略上述两项非经常性事件的影响,伯克希尔在中美能源 2004 年净收益中的份额为 4.59 亿美元,与 2003 年业绩相比,反映了中美能源大多数主要运营部门业绩的改善。有关中美能源的更多信息,请参见合并财务报表附注 2。

Management’s Discussion (Continued) Flight services (Continued) owner demand outpacing increases in capacity. Consequently, NetJets subcontracted additional aircraft capacity through charter services. The costs associated with subcontracted flights were not fully recoverable from clients and caused an incremental pre- tax cost of approximately $85 million in 2005. NetJets has added aircraft to the core fleet and is developing strategies to address capacity issues and restore profitability. NetJets recorded a special charge of $20 million in the fourth quarter of 2005 for prior periods’ compensation related to a new labor contract with its pilots and flight attendants. Additionally, interest expense in 2005 increased approximately $23 million due to higher interest rates. McLane Company On May 23, 2003, Berkshire acquired McLane Company, Inc., (“McLane”) a distributor of grocery and food products to retailers, convenience stores and restaurants. Results of McLane’s business operations are included in Berkshire’s consolidated results beginning on that date. McLane’s revenues in 2005 totaled $24.1 billion compared to $23.4 billion in 2004 and approximately $22.0 billion for the full year of 2003. Sales of grocery products increased about 5% in 2005 and were partially offset by lower sales to foodservice customers. McLane’s business is marked by high sales volume and very low profit margins. Pre-tax earnings in 2005 of $217 million declined $11 million versus 2004. The gross margin percentage was relatively unchanged between years. However, the resulting increased gross profit was more than offset by higher payroll, fuel and insurance expenses. Approximately 33% of McLane’s annual revenues currently derive from sales to Wal-Mart. Loss or curtailment of purchasing by Wal-Mart could have a material adverse impact on revenues and pre-tax earnings of McLane. Retail Berkshire’s retail operations consist of several home furnishings and jewelry retailers. Aggregate revenues in 2005 increased $158 million (6%) over 2004. Revenues of the home furnishings businesses were $1,958 million in 2005 and $1,843 million in 2004 and jewelry revenues were $801 million in 2005 as compared to $758 million in 2004. Aggregate same store sales in 2005 increased approximately 2.5% compared to 2004. In addition, the revenue increase was as a result of new store sales at R.C. Willey and Jordan’s. Pre-tax earnings in 2005 of the retail group totaled $201 million, an increase of $38 million (23%) over 2004. Approximately 90% of the comparative increase in pre-tax earnings was produced by the home furnishings businesses. Total revenues attributed to retail operations were $2,601 million in 2004, an increase of $290 million (13%) over 2003. Same store sales in 2004 increased 2.4% from 2003. Pre-tax earnings of the retail group totaled $163 million in 2004 compared to $165 million in 2003. The increase in sales was substantially offset by higher costs associated with new home furnishings stores, including increased salaries and benefits, depreciation and distribution costs. Shaw Industries Revenues of Shaw Industries of $5,723 million in 2005 increased $549 million (11%) over 2004. The increase in 2005 reflected increases in average net selling prices for carpet and a very small increase in yards of carpet sold. During 2005, sales of rugs also increased over 2004. Pre-tax earnings in 2005 increased $19 million (4%) over 2004. Despite the increases in selling prices, operating margins in 2005 were adversely affected by repeated increases in petroleum-based raw material costs. Consequently, increases in production costs have, generally, outpaced increases in average net selling prices over the past two years. In addition, product sample costs pertaining to the introduction of new products increased approximately $29 million in 2005 as compared to 2004. Revenues generated by Shaw Industries in 2004 increased $514 million (11%) over 2003 due to a 9% increase in square yards of carpet sold, higher net selling prices and increased hard surface and rug sales. In addition, sales in 2004 include two businesses acquired by Shaw in 2003 (Georgia Tufters and the North Georgia operations of the Dixie Group). These acquisitions contributed sales of $240 million in 2004 and $50 million in 2003. Pre-tax earnings in 2004 totaled $466 million, an increase of $30 million (7%) over 2003. Sales price increases lagged raw material supplier price increases resulting in a decline in gross margins during 2004 as compared to 2003. Equity in Earnings of MidAmerican Energy Holdings Company Earnings from MidAmerican represent Berkshire’s share of MidAmerican’s net earnings as determined under the equity method. In 2005, Berkshire’s share of MidAmerican’s net earnings was $523 million versus $237 million in 2004. MidAmerican’s 2004 results include an after-tax charge of $340 million (of which Berkshire’s share was about $255 million) to write down certain assets of an operation that was shut down in the third quarter and a gain of $44 million (Berkshire’s share was about $33 million) from the realization of certain Enron-related bankruptcy claims. In 2005, MidAmerican benefited from favorable comparative results at most of its domestic businesses and from gains on sales of certain non-strategic assets and investments. These improvements were partially offset by lower earnings from the U.K. electricity business. Ignoring the effect of the aforementioned two non-recurring events, Berkshire’s share of MidAmerican’s 2004 net earnings was $459 million, which, when compared with 2003 results, reflects improved results at most of MidAmerican’s major operating units. See Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding MidAmerican.

64

64

投资及衍生品收益/亏损

以下为投资及衍生品收益/亏损摘要。金额单位为百万美元。

2005 年 2004 年 2003 年

投资收益/亏损来自——

投资出售及其他处置——

保险及其他 5,831 1,527 2,873

金融及金融产品 544 61 338

非暂时性减值 (114) (19) (289)

人寿保单结算合同 (82) (207) —

其他 17 267 374

6,196 1,629 3,296

衍生品收益/亏损来自——

外币远期合约 (955) 1,839 825

其他 253 21 —

(702) 1,860 825

税前及少数股东权益前收益/亏损 5,494 3,489 4,121

所得税及少数股东权益 1,964 1,230 1,392

净收益/亏损 3,530 2,259 2,729

投资收益或亏损在投资出售时或根据 GAAP 要求确认。出售所产生的已实现收益或亏损的时点可能对各期收益产生重大影响。然而,此类收益或亏损通常对股东权益总额影响不大,即便有,也很小,因为大部分股权及固定期限投资按公允价值入账,未实现收益或亏损作为其他综合收益的组成部分列示。

多年来,伯克希尔持有吉列公司(“Gillette”)的普通股投资。宝洁公司(“PG”)于 2005 年 10 月 1 日完成对吉列的收购。当日,宝洁就每股吉列流通普通股发行 0.975 股普通股。伯克希尔在将吉列股票转换为宝洁股票时确认了约 50 亿美元的非现金税前投资收益。伯克希尔管理层并不认为按 GAAP 要求记录的这笔收益有实际意义。伯克希尔打算像持有吉列股票一样长期持有宝洁股票。为财务报告目的确认的收益就所得税而言予以递延。该交易对伯克希尔的合并股东权益基本没有影响,因为第四季度计入收益的收益,伴随着截至 2005 年 9 月 30 日累计其他综合收益中所含未实现投资收益的相应减少。

上表中列示的非暂时性减值损失,是指管理层根据 GAAP 要求认为某项投资的公允价值低于成本且并非暂时性时,将成本调整为公允价值的金额。减值损失是计入收益的非现金费用。有关判断过程中所考虑的因素摘要,请参见合并财务报表附注 1(d)。此前已确认非暂时性减值的证券最终出售所产生的收益和亏损,计入投资出售收益。

在 2004 年 1 月 1 日之前,伯克希尔按成本基础核算人寿保单结算合同投资,包括初始购买价格加上后续定期维护成本。自 2004 年起,由于获得的信息表明 SEC 认为应采用不同的会计方法,人寿保单结算投资按 FASB 技术公告(“FTB”)85-4《购买人寿保险的会计处理》进行核算。根据 FTB 85-4,人寿保单结算合同按合同的现金退保价值入账。购买这些合同所支付的现金超过购买日现金退保价值的部分立即确认为损失,定期维护成本(如维持基础保单有效的必要保费)立即计入收益。2004 年的税前损失中,包含与 2003 年 12 月 31 日持有的人寿保单结算合同相关的 7300 万美元。尽管这些合同记录了会计损失,管理层认为合同的当前价值不低于成本基础,并相信这些合同将产生令人满意的收益。

外币远期合约产生的衍生品收益和亏损,源于美元兑某些外币的汇率变动。某些外币汇率的微小变动,会导致这些合约公允价值发生重大变化,进而可能使报告的收益出现异常波动。2005 年,随着未平仓合约的名义金额减少约 76 亿美元至 138 亿美元(截至 2005 年 12 月 31 日),此类波动的潜在可能性有所降低。2005 年,大多数外币相对美元贬值,因此远期合约产生了税前亏损。相反,2004 年和 2003 年,许多外币相对美元升值,伯克希尔的合约头寸产生了显著的税前收益。

在 2004 年和 2005 年,伯克希尔还订立了其他衍生品合约,涉及其他实体的信用违约风险以及主要股票指数相关的股票价格风险。此类合约按估计公允价值入账,估计公允价值的变动计入变动当期的收益。这些合约不在交易所交易,也无法持续获取独立市场价格,因此,在估计公允价值时需要运用大量判断。

Investment and Derivative Gains/Losses A summary of investment and derivative gains and losses follows. Dollar amounts are in millions. 2005 2004 2003 Investment gains/losses from - Sales and other disposals of investments - Insurance and other ...................................................................................... $5,831 $1,527 $2,873 Finance and financial products .................................................................... 544 61 338 Other-than-temporary impairments.................................................................... (114) (19) (289) Life settlement contracts .................................................................................... (82) (207) — Other .................................................................................................................. 17 267 374 6,196 1,629 3,296 Derivative gains/losses from - Foreign currency forward contracts ................................................................... (955) 1,839 825 Other .................................................................................................................. 253 21 — (702) 1,860 825 Gains/losses before income taxes and minority interests ........................................ 5,494 3,489 4,121 Income taxes and minority interests............................................................. 1,964 1,230 1,392 Net gains/losses ....................................................................................................... $3,530 $2,259 $2,729 Investment gains or losses are recognized upon the sales of investments or as otherwise required under GAAP. The timing of realized gains or losses from sales can have a material effect on periodic earnings. However, such gains or losses usually have little, if any, impact on total shareholders’ equity because most equity and fixed maturity investments are carried at fair value, with the unrealized gain or loss included as a component of other comprehensive income. For many years, Berkshire held an investment in common stock of The Gillette Company (“Gillette”). The Procter & Gamble Company (“PG”) completed its acquisition of Gillette on October 1, 2005. On that date, PG issued 0.975 shares of common stock for each outstanding share of Gillette common stock. Berkshire recognized a non-cash pre-tax investment gain of approximately $5 billion upon the conversion of the Gillette shares for PG shares. Berkshire’s management does not regard the gain that was recorded, as required by GAAP, as meaningful. Berkshire intends to hold the shares of PG just as it has held the Gillette shares. The gain recognized for financial reporting purposes is deferred for income tax purposes. The transaction essentially had no effect on Berkshire’s consolidated shareholders’ equity because the gain included in earnings in the fourth quarter was accompanied by a corresponding reduction of unrealized investment gains included in accumulated other comprehensive income as of September 30, 2005. The other-than-temporary impairment losses reflected in the table above represent the adjustment of cost to fair value when, as required by GAAP, management concludes that the investment’s decline in value below cost is other than temporary. The impairment loss represents a non-cash charge to earnings. See Note 1(d) to the Consolidated Financial Statements for a summary of the factors considered in the judgment process. Gains and losses from the ultimate sale of securities in which other- than-temporary impairments were previously recorded are included in sales of investments. Prior to January 1, 2004, Berkshire accounted for investments in life settlement contracts on the cost basis, which included the initial purchase price plus subsequent periodic maintenance costs. Beginning in 2004, as a result of obtaining information that suggested the SEC believed a different accounting method should be used, life settlement investments are accounted for under FASB Technical Bulletin (“FTB”) 85-4 “Accounting for Purchases of Life Insurance.” Under FTB 85-4, the life settlement contracts are carried at the cash surrender value of the contract. The excess of the cash paid to purchase these contracts over the cash surrender value at the date of purchase is recognized as a loss immediately and periodic maintenance costs, such as premiums necessary to keep the underlying policies in force, are charged to earnings immediately. The pre-tax loss in 2004 included $73 million with respect to life settlement contracts held at December 31, 2003. Despite the accounting loss recorded for these contracts, management believes the current value of the contracts is no less than the cost basis and believes these contracts will produce satisfactory earnings. Derivative gains and losses from foreign currency forward contracts arise as the value of the U.S. dollar changes against certain foreign currencies. Small changes in certain foreign currency exchange rates produce material changes in the fair value of these contracts and consequently can produce exceptional volatility in reported earnings. The potential for such volatility declined in 2005 as the notional value of open contracts declined approximately $7.6 billion to $13.8 billion as of December 31, 2005. During 2005, the value of most foreign currencies decreased relative to the U.S. dollar. Thus, forward contracts produced pre-tax losses. Conversely, the value of many foreign currencies rose relative to the U.S. dollar in 2004 and 2003, and Berkshire’s contract positions produced significant pre-tax gains. During 2004 and 2005, Berkshire has also entered into other derivative contracts pertaining to credit default risks of other entities as well as equity price risk associated with major equity indexes. Such contracts are carried at estimated fair value and the change in estimated fair value is included in earnings in the period of the change. These contracts are not traded on an exchange and independent market prices are not consistently available. Accordingly, considerable judgment is required in estimating fair value.

65

65

管理层讨论(续)

财务状况

伯克希尔的资产负债表继续展现充裕的流动性和强大的资本基础。截至 2005 年 12 月 31 日,合并股东权益总计 915 亿美元。合并现金及投资资产(不含金融及金融产品业务的资产)在 2005 年 12 月 31 日约为 1156 亿美元(含 405 亿美元的现金及现金等价物),在 2004 年 12 月 31 日为 1029 亿美元(含 400 亿美元的现金及现金等价物)。伯克希尔的投资资产主要持有于其保险业务中。

2005 年 6 月 30 日,伯克希尔从通用电气公司的一家关联公司收购了 Med Pro。Med Pro 是一家主要的医疗事故责任险保险公司。2005 年 8 月 31 日,伯克希尔收购了 Forest River, Inc.,这是一家在美国和加拿大销售休闲车的制造商。此外,2005 年期间,伯克希尔的子公司还完成了几项其他较小的补强型收购。2005 年所有收购支付的总对价约为 24 亿美元。

截至 2005 年 12 月 31 日,伯克希尔的合并应付票据及其他借款(不含金融业务的借款)总计 36 亿美元,2004 年 12 月 31 日为 35 亿美元。2005 年期间,商业票据及子公司的短期借款增加了 2.42 亿美元,主要原因是 NetJets 为收购更多飞机而借款。此外,2005 年期间,投资合同下的借款增加了 2.5 亿美元,这是因为一份将于 2007 年到期的新的投资合同。

2002 年 5 月,伯克希尔发行了 SQUARZ 证券,其中包括 4 亿美元面值的 2007 年 11 月到期高级票据,以及可购买 4464 股伯克希尔 A 类普通股等值股份的认股权证(权证于 2007 年 5 月到期)。伯克希尔需按年利率 3.75% 支付权证溢价,同时按 3.00% 的利率向票据持有人支付利息。每份权证赋予持有人以 1 万美元的价格购买 0.1116 股 A 类股票或 3.348 股 B 类股票的权利。此外,高级票据持有人有权要求伯克希尔在 2006 年 5 月 15 日按面值回购这些高级票据,前提是持有人同时交回相应数量的权证予以注销。截至目前,尚未有权证被行权,已有 6400 万美元面值的票据被赎回。

2006 年 2 月 9 日,出于财务报告目的,伯克希尔获得了对中美能源的控制权。有关中美能源的更多信息,请参见合并财务报表附注 2。此外,中美能源预计将在 2006 年 3 月以约 51 亿美元完成对 PacifiCorp 的收购,届时伯克希尔将再以 34 亿美元收购中美能源的额外股份,从而将其持股比例增至 88.6%(摊薄后为 86.5%)。中美能源计划为剩余的购买价款发行额外债务或其他证券。伯克希尔未曾、也不打算为中美能源或其子公司发行的债务提供担保。但伯克希尔已做出承诺,允许中美能源在 2011 年 2 月 28 日之前,可请求最高 35 亿美元的资金用于偿还其债务或向其受监管的子公司提供资金。

截至 2005 年 12 月 31 日,金融及金融产品业务的总资产为 245 亿美元,2004 年 12 月 31 日为 310 亿美元。截至 2005 年 12 月 31 日,负债总计 203 亿美元,2004 年 12 月 31 日为 204 亿美元。2005 年期间,固定期限证券投资大幅下降(50 亿美元),源于销售和处置;这被回购协议下出售证券的减少(46 亿美元)所抵消。衍生合约资产减少 34 亿美元,原因是未到期衍生合约大幅减少,包括 GRS 剩余头寸的持续清理。资产的减少部分被作为抵押品持有资金对应的对手方负债的减少所抵消。2005 年衍生合约负债略微增加,因为 GRS 清理导致的负债减少被伯克希尔另一家子公司其他衍生品头寸所产生负债的增加所抵消。

截至 2005 年 12 月 31 日,金融及金融产品业务的现金及现金等价物总计 42 亿美元,2004 年 12 月 31 日为 34 亿美元。2004 年期间,Clayton 的预制房屋贷款增加了约 50 亿美元,至 2004 年 12 月 31 日的 75 亿美元;到 2005 年 12 月 31 日,进一步增至 96 亿美元。增加主要归因于 2004 年和 2005 年的贷款组合收购。在 2003 年 8 月被伯克希尔收购之前,Clayton 通过特殊目的实体将其大部分分期贷款进行了证券化和出售。2003 年初,Clayton 停止了其贷款证券化和出售业务。

截至 2005 年 12 月 31 日,伯克希尔金融及金融产品业务的应付票据及其他借款总计 109 亿美元,2004 年 12 月 31 日为 54 亿美元。2005 年期间,伯克希尔·哈撒韦金融公司(“BHFC”)发行了总计 52.5 亿美元面值的中期票据。这些发行的收益用于为 Clayton 发起和收购的贷款提供资金。由 BHFC 发行的中期票据(合计 88.5 亿美元)由伯克希尔提供担保。

伯克希尔认为,其目前维持着足够的流动性以覆盖现有合同义务并提供或有流动性准备。

合同义务

伯克希尔及其子公司是与其持续经营和融资活动相关的合同的当事方,这些合同将导致未来期间向对手方支付现金。应付票据及回购协议下出售的证券,连同资产负债表日已计提但未支付的利息,均反映在合并财务报表中。此外,伯克希尔在资产负债表日之后,仍有义务支付债务项下的利息。尽管某些本金余额可能在到期日之前提前偿还,从而减少未来的利息义务,但为披露之目的,假设不会发生本金提前偿还。此外,虽然短期借款和回购协议目前预期到期后会续期,但为披露之目的,不假设这些金额会续期。

伯克希尔及其子公司也是未来购买货物或服务的长期合同的当事方,目前这些合同未在财务报表中反映。此类义务,包括经营租赁下的未来最低租金,将在货物交付或服务提供的未来期间反映。资产负债表日后因已收到货物和服务且已产生负债的采购,若此类金额在资产负债表日后一年内到期,则不包含在内。

财产和意外伤害保险合同下未付损失及损失调整费用的合同义务均为估计数。这些付款的时间和金额取决于未来多年内理赔的最终结果。下表中的金额是根据过去的理赔结算活动估算的。这些付款的时间和金额存在重大估计误差。影响理赔最终金额的因素将在下文关于伯克希尔关键会计政策的章节中讨论。因此,实际付款时间和金额可能与表中所示金额存在重大差异。

截至 2005 年 12 月 31 日的长期合同义务汇总如下。金额代表预计的未折现应付总额。此外,财产和意外伤害损失准备金中的某些损失及损失调整费用已通过再保险合同分出给其他方,因此是可回收的。此类潜在可回收金额未在表中反映。金额单位为百万美元。

按期间划分的预计到期付款

总计 2006 年 2007-2008 年 2009-2010 年 2010 年后

(1)

应付票据及其他借款 $ 18,700 $ 2,441 $ 5,666 $ 3,155 $ 7,438

根据回购协议出售的

证券 (1) 1,162 1,162 — — —

经营租赁 1,632 357 532 323 420

采购义务 (2) 12,651 3,897 3,370 2,369 3,015

未付损失及损失费用 50,832 12,192 13,713 7,119 17,808

其他长期保单持有人负债 3,937 42 59 41 3,795

其他 (3) 12,473 871 714 2,129 8,759

Management’s Discussion (Continued) Financial Condition Berkshire’s balance sheet continues to reflect significant liquidity and a strong capital base. Consolidated shareholders’ equity at December 31, 2005 totaled $91.5 billion. Consolidated cash and invested assets, excluding assets of finance and financial products businesses, totaled approximately $115.6 billion at December 31, 2005 (including cash and cash equivalents of $40.5 billion) and $102.9 billion at December 31, 2004 (including $40.0 billion in cash and cash equivalents). Berkshire’s invested assets are held predominantly in its insurance businesses. On June 30, 2005, Berkshire acquired Med Pro from an affiliate of General Electric Company. Med Pro is a primary medical malpractice insurer. On August 31, 2005, Berkshire acquired Forest River, Inc., a manufacturer of recreational vehicles sold in the United States and Canada. In addition, a few other smaller add on acquisitions were completed by Berkshire subsidiaries during 2005. Aggregate consideration paid for all acquisitions in 2005 was approximately $2.4 billion. Berkshire’s consolidated notes payable and other borrowings, excluding borrowings of finance businesses, totaled $3.6 billion at December 31, 2005 and $3.5 billion at December 31, 2004. During 2005, commercial paper and short-term borrowings of subsidiaries increased $242 million, due primarily to borrowings of NetJets to acquire additional aircraft. Additionally, borrowings under investment contracts increased $250 million during 2005 due to a new contract which matures in 2007. In May 2002, Berkshire issued the SQUARZ securities, which consist of $400 million par amount of senior notes due in November 2007 together with warrants to purchase 4,464 Class A equivalent shares of Berkshire common stock, which expire in May 2007. A warrant premium is payable to Berkshire at an annual rate of 3.75% and interest is payable to note holders at a rate of 3.00%. Each warrant provides the holder the right to purchase either 0.1116 shares of Class A or 3.348 shares of Class B stock for $10,000. In addition, holders of the senior notes have the option to require Berkshire to repurchase the senior notes at par on May 15, 2006, provided that the holders also surrender a corresponding amount of warrants for cancellation. To date, no warrants have been exercised and $64 million par of notes have been redeemed. On February 9, 2006, Berkshire obtained control of MidAmerican for financial reporting purposes. See Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more information concerning MidAmerican. In addition, MidAmerican expects to complete its acquisition of PacifiCorp in March 2006 for approximately $5.1 billion, at which time Berkshire will acquire additional shares of MidAmerican for $3.4 billion thereby increasing its ownership interest to 88.6% (86.5% diluted). MidAmerican intends to issue additional debt or other securities for the remainder of the purchase price. Berkshire has not provided and does not intend to guaranty debt issued by MidAmerican or its subsidiaries. However, Berkshire has made a commitment that allows MidAmerican to request up to $3.5 billion of capital until February 28, 2011 to pay its debt obligations or to provide funding to its regulated subsidiaries. Total assets of the finance and financial products businesses totaled $24.5 billion as of December 31, 2005, and $31.0 billion at December 31, 2004. Liabilities totaled $20.3 billion as of December 31, 2005, and $20.4 billion at December 31, 2004. During 2005, significant declines in investments in fixed maturity securities ($5.0 billion) resulted from sales and disposals and were offset by a decline ($4.6 billion) in securities sold under repurchase agreements. A $3.4 billion decline in derivative contract assets was the result of a large reduction in derivative contracts outstanding, including the ongoing run-off of the remaining positions of GRS. The asset reductions were partially offset by declines in liabilities to counterparties for funds held as collateral. Derivative contract liabilities increased slightly in 2005 as declines in liabilities due to the run-off of GRS were offset by increases in liabilities established with respect to other derivative positions of another Berkshire subsidiary. Cash and cash equivalents of finance and financial products businesses totaled $4.2 billion as of December 31, 2005 and $3.4 billion as of December 31, 2004. During 2004, manufactured housing loans of Clayton increased approximately $5.0 billion to $7.5 billion as of December 31, 2004 and as of December 31, 2005 further increased to $9.6 billion. The increases were primarily attributed to loan portfolio acquisitions during 2004 and 2005. Prior to its acquisition by Berkshire in August 2003, Clayton securitized and sold a significant portion of its installment loans through special purpose entities. In early 2003, Clayton discontinued its loan securitizations and sales. Notes payable and other borrowings of Berkshire’s finance and financial products businesses totaled $10.9 billion at December 31, 2005 and $5.4 billion at December 31, 2004. During 2005, Berkshire Hathaway Finance Corporation (“BHFC”) issued a total of $5.25 billion par amount of medium term notes. The proceeds of these issues were used to finance originated and acquired loans of Clayton. Medium term notes issued by BHFC ($8.85 billion in the aggregate) are guaranteed by Berkshire. Berkshire believes that it currently maintains sufficient liquidity to cover its existing contractual obligations and provide for contingent liquidity. Contractual Obligations Berkshire and its subsidiaries are parties to contracts associated with ongoing business and financing activities, which will result in cash payments to counterparties in future periods. Notes payable and securities sold under agreements to repurchase are reflected in the Consolidated Financial Statements along with accrued but unpaid interest as of the balance sheet date. In addition, Berkshire will be obligated to pay interest under debt obligations for periods subsequent to the balance sheet date. Although certain principal balances may be prepaid in advance of the maturity date, thus reducing future interest

66

66

合同义务(续)

为本次披露之目的,假定不会发生本金提前偿还。此外,虽然短期借款和回购协议目前预期在到期时续期,但为本次披露之目的,并未假定这些金额会续期。

伯克希尔及其子公司也是在未来购买货物或服务的长期合同的当事方,这些合同目前未在财务报表中反映。此类义务,包括经营租赁下的未来最低租金,将在货物交付或服务提供的未来期间反映。对已收到货物和服务且已产生负债的采购,若其应付金额在资产负债表日后一年内到期,则不包含在内。

财产与意外伤害保险合同项下未付损失及损失调整费用的合同义务均为估计数。这些付款的时间和金额取决于未来多年间理赔的最终结果。下表中的金额系根据过往的理赔结算活动估算得出。这些付款的时间和金额存在重大估计误差。影响理赔最终金额的因素将在下文关于伯克希尔关键会计政策的章节中讨论。因此,实际付款时间和金额可能与表中所示金额存在重大差异。

截至 2005 年 12 月 31 日的长期合同义务汇总如下。金额代表预计的未折现应付总额。此外,财产与意外伤害损失准备金中的某些损失及损失调整费用已通过再保险合同分出给其他方,因此是可回收的。此类潜在可回收金额未在表中反映。金额单位为百万美元。

按期间划分的预计到期付款

总计 2006 年 2007—2008 年 2009—2010 年 2010 年后

(1)

应付票据及其他借款 $ 18,700 $ 2,441 $ 5,666 $ 3,155 $ 7,438

根据回购协议出售的

证券 (1) 1,162 1,162 — — —

经营租赁 1,632 357 532 323 420

采购义务 (2) 12,651 3,897 3,370 2,369 3,015

未付损失及损失费用 50,832 12,192 13,713 7,119 17,808

其他长期保单持有人负债 3,937 42 59 41 3,795

其他 (3) 12,473 871 714 2,129 8,759

Contractual Obligations (Continued) obligations, it is assumed that no principal prepayments will occur for purposes of this disclosure. Further, while short-term borrowings and repurchase agreements are currently expected to be renewed as they mature, such amounts are not assumed to renew for purposes of this disclosure. Berkshire and subsidiaries are also parties to long-term contracts to acquire goods or services in the future, which are not currently reflected in the financial statements. Such obligations, including future minimum rentals under operating leases, will be reflected in future periods as the goods are delivered or services provided. Amounts due as of the balance sheet date for purchases where the goods and services have been received and a liability incurred are not included to the extent that such amounts are due within one year of the balance sheet date. Contractual obligations for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses arising under property and casualty insurance contracts are estimates. The timing and amount of such payments are contingent upon the ultimate outcome of claim settlements that will occur over many years. The amounts presented in the following table have been estimated based upon past claim settlement activities. The timing and amount of such payments are subject to significant estimation error. The factors affecting the ultimate amount of claims are discussed in the following section regarding Berkshire’s critical accounting policies. Accordingly, the actual timing and amount of payments may differ materially from the amounts shown in the table. A summary of long-term contractual obligations as of December 31, 2005 follows. Amounts represent estimates of gross undiscounted amounts payable over time. In addition, certain losses and loss adjustment expenses for property and casualty loss reserves are ceded to others under reinsurance contracts and therefore are recoverable. Such potential recoverables are not reflected in the table. Amounts are in millions. Estimated payments due by period Total 2006 2007-2008 2009-2010 After 2010 (1) Notes payable and other borrowings .......... $ 18,700 $ 2,441 $ 5,666 $ 3,155 $ 7,438 Securities sold under agreements to repurchase (1) .............................................. 1,162 1,162 — — — Operating leases ............................................. 1,632 357 532 323 420 Purchase obligations (2) .................................. 12,651 3,897 3,370 2,369 3,015 Unpaid losses and loss expenses .................... 50,832 12,192 13,713 7,119 17,808 Other long-term policyholder liabilities......... 3,937 42 59 41 3,795 Other (3) .......................................................... 12,473 871 714 2,129 8,759

总计 $101,387 $20,962 $24,054 $15,136 $41,235

(1) 含利息

(2) 主要与 NetJets 公务航空的飞机采购有关

(3) 主要是年金准备金、员工福利和衍生品合约负债

Total ............................................................... $101,387 $20,962 $24,054 $15,136 $41,235 (1) Includes interest (2) Principally relates to NetJets’ aircraft purchases (3) Principally annuity reserves, employee benefits and derivative contract liabilities

关键会计政策

某些会计政策要求管理层对若干年后才能结算的交易做出估计和判断。财务报表中根据此类估计确认的金额,必然建立在涉及不同程度、且可能相当重大的判断与不确定性的诸多假设之上。因此,随着更多信息的获取,当前在财务报表中列示的金额未来很可能会增加或减少。

财产与意外伤害损失

伯克希尔未付财产与意外伤害损失合并负债的摘要如下表所示。除某些工伤保险准备金外,未付财产与意外伤害损失负债(本节中称为“未付毛损失”)在合并资产负债表中列示时,无论理赔尾期多长,均不考虑折现。金额单位为百万美元。

未付毛损失 未付净损失*

2005 年 12 月 31 日 2004 年 12 月 31 日 2005 年 12 月 31 日 2004 年 12 月 31 日

GEICO $ 5,578 $ 5,112 $ 5,285 $ 4,867

通用再保险 21,524 22,258 20,429 20,056

BHRG 17,202 16,235 14,577 13,132

伯克希尔·哈撒韦基础业务 3,730 1,614 3,271 1,542

合计 $48,034 $45,219 $43,562 $39,597

Critical Accounting Policies Certain accounting policies require management to make estimates and judgments concerning transactions that will be settled several years in the future. Amounts recognized in the financial statements from such estimates are necessarily based on numerous assumptions involving varying and potentially significant degrees of judgment and uncertainty. Accordingly, the amounts currently reflected in the financial statements will likely increase or decrease in the future as additional information becomes available. Property and casualty losses A summary of Berkshire’s consolidated liabilities for unpaid property and casualty losses is presented in the table below. Except for certain workers’ compensation reserves, liabilities for unpaid property and casualty losses (referred to in this section as “gross unpaid losses”) are reflected in the Consolidated Balance Sheets without discounting for time value, regardless of the length of the claim-tail. Dollars are in millions. Gross unpaid losses Net unpaid losses* Dec. 31, 2005 Dec. 31, 2004 Dec. 31, 2005 Dec. 31, 2004 GEICO................................................................................. $ 5,578 $ 5,112 $ 5,285 $ 4,867 General Re........................................................................... 21,524 22,258 20,429 20,056 BHRG.................................................................................. 17,202 16,235 14,577 13,132 Berkshire Hathaway Primary .............................................. 3,730 1,614 3,271 1,542 Total .................................................................................... $48,034 $45,219 $43,562 $39,597

  • 已扣除再保险摊回和分入再保险的递延费用,且未计入外币折算影响。
  • Net of reinsurance recoverable and deferred charges reinsurance assumed and before foreign currency translation effects.

67

67

管理层讨论与分析(续)

Management’s Discussion (Continued)

财产和意外损失(续)

根据财产和意外保险及再保险合同,伯克希尔按合同项下于资产负债表日或之前发生的损失最终应付金额的估计值,对未付损失及损失调整费用计提负债。根据所估计损失的类型,财产与意外损失赔付的时间和金额存在很大程度的变动性,且除其他因素外,还取决于被保险人和分出公司报告索赔的时间,以及通过损失调整程序确定并支付最终损失金额的过程。公司采用多种方法来确定和审查截至资产负债表日的未付损失负债。虽然方法可能不同,但在预测已发生损失事件未来应付的最终金额时,必须做出大量判断和假设。

截至任何资产负债表日,已发生的索赔并非全部都已报告,而已报告的索赔也可能尚未结案。从损失发生日到支付日之间的时间段称为“索赔尾”。财产索赔的索赔尾通常相当短,在没有诉讼的情况下,通常在发生后几年内报告并结案。意外损失通常有很长的索赔尾,有时会延续数十年。意外索赔更容易受到诉讼的影响,并且可能因合同解释的变化和法律环境的变化而受到显著影响,这导致索赔尾延长。由于分出保险公司或再保险公司因合同条款或报告惯例而延迟报告,再保险公司的索赔尾可能会进一步延长。损失和损失调整费用准备金包括对已报告索赔(称为“个案准备金”)和已发生但未报告索赔(称为“IBNR”准备金)的计提。

对于根据再保险合同分出给其他再保险公司的保险损失,相关的应收款项以类似于保险损失负债的方式估计,因此也存在估计误差的风险。除上述因素外,如果再保险公司无法履行合同,再保险应收款最终可能无法收回。再保险合同并不免除分出公司赔偿其自身保单持有人的义务。

伯克希尔的每家保险业务都使用其认为最适合其业务的准备金确定方法。以下提供各重要业务(GEICO、通用再保险和 BHRG)准备金的相关补充信息。

GEICO

截至 2005 年 12 月 31 日,GEICO 的未付损失和损失调整费用毛准备金总额为 55.78 亿美元,扣除再保险应收款后的净额为 52.85 亿美元。截至 2005 年 12 月 31 日,毛准备金包括 39.10 亿美元的个案准备金和 16.68 亿美元的 IBNR 准备金。

GEICO 主要承保私人乘用车保险,其索赔尾相对较短。因此,与通用再保险或 BHRG 相比,GEICO 的估计误差风险被认为要小得多。影响 GEICO 准备金的关键假设包括对最终索赔数量和每起索赔平均损失金额(“严重程度”)的预测,后者包括损失调整费用。GEICO 的准备金方法基于单个索赔(或“自下而上”方法)产生准备金估计值,这些估计值汇总后得出最终损失和损失调整费用的点估计值。公司不计算损失估计值的范围。以下详细讨论准备金确定的过程和考虑的重要因素。

精算师使用公认的标准统计损失发展方法和技术来建立和评估未付损失准备金。主要的准备金组成部分(及占毛准备金的百分比)为:(1)平均准备金(20%)、(2)个案和个案发展准备金(50%)以及(3)IBNR 准备金(30%)。损失准备金的每个组成部分都受到预期索赔频率和平均严重程度的影响。使用统计技术对历史索赔数据进行分析,并在适当时进行调整以反映感知到的损失模式变化。数据分析按保单覆盖范围、损失管辖区域、报告日期和发生日期等因素进行。以下对各组成部分进行简要讨论。

在建立单个个案准备金之前,为汽车损坏索赔和新的责任索赔设定平均准备金金额。平均准备金金额取决于每起索赔的估计平均严重程度和新增索赔的数量。每起索赔的平均严重程度金额是通过预测每个事故季度的最终严重程度,并综合考虑已报告索赔和未报告索赔的权重来确定的。

索赔理算员通常在能够评估每起索赔的具体事实和案情后,立即建立个案损失和损失调整费用准备金估计值。个案准备金代表理算员判断合理预期未来为完全结清该索赔(包括费用)而支付的金额。随着更多信息的获取,会修正单个个案准备金。

对于大多数责任险种,仅凭个案准备金不足以衡量最终成本,部分原因是索赔尾较长、发生旷日持久的诉讼的可能性更大,以及在建立个案准备金时可用事实不完整。因此,通常会建立额外的个案发展准备金估计值,通常按个案准备金的一定百分比计算。一般来说,个案发展因子是通过对历史个案准备金整体充足性的回顾性分析来选择的。个案发展因子会定期审查和修订。

Property and casualty losses (Continued) Berkshire records liabilities for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses under property and casualty insurance and reinsurance contracts based upon estimates of the ultimate amounts payable under the contracts with respect to losses occurring on or before the balance sheet date. Depending on the type of loss being estimated, the timing and amount of property and casualty loss payments are subject to a great degree of variability and are contingent, among other things, upon the timing of the claim reporting from insureds and cedants and the determination and payment of the ultimate loss amount through the loss adjustment process. A variety of techniques are used to establish and review the liabilities for unpaid losses recorded as of the balance sheet date. While techniques may vary, significant judgments and assumptions are necessary in projecting the ultimate amount payable in the future with respect to loss events that have occurred. As of any balance sheet date, claims that have occurred have not all been reported, and if reported may not have been settled. The time period between the occurrence date and payment date of a loss is referred to as the “claim-tail.” Property claims usually have fairly short claim-tails and, absent litigation, are reported and settled within no more than a few years after occurrence. Casualty losses usually have very long claim-tails, occasionally extending for decades. Casualty claims are more susceptible to litigation and can be significantly affected by changing contract interpretations and the legal environment which contributes to extended claim-tails. Claim-tails for reinsurers may be further extended due to delayed reporting by ceding insurers or reinsurers due to contractual provisions or reporting practices. Loss and loss adjustment expense reserves include provisions for those claims that have been reported (referred to as “case reserves”) and for those claims that have not been reported, referred to as incurred but not yet reported (“IBNR”) reserves. Receivables recorded with respect to insurance losses ceded to other reinsurers under reinsurance contracts are estimated in a manner similar to liabilities for insurance losses and, therefore, are also subject to estimation error. In addition to the factors cited above, reinsurance recoverables may ultimately prove to be uncollectible if the reinsurer is unable to perform under the contract. Reinsurance contracts do not relieve the ceding company of its obligations to indemnify its own policyholders. Each of Berkshire’s insurance businesses utilize techniques for establishing reserves that are believed to best fit the business. Additional information regarding reserves established by each of the significant businesses (GEICO, General Re and BHRG) follows. GEICO GEICO’s gross unpaid losses and loss adjustment expense reserves as of December 31, 2005 totaled $5,578 million and net of reinsurance recoverables were $5,285 million. As of December 31, 2005, gross reserves included $3,910 million of case reserves and $1,668 million of IBNR reserves. GEICO predominantly writes private passenger auto insurance which has a relatively short claim-tail. Accordingly, the risk of estimation error is thought to be much less at GEICO than for either General Re or BHRG. The key assumptions affecting GEICO’s reserves include projections of ultimate claim counts and average loss per claim (“severity”), which includes loss adjustment expenses. GEICO’s reserving methodologies produce reserve estimates based upon the individual claims (or a “ground-up” approach), which in the aggregate yields a point estimate of the ultimate losses and loss adjustment expenses. Ranges of loss estimates are not calculated in the aggregate. A detailed discussion of the process and significant factors considered in establishing reserves follows. Actuaries establish and evaluate unpaid loss reserves using recognized standard statistical loss development methods and techniques. The significant reserve components (and percentage of gross reserves) are: (1) average reserves (20%), (2) case and case development reserves (50%), and (3) IBNR reserves (30%). Each component of loss reserves is affected by the expected frequency and average severity of claims. Such amounts are analyzed using statistical techniques on historical claims data and adjusted when appropriate to reflect perceived changes in loss patterns. Data is analyzed by policy coverage, jurisdiction of loss, reporting date and occurrence date, among other factors. A brief discussion of each component follows. Average reserve amounts are established for auto damage claims and new liability claims prior to the development of an individual case reserve. Average reserve amounts are driven by the estimated average severity per claim and the number of new claims opened. The average severity per claim amount is developed by projecting the ultimate severity for each accident quarter and weighting with both reported claims and unreported claims. Claim adjusters generally establish individual liability claim case loss and loss adjustment expense reserve estimates as soon as the specific facts and merits of each claim can be evaluated. Case reserves represent the amounts that in the judgment of the adjusters are reasonably expected to be paid in the future to completely settle the claim, including expenses. Individual case reserves are revised as more information becomes known. For most liability coverages, case reserves alone are an insufficient measure of the ultimate cost due in part to the longer claim-tail, the greater chance of protracted litigation and the incompleteness of facts available at the time the case reserve is established. Therefore, additional case development reserve estimates are established, usually as a percentage of the case reserve. In general, case development factors are selected by a retrospective analysis of the overall adequacy of historical case reserves. Case development factors are reviewed and revised periodically.

68

68

财产与意外险损失(续)

GEICO(续)

对于未报案索赔,已发生但未报案(IBNR)准备金估算是这样计算得出的:首先,利用历史季度和月度索赔件数,针对每项主要险种预测预期最终索赔件数(已报案和未报案),按事故季度做出最终件数的逐期推估。从最终索赔件数预测值中减去已报案索赔件数,得出未报案索赔件数的估算值。再将未报案索赔件数乘以每件未报案索赔的平均成本估算值,即得 IBNR 准备金金额。精算技术在某些情况下难以可靠运用,例如遇到新的法律判例、集体诉讼或近期的巨灾。因此,可能需针对此类事件计提补充性 IBNR 准备金。

针对其各主要险种,GEICO 采用基于结案模型、已付赔款三角和已发生赔款三角的一项或多项精算预测,来检验总损失准备金的充足性。每类预测均分析特定期内发生的索赔的损失数据,并预测其最终成本。

据信,GEICO 面对的高度不确定损失敞口仅限于 1981 年至 1984 年期间承保的某些商业超额伞式保单。目前与此类敞口相关的剩余准备金在 GEICO 总准备金中占比相对较小(3%),且即便存在石棉或环境责任敞口,也微乎其微。过去一年与此相关的索赔活动微不足道。

通用再保险

截至 2005 年 12 月 31 日,通用再保险的未付赔款及理赔费用汇总如下。金额单位:百万美元。

工伤保险财产险意外险合计
已报案个案准备金1,9682,1997,76811,935
IBNR 准备金1,4791,0197,0919,589

Property and casualty losses (Continued) GEICO (Continued) For unreported claims, IBNR reserve estimates are calculated by first projecting the ultimate number of claims expected (reported and unreported) for each significant coverage by using historical quarterly and monthly claim counts, to develop age-to-age projections of the ultimate counts by accident quarter. Reported claims are subtracted from the ultimate claim projections to produce an estimate of the number of unreported claims. The number of unreported claims is multiplied by an estimate of the average cost per unreported claim to produce the IBNR reserve amount. Actuarial techniques are difficult to apply reliably in certain situations, such as to new legal precedents, class action suits or recent catastrophes. Consequently, supplemental IBNR reserves for these types of events may be established. For each of its major coverages, GEICO tests the adequacy of the total loss reserves using one or more actuarial projections based on claim closure models, paid loss triangles and incurred loss triangles. Each type of projection analyzes loss occurrence data for claims occurring in a given period and projects the ultimate cost. GEICO’s exposure to highly uncertain losses is believed to be limited to certain commercial excess umbrella policies written during a period from 1981 to 1984. Remaining reserves associated with such exposure is currently a relatively insignificant component of GEICO’s total reserves (3%) and there is little, if any, apparent asbestos or environmental liability exposure. Related claim activity over the past year was insignificant. General Re General Re’s unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses as of December 31, 2005 are summarized below. Amounts are in millions. Workers’ Property Compensation Casualty Total Reported case reserves ............................... $1,968 $2,199 $ 7,768 $11,935 IBNR reserves ............................................ 1,479 1,019 7,091 9,589

毛准备金 | 3,447 | 3,218 | 14,859 | 21,524

Gross reserves ............................................ $3,447 $3,218 $14,859 21,524

分出准备金及递延费用 | (1,095)

Ceded reserves and deferred charges.......... (1,095)

净准备金 | 20,429

Net reserves................................................ $20,429

通用再保险建立损失准备金估计的过程采用自下而上的方法,从个案估计入手,并辅以追加个案准备金(“ACR”)与 IBNR 准备金。计提这些损失准备金时的关键判断涉及:理赔专员对 ACR 的设定、驱动 IBNR 准备金金额的预期最终赔付率,以及与预期损失报告模式相比之下的个案准备金报告趋势。公司通常不计算损失准备金区间,认为所需技术尚不够成熟,且所需假设条件众多,导致由此得出的区间不可靠。此外,公司也不采用索赔件数或每案平均赔付金额,因为客户无法持续提供足够详细且可靠的此类数据。

通用再保险的理赔专员根据具体案情以及保险和再保险合同条款与规定,建立个案准备金估计。对于再保险索赔,理赔专员从客户公司处接收通知,通知方式反映再保险合同条款。管辖索赔报告的合同条款通常基于客户对个案损失的看法(例如,准备金超过自留额一半的索赔)或伤害类型(例如,任何源于死亡的索赔)。某些再保险合同,如成数分保合同,允许以汇总方式报告索赔。

收到分出公司的再保险索赔通知后,理赔专员会对损失金额进行独立评估。在某些情况下,专员的估计值与分出公司报告的金额不同。如果专员的估计值显著高于分出公司的估计值,则会对这些索赔进行进一步调查。如认为恰当,会在分出公司报告金额之上追加计提 ACR。理赔专员还会定期到客户公司进行理赔稽核,个案准备金常会因此调增。2005 年,理赔专员完成了 400 余次理赔稽核。

精算师将所有损失与保费数据划分为不同板块(准备金单元),主要依据产品(例如合约分保、临时分保和项目分保)和业务条线(例如车险责任、财产险等)划分。对每一准备金单元,按事故年度汇总损失,并随时间推移进行分析。根据客户报告惯例的不同,部分损失和保费按保单年度汇总。这些损失汇总数据称为损失三角,是计算 IBNR 准备金的主要基础。北美业务目前审查逾 300 个准备金单元,国际业务目前审查约 900 个准备金单元。

General Re’s process of establishing loss reserve estimates is based upon a ground-up approach, beginning with case estimates and supplemented by additional case reserves (“ACR’s”) and IBNR reserves. Critical judgments in the establishment of these loss reserves involve the establishment of ACR’s by claim examiners, the expectation of ultimate loss ratios which drive IBNR reserve amounts and the case reserve reporting trends compared to the expected loss reporting patterns. The company does not routinely calculate loss reserve ranges because it believes that the techniques necessary have not sufficiently developed and the myriad of assumptions required render such resulting ranges to be unreliable. In addition, counts of claims or average amount per claim are not utilized because clients do not consistently provide reliable data in sufficient detail. General Re claim examiners establish case reserve estimates based on the facts and circumstances of the claims and the terms and provisions of the insurance and reinsurance contracts. For reinsurance claims, claim examiners receive notices from client companies in a manner that reflects the terms of the reinsurance contracts. Contract terms governing claim reporting are generally based on the client’s view of the case loss (e.g., claims with reserves greater than one-half the retention) or injury type (e.g., any claim arising from a fatality). Some reinsurance contracts, such as quota-share contracts, permit claims to be reported on a bulk basis. Upon notification of a reinsurance claim from a ceding company, claim examiners make independent evaluations of loss amounts. In some cases, examiners’ estimates differ from amounts reported by ceding companies. If the examiners’ estimates are significantly greater than the ceding company’s estimates, the claims are further investigated. If deemed appropriate, ACR’s are established above the amount reported by the ceding company. Examiners also conduct claim reviews at client companies periodically and case reserves are often increased as a result. In 2005, claim examiners conducted in excess of 400 claim reviews. Actuaries classify all loss and premium data into segments (reserve cells) primarily based on product (e.g., treaty, facultative, and program) and line of business (e.g., auto liability, property, etc.). For each reserve cell, losses are aggregated by accident year and analyzed over time. Depending on client reporting practices, some losses and premiums are aggregated by policy year. These loss aggregations are called loss triangles, which are the primary basis for IBNR reserve calculations. North American operations presently review over 300 reserve cells and the International operations presently review about 900 reserve cells.

69

69

管理层讨论(续)

财产及意外险损失(续)

通用再保险(续)

损失发展三角形用于确定预期已报告赔案的发展形态,并结合各事故年度的预期损失率,进一步用于确定已发生未报告(IBNR)准备金。额外计算构成估计预期损失发展形态的基础。预期损失发展形态的确定并非一个严格机械化的过程。在历史损失数据不足的情况下,会使用估算公式,并依赖其他损失发展三角形和判断。影响损失发展三角形的因素包括但不限于:客户理赔实务的变化、理赔员使用 ACR 方式的变化或客户公司理赔审查频率的变化、保单条款和承保范围的变化(如客户损失自留额水平、单次事故与累计保单限额)、损失趋势的变化以及导致意外损失的法律环境变化,以及其他统计变异性来源。这些因素都会影响预期损失发展形态的选定。

预期损失率是按准备金单元格、分事故年度选定的,依据是对汇总定价统计所预示的最终损失率的审查。预示最终损失率是使用选定的损失发展形态、已报告损失及已赚保费计算得出的。如果选定的发展形态不准确,那么预示最终损失率就不正确,这会影响选定的损失率,进而影响 IBNR 准备金。与选定的损失发展形态一样,选定预期损失率也并非一个严格机械化的过程,在分析预示最终损失率和部门定价损失率时需要运用判断。

IBNR 准备金是按准备金单元格、分事故年度,使用预期损失发展形态和预期损失率进行估计的。预期损失发展形态和预期损失率是计提 IBNR 准备金的关键假设,通常每年年末更新一次。一旦确定了年末 IBNR 准备金,精算师会计算下一个日历年的预期已报告赔案发展金额。这一计算不涉及新的假设,而是使用上一年年末的预期损失发展形态和预期损失率。然后,将预期损失分配到各期估计值中,再与下一年度的实际已报告损失进行比较。这一比较检验了上一年年末 IBNR 准备金的充足性,并为年度内可能调整 IBNR 准备金假设提供依据。

在某些准备金单元格中(例如超额董事及高级管理人员责任险、错误及遗漏险),IBNR 准备金基于估计的最终损失计提,而不考虑预期发展形态。这些单元格通常涉及因近期行业动态导致的损失活动激增,使得难以选定预期损失发展形态,正如近期一波公司丑闻导致已报告损失增加那样。当内部损失数据可靠性有限时,例如在估算石棉和有害废弃物索赔时,会使用全行业的整体损失经验数据和基于专业信息的判断。截至 2005 年 12 月 31 日,环境、石棉和群体侵权责任的未付准备金毛额约为 18 亿美元,扣除再保险后净额约为 13 亿美元。截至 2004 年 12 月 31 日,此类准备金毛额约为 16 亿美元,净额约为 13 亿美元。2005 年此类损失已付赔款约为 9300 万美元。

BHRG

截至 2005 年 12 月 31 日,BHRG 的未付损失及损失调整费用汇总如下。金额单位:百万美元。

财产险 意外险 总计

已报告个案准备金 $3,860 $1,476 $5,336

IBNR 准备金 997 1,900 2,897

追溯性准备金 — 8,969 8,969

Management’s Discussion (Continued) Property and casualty losses (Continued) General Re (Continued) Loss triangles are used to determine the expected case loss emergence patterns and, in conjunction with expected loss ratios by accident year, are further used to determine IBNR reserves. Additional calculations form the basis for estimating the expected loss emergence pattern. The determination of the expected loss emergence pattern is not strictly a mechanical process. In instances where the historical loss data is insufficient, estimation formulas are used along with reliance on other loss triangles and judgment. Factors affecting loss development triangles include but are not limited to the following: changing client claims practices, changes in claim examiners use of ACR’s or the frequency of client company claim reviews, changes in policy terms and coverage (such as client loss retention levels and occurrence and aggregate policy limits), changes in loss trends and changes in legal trends that result in unanticipated losses, as well as other sources of statistical variability. These items influence the selection of the expected loss emergence patterns. Expected loss ratios are selected by reserve cell, by accident year, based upon reviewing indicated ultimate loss ratios predicted from aggregated pricing statistics. Indicated ultimate loss ratios are calculated using the selected loss emergence pattern, reported losses and earned premium. If the selected emergence pattern is not accurate, then the indicated ultimate loss ratios will not be correct and this can influence the selected loss ratios and hence the IBNR reserve. As with selected loss emergence patterns, selecting expected loss ratios is not a strictly mechanical process and judgment is used in the analysis of indicated ultimate loss ratios and department pricing loss ratios. IBNR reserves are estimated by reserve cell, by accident year, using the expected loss emergence pattern and the expected loss ratios. The expected loss emergence patterns and expected loss ratios are the critical IBNR reserving assumptions and are generally updated every year-end. Once the year-end IBNR reserves are determined, actuaries calculate expected case loss emergence for the upcoming calendar year. This calculation does not involve new assumptions and uses the prior year-end expected loss emergence patterns and expected loss ratios. The expected losses are then allocated into interim estimates that are compared to actual reported losses in the subsequent year. This comparison provides a test of the adequacy of prior year-end IBNR reserves and forms the basis for possibly changing IBNR reserve assumptions during the course of the year. In certain reserve cells (such as excess directors and officers and errors and omissions) IBNR reserves are based on estimated ultimate losses, without consideration of expected emergence patterns. These cells typically involve a spike in loss activity arising from recent industry developments making it difficult to select an expected loss emergence pattern as has been experienced from the recent wave of corporate scandals that have caused an increase in reported losses. Overall industry-wide loss experience data and informed judgment are used when internal loss data is of limited reliability, such as in setting the estimates for asbestos and hazardous waste claims. Unpaid environmental, asbestos and mass tort reserves at December 31, 2005 were approximately $1.8 billion gross and $1.3 billion net of reinsurance. Such reserves were approximately $1.6 billion gross and $1.3 billion net of reinsurance as of December 31, 2004. Claims paid attributable to such losses were about $93 million in 2005. BHRG BHRG’s unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses as of December 31, 2005 are summarized as follows. Amounts are in millions. Property Casualty Total Reported case reserves .......................................................... $ 3,860 $ 1,476 $ 5,336 IBNR reserves ....................................................................... 997 1,900 2,897 Retroactive ............................................................................ — 8,969 8,969

准备金毛额 $4,857 $12,345 $17,202

Gross reserves ....................................................................... $ 4,857 $12,345 17,202

分出准备金及递延费用 (2,625)

准备金净额 $14,577

Ceded reserves and deferred charges..................................... (2,625) Net reserves........................................................................... $14,577

截至 2005 年 12 月 31 日,BHRG 与追溯再保险保单相关的损失准备金毛额均归属为意外损失。追溯保单包括超赔合约,此类合约为超出合约自留额的损失(与过往损失事件相关)提供赔偿,或为对手方在保单生效日之后支付的所有损失提供赔偿的合约。2005 年支付的追溯性损失共计 9.69 亿美元。“已报告个案准备金”这一分类对于追溯保单而言几乎没有任何实际分析价值,因为该金额源自分保公司批量提交的报告,而这些公司对“个案准备金”的定义可能不尽一致。准备金是在整体层面进行审查和计提的,其中包括了对 IBNR 准备金的计提。

在计提追溯再保险准备金时,会分析历史的整体损失付款模式,并在多种情景下将其外推至未来。许多保单的索赔尾部预计将非常漫长,可能持续数十年。管理层会对这些整体损失付款情景赋予带有判断性的概率因子,从而确定出一个预期结果。由于合约赔偿限额的存在,截至 2005 年 12 月 31 日,追溯保单项下应付的最大损失约为 115 亿美元。

As of December 31, 2005, BHRG’s gross loss reserves related to retroactive reinsurance policies were attributed to casualty losses. Retroactive policies include excess-of-loss contracts, in which losses (relating to past loss events) above a contractual retention are indemnified or contracts that indemnify all losses paid by the counterparty after the policy effective date. Retroactive losses paid in 2005 totaled $969 million. The classification “reported case reserves” has no practical analytical value with respect to retroactive policies since the amount is derived from reports in bulk from ceding companies, who may have inconsistent definitions of “case reserves.” Reserves are reviewed and established in the aggregate including provisions for IBNR reserves. In establishing retroactive reinsurance reserves, historical aggregate loss payment patterns are analyzed and projected into the future under various scenarios. The claim-tail is expected to be very long for many policies and may last several decades. Management attributes judgmental probability factors to these aggregate loss payment scenarios and an expectancy outcome is determined. Due to contractual limits of indemnification, the maximum losses payable under retroactive policies are approximately $11.5 billion as of December 31, 2005.

70

70

财产和意外险损失(续)

BHRG(续)

目前认为,BHRG 与环境、石棉和潜伏性伤害损失及损失调整费用相关的负债,主要集中在追溯再保险合同内。截至 2005 年 12 月 31 日,此类损失的准备金约为 40 亿美元,截至 2004 年 12 月 31 日约为 42 亿美元。2005 年因此类损失支付的赔款约为 2.73 亿美元。作为再保险公司,BHRG 通常无法持续、稳定地从分出公司获得关于石棉、环境和潜伏性伤害索赔数量的可靠信息,在涉及多险种合同或累计超额损失保单时尤其如此。

BHRG 的其他财产和意外险损失准备金来自巨灾、单一风险和多个险种再保险保单。准备金金额基于分出公司报告的损失估计以及已发生未报告赔款准备金(IBNR),后者主要取决于分出公司报告的损失,以及按单个合同基础确定的预期赔付率,同时辅以管理层在知悉重大巨灾事件后对其各合同影响的判断。预期赔付率基于管理层的判断,综合考虑了承保的业务类型、对各家分出公司损失历史的分析,以及分出公司承保并转而分给 BHRG 的那部分底层合同的评估。公司未编制因底层假设变化而产生的准备金金额区间。

其他关键会计政策

伯克希尔将因承担追溯再保险合同下的负债而确认的递延支出记为资产。在合同初始日,递延支出代表收到的对价与未付损失估计最终负债之间的差额。递延支出采用利息法,在预计的最终索赔支付期内摊销,并作为损失和损失费用的一部分计入收益。递延支出余额会定期调整,以反映对损失支付金额和支付时间的新预测。对这些假设的调整从合同初始日起追溯适用。截至 2005 年 12 月 31 日,未摊销递延支出总计 24 亿美元。估计未付损失的金额和支付时间如发生重大变化,可能会对未摊销递延支出及定期摊销金额产生重大影响。

伯克希尔截至 2005 年 12 月 31 日的合并资产负债表含有约 236 亿美元的收购企业商誉。进行商誉减值测试需要大量判断。此类测试包括定期确定或复核伯克希尔报告单位的估计公允价值。估计报告单位公允价值的方法有多种,包括市场报价、资产和负债公允价值以及折现的未来预计净收益和收益倍数等其他估值技术。如果包含商誉在内的报告单位账面价值超过其估计公允价值,则需对报告单位的单项资产(包括可辨认无形资产)和负债按公允价值进行估计。报告单位的估计公允价值超出估计净资产公允价值的部分,即为商誉的隐含价值。记录的商誉金额超出隐含价值的部分,则作为减值损失计入收益。

伯克希尔的合并财务状况反映了规模极为庞大的投资资产。这些资产的相当一部分按公允价值入账,公允价值基于当期市场报价,无法获得市场报价时则基于公允价值定价模型。伯克希尔的部分固定期限证券在金融市场上并未交投活跃。此外,伯克希尔的金融业务持有大量应收融资款,这些款项按摊余成本计量。在确定某些定价模型所用的假设时,需要大量判断,这些假设包括利率、贷款提前偿还速度、信用风险和流动性风险假设。这些假设的重大变化可能对账面价值产生重大影响。

与尚未生效的近期发布会计公告相关的信息,见合并财务报表附注 1(r)。如合并财务报表附注 1(r) 所示,伯克希尔预计近期发布的任何会计公告均不会对其财务报表产生重大影响。

市场风险披露

伯克希尔的合并资产负债表含有大量公允价值受市场风险影响的资产和负债。伯克希尔的重大市场风险主要与利率、权益价格和外汇汇率相关。以下部分将讨论伯克希尔业务活动面临的重大市场风险。

利率风险

伯克希尔管理层倾向于基于下文权益价格风险部分讨论的原则,投资权益证券或收购整个企业。在无法做到时,管理层或会转而投资债券、贷款或其他利率敏感型工具。伯克希尔的策略是收购相对其可感知信用风险而言,定价具有吸引力的证券。管理层承认并接受可能产生损失。历史上,伯克希尔一直保持适度水平的企业借款和债务。此外,伯克希尔力求维持最高信用评级,以最大限度降低债务成本。伯克希尔在有限范围内使用衍生工具(例如利率掉期)来管理利率风险。

Property and casualty losses (Continued) BHRG (Continued) BHRG’s liabilities for environmental, asbestos, and latent injury losses and loss adjustment expenses are presently believed to be concentrated within retroactive reinsurance contracts. Reserves for such losses were approximately $4.0 billion at December 31, 2005 and $4.2 billion at December 31, 2004. Claims paid in 2005 attributable to such losses were approximately $273 million. BHRG, as a reinsurer, does not regularly receive reliable information regarding numbers of asbestos, environmental and latent injury claims from ceding companies on a consistent basis, particularly with respect to multi-line treaty or aggregate excess of loss policies. BHRG’s other property and casualty loss reserves derive from catastrophe, individual risk and multi-line reinsurance policies. Reserve amounts are based upon loss estimates reported by ceding companies and IBNR reserves, which are primarily a function of reported losses from ceding companies and anticipated loss ratios established on an individual contract basis supplemented by management’s judgment of the impact on each contract of major catastrophe events as they become known. Anticipated loss ratios are based upon management’s judgment considering the type of business covered, analysis of each ceding company’s loss history and evaluation of that portion of the underlying contracts underwritten by each ceding company, which are in turn ceded to BHRG. A range of reserve amounts as a result of changes in underlying assumptions is not prepared. Other Critical Accounting Policies Berkshire records as assets deferred charges with respect to liabilities assumed under retroactive reinsurance contracts. At the inception of these contracts, the deferred charges represent the difference between the consideration received and the estimated ultimate liability for unpaid losses. Deferred charges are amortized using the interest method over an estimate of the ultimate claim payment period and are reflected in earnings as a component of losses and loss expenses. The deferred charge balances are adjusted periodically to reflect new projections of the amount and timing of loss payments. Adjustments to these assumptions are applied retrospectively from the inception of the contract. Unamortized deferred charges totaled $2.4 billion at December 31, 2005. Significant changes in the amount and payment timing of estimated unpaid losses may have a significant effect on unamortized deferred charges and the amount of periodic amortization. Berkshire’s Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2005 includes goodwill of acquired businesses of approximately $23.6 billion. A significant amount of judgment is required in performing goodwill impairment tests. Such tests include periodically determining or reviewing the estimated fair value of Berkshire’s reporting units. There are several methods of estimating a reporting unit’s fair value, including market quotations, asset and liability fair values and other valuation techniques, such as discounted projected future net earnings and multiples of earnings. If the carrying amount of a reporting unit, including goodwill, exceeds the estimated fair value, then individual assets, including identifiable intangible assets, and liabilities of the reporting unit are estimated at fair value. The excess of the estimated fair value of the reporting unit over the estimated fair value of net assets would establish the implied value of goodwill. The excess of the recorded amount of goodwill over the implied value is then charged to earnings as an impairment loss. Berkshire’s consolidated financial position reflects very significant amounts of invested assets. A substantial portion of these assets are carried at fair values based upon current market quotations and, when not available, based upon fair value pricing models. Certain of Berkshire’s fixed maturity securities are not actively traded in the financial markets. Further, Berkshire’s finance businesses maintain significant balances of finance receivables, which are carried at amortized cost. Considerable judgment is required in determining the assumptions used in certain pricing models, including interest rate, loan prepayment speed, credit risk and liquidity risk assumptions. Significant changes in these assumptions can have a significant effect on carrying values. Information concerning recently issued accounting pronouncements which are not yet effective is included in Note 1(r) to the Consolidated Financial Statements. As indicated in Note 1(r) to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Berkshire does not expect any of the recently issued accounting pronouncements to have a material effect on its financial statements. Market Risk Disclosures Berkshire’s Consolidated Balance Sheets include a substantial amount of assets and liabilities whose fair values are subject to market risks. Berkshire’s significant market risks are primarily associated with interest rates, equity prices and foreign currency exchange rates. The following sections address the significant market risks associated with Berkshire’s business activities. Interest Rate Risk Berkshire’s management prefers to invest in equity securities or to acquire entire businesses based upon the principles discussed in the following section on equity price risk. When unable to do so, management may alternatively invest in bonds, loans or other interest rate sensitive instruments. Berkshire’s strategy is to acquire securities that are attractively priced in relation to the perceived credit risk. Management recognizes and accepts that losses may occur. Berkshire has historically utilized a modest level of corporate borrowings and debt. Further, Berkshire strives to maintain the highest credit ratings so that the cost of debt is minimized. Berkshire utilizes derivative products, such as interest rate swaps, to manage interest rate risks on a limited basis.

71

71

管理层讨论(续)

利率风险(续)

伯克希尔的固定期限投资、应付票据及其他借款的公允价值会随市场利率的变化而波动。市场利率上升通常导致这些工具的公允价值下降,利率下降则通常使其上升。此外,利率敏感型工具的公允价值还可能受发行人信用状况、提前赎回条款、替代投资品的相对价值、工具流动性以及其他整体市场条件的影响。固定利率投资对利率变化的敏感度可能高于浮动利率投资。

下表汇总了假设利率上升和下降对面临利率风险的资产与负债的预估影响。假设这些变化同时发生,并均匀作用于每类存在利率风险的金融工具。市场利率的假设性变化并不代表最佳或最差情景。由于存在提前赎回选择权,市场利率的波动可能导致还款时点发生重大改变。基于这些原因,实际结果可能与表中数据存在差异。金额单位为百万美元。

假设利率变动后的预估公允价值
(基点)
保险及其他业务公允价值下降 100 基点上升 100 基点上升 200 基点上升 300 基点
2005 年 12 月 31 日数据
固定期限证券投资27,42028,19926,65525,94225,327
应付票据及其他借款3,6533,6933,6163,5843,553

Management’s Discussion (Continued) Interest Rate Risk (Continued) The fair values of Berkshire’s fixed maturity investments and notes payable and other borrowings will fluctuate in response to changes in market interest rates. Increases and decreases in prevailing interest rates generally translate into decreases and increases in fair values of those instruments. Additionally, fair values of interest rate sensitive instruments may be affected by the creditworthiness of the issuer, prepayment options, relative values of alternative investments, the liquidity of the instrument and other general market conditions. Fixed interest rate investments may be more sensitive to interest rate changes than variable rate investments. The following table summarizes the estimated effects of hypothetical increases and decreases in interest rates on assets and liabilities that are subject to interest rate risk. It is assumed that the changes occur immediately and uniformly to each category of instrument containing interest rate risk. The hypothetical changes in market interest rates do not reflect what could be deemed best or worst case scenarios. Variations in market interest rates could produce significant changes in the timing of repayments due to prepayment options available. For these reasons, actual results might differ from those reflected in the table. Dollars are in millions. Estimated Fair Value after Hypothetical Change in Interest Rates (bp=basis points) 100 bp 100 bp 200 bp 300 bp Insurance and other businesses Fair Value decrease increase increase increase December 31, 2005 Investments in securities with fixed maturities ............. $27,420 $28,199 $26,655 $25,942 $25,327 Notes payable and other borrowings ............................. 3,653 3,693 3,616 3,584 3,553

2004 年 12 月 31 日

固定期限证券投资 22,846 美元 23,547 美元 22,135 美元 21,450 美元 20,843 美元

应付票据及其他借款 3,558 美元 3,605 美元 3,514 美元 3,476 美元 3,439 美元

December 31, 2004 Investments in securities with fixed maturities ............. $22,846 $23,547 $22,135 $21,450 $20,843 Notes payable and other borrowings ............................. 3,558 3,605 3,514 3,476 3,439

金融和金融产品业务*

2005 年 12 月 31 日

固定期限证券投资以及贷款和应收融资款 14,817 美元 15,508 美元 14,068 美元 13,358 美元 12,699 美元

应付票据及其他借款** 11,476 美元 11,902 美元 11,004 美元 10,607 美元 10,239 美元

Finance and financial products businesses * December 31, 2005 Investments in securities with fixed maturities and loans and finance receivables.............................. $14,817 $15,508 $14,068 $13,358 $12,699 Notes payable and other borrowings ** ........................ 11,476 11,902 11,004 10,607 10,239

2004 年 12 月 31 日

固定期限证券投资以及贷款和应收融资款 17,909 美元 18,712 美元 17,067 美元 16,267 美元 15,507 美元

应付票据及其他借款** 10,627 美元 10,882 美元 10,350 美元 10,120 美元 9,910 美元

December 31, 2004 Investments in securities with fixed maturities and loans and finance receivables.............................. $17,909 $18,712 $17,067 $16,267 $15,507 Notes payable and other borrowings ** ........................ 10,627 10,882 10,350 10,120 9,910

  • 不含通用再保险证券

** 包括根据回购协议出售的证券及利率互换的影响。

权益价格风险

从战略上看,伯克希尔力求投资于具备卓越经济特征的企业,并有能干且诚实的管理层,价格合理。伯克希尔的管理层倾向于对每家被投资企业投入可观金额。因此,伯克希尔的权益投资集中于相对较少的几家被投资企业。截至 2005 年 12 月 31 日,权益投资总公允价值的 59% 集中于四家被投资企业。

伯克希尔的优先策略是长期持有权益投资。因此,只要被投资企业的业务、经济和管理层特征保持有利,伯克希尔的管理层不会因其投资的短期权益价格波动而困扰。伯克希尔力求维持高于平均水平的股东资本,为短期权益价格波动提供安全边际。

受权益价格风险影响的投资账面价值,几乎在所有情况下均依据资产负债表日的市场报价确定。市场价格会波动,因此后续出售一项投资实际收回的金额可能与报告的市场价值显著不同。证券市场价格波动可能源于被投资企业潜在经济特征的感知变化、替代投资的相对价格以及整体市场状况。此外,出售某一特定证券实际收回的金额可能受该证券出售的相对数量影响。

下表总结了伯克希尔截至 2005 年及 2004 年 12 月 31 日的权益价格风险,并显示了在这些日期市场价格假设上涨 30% 和下跌 30% 的影响。所选假设变化并不反映可能的最佳或最差情景。实际上,由于权益市场的性质以及伯克希尔权益投资组合中前述集中度,结果可能差得多。金额单位为百万美元。

  • Excludes General Re Securities

** Includes securities sold under agreements to repurchase and effects of interest rate swaps. Equity Price Risk Strategically, Berkshire strives to invest in businesses that possess excellent economics, with able and honest management and at sensible prices. Berkshire’s management prefers to invest a meaningful amount in each investee. Accordingly, Berkshire’s equity investments are concentrated in relatively few investees. At December 31, 2005, 59% of the total fair value of equity investments was concentrated in four investees. Berkshire’s preferred strategy is to hold equity investments for very long periods of time. Thus, Berkshire’s management is not troubled by short term equity price volatility with respect to its investments provided that the underlying business, economic and management characteristics of the investees remain favorable. Berkshire strives to maintain above average levels of shareholder capital to provide a margin of safety against short-term equity price volatility. The carrying values of investments subject to equity price risk are, in almost all instances, based on quoted market prices as of the balance sheet dates. Market prices are subject to fluctuation and, consequently, the amount realized in the subsequent sale of an investment may significantly differ from the reported market value. Fluctuation in the market price of a security may result from perceived changes in the underlying economic characteristics of the investee, the relative price of alternative investments and general market conditions. Furthermore, amounts realized in the sale of a particular security may be affected by the relative quantity of the security being sold. The table which follows summarizes Berkshire’s equity price risk as of December 31, 2005 and 2004 and shows the effects of a hypothetical 30% increase and a 30% decrease in market prices as of those dates. The selected hypothetical change does not reflect what could be considered the best or worst case scenarios. Indeed, results could be far worse due both to the nature of equity markets and the aforementioned concentrations existing in Berkshire’s equity investment portfolio. Dollars are in millions.

72

72

假设公允价值 假设价格变动 价格变动后假设公允价值 股东权益增加(减少)百分比

Equity Price Risk (Continued) Estimated Hypothetical Fair Value after Percentage Hypothetical Hypothetical Increase (Decrease) in Fair Value Price Change Change in Prices Shareholders’ Equity

截至 2005 年 12 月 31 日 46,721 30% 上涨 60,737 9.9

30% 下跌 32,705 (9.9)

As of December 31, 2005....................... $46,721 30% increase $60,737 9.9 30% decrease 32,705 (9.9)

截至 2004 年 12 月 31 日 37,717 30% 上涨 49,032 8.5

30% 下跌 26,402 (8.5)

As of December 31, 2004....................... $37,717 30% increase $49,032 8.5 30% decrease 26,402 (8.5)

伯克希尔还面临与某些长期股权指数看跌合约相关的权益价格风险。截至 2005 年 12 月 31 日,伯克希尔在这些合约下的最大敞口约为 140 亿美元。这些合约通常自签订起 15 至 20 年后到期。截至 2005 年 12 月 31 日,未到期合约基于四大主要股权指数,其中包括三个外国指数。伯克希尔在这些合约下的潜在敞口与标的股指从合约签订日至到期日之间的变动直接相关。因此,如果截至 2005 年 12 月 31 日标的指数的总体价值下跌 30%,伯克希尔将产生约 9 亿美元的税前亏损。

外币风险

伯克希尔与外币汇率变动相关的市场风险主要集中在短期外币远期合约组合上。通常,这些合约规定伯克希尔在特定未来日期按特定汇率收取特定外币并支付美元。管理层签订这些合约,是为了对美元贬值对其以美元计价的净资产造成的不利影响进行部分经济对冲。这些合约的价值每日变动,主要受即期汇率变动的影响,次要受利率和时间价值的影响。合约的平均期限约为一个半月。截至 2005 年 12 月 31 日,此类合约(涉及九种货币)的名义总额约为 138 亿美元,而 2004 年 12 月 31 日约为 214 亿美元。伯克希尔每日监控其货币头寸。

下表汇总了截至 2005 年 12 月 31 日和 2004 年 12 月 31 日的未到期外币远期合约,并显示了假设标的汇率立即且统一变动时合约价值的估计变化。价值变动不一定反映最佳或最差情况的结果,实际结果可能有所不同。金额单位为百万美元。

公允价值假设外币兑美元升值(贬值)百分比下的估计公允价值
(20%)(10%)(1%)1%10%20%
2005 年 12 月 31 日$ (231)$(2,684)$(1,515)$ (366)$ (95)$1,206$2,855
2004 年 12 月 31 日1,761(2,614)(475)1,5331,9914,1276,669

前瞻性陈述

投资者应注意,本文件中的某些陈述、公司在定期新闻稿中的某些陈述以及公司官员在介绍公司时所做的某些口头陈述,均属于 1995 年《私人证券诉讼改革法案》(“法案”)所指的“前瞻性”陈述。前瞻性陈述包括具有预测性质的陈述,这些陈述取决于或提及未来事件或状况,并包含诸如“预期”、“预计”、“打算”、“计划”、“相信”、“估计”等词语或类似表述。此外,管理层可能提供的任何关于未来财务表现(包括未来收入、盈利或增长率)、持续经营策略或前景,以及公司可能采取的未来行动的陈述,也属于该法案定义的前瞻性陈述。前瞻性陈述基于当前对未来事件的预期和预测,并受制于与公司、经济及市场因素、公司经营所在行业等相关的风险、不确定性和假设。这些陈述并非对未来业绩的保证,公司无更新这些陈述的具体意图。

由于多种因素,实际事件和结果可能与前瞻性陈述中表述或预测的情况存在重大差异。可能导致公司实际表现和未来事件及行动与这些前瞻性陈述产生重大差异的主要风险因素包括但不限于:伯克希尔重要权益投资的市场价格变动;发生一次或多次灾难性事件,如地震、飓风或恐怖袭击行为,导致伯克希尔保险子公司承保损失;保险法律或法规的变化;联邦所得税法的变化;以及影响证券价格或伯克希尔及其关联公司经营所在行业(尤其是财产与意外险行业)的一般经济和市场因素的变化。

Berkshire is also subject to equity price risk with respect to certain long duration equity index put contracts. Berkshire’s maximum exposure with respect to such contracts is approximately $14 billion at December 31, 2005. These contracts generally expire 15 to 20 years from inception. Outstanding contracts at December 31, 2005, have been written on four major equity indexes including three foreign. Berkshire’s potential exposure with respect to these contracts is directly correlated to the movement of the underlying stock index between contract inception date and expiration. Thus, if the overall value at December 31, 2005 of the underlying indices decline 30%, Berkshire would incur a pre-tax loss of approximately $900 million. Foreign Currency Risk Berkshire’s market risks associated with changes in foreign currency exchange rates are concentrated primarily in a portfolio of short duration foreign currency forward contracts. Generally, these contracts provide that Berkshire receive certain foreign currencies and pay U.S. dollars at specified exchange rates at specified future dates. Management entered into these contracts as a partial economic hedge of the adverse effect from a decline in the value of the U.S. dollar on its net U.S. dollar- based assets. The value of these contracts changes daily due primarily to changes in the spot exchange rates and to a lesser degree, interest rates and time value. The average duration of the contracts is approximately one and a half months. The aggregate notional value of such contracts, in nine currencies at December 31, 2005, was approximately $13.8 billion compared to about $21.4 billion as of December 31, 2004. Berkshire monitors the currency positions daily. The following table summarizes the outstanding foreign currency forward contracts as of December 31, 2005 and 2004 and shows the estimated changes in values of the contracts assuming changes in the underlying exchange rates applied immediately and uniformly across all currencies. The changes in value do not necessarily reflect the best or worst case results and actual results may differ. Dollars are in millions. Estimated Fair Value Assuming a Hypothetical Percentage Increase (Decrease) in the Value of Foreign Currencies Versus the U.S. Dollar Fair Value (20%) (10%) (1%) 1% 10% 20% December 31, 2005............................. $ (231) $(2,684) $(1,515) $ (366) $ (95) $1,206 $2,855 December 31, 2004............................. 1,761 (2,614) (475) 1,533 1,991 4,127 6,669 Forward-Looking Statements Investors are cautioned that certain statements contained in this document, as well as some statements by the Company in periodic press releases and some oral statements of Company officials during presentations about the Company, are “forward- looking” statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 (the “Act”). Forward-looking statements include statements which are predictive in nature, which depend upon or refer to future events or conditions, which include words such as “expects,” “anticipates,” “intends,” “plans,” “believes,” “estimates,” or similar expressions. In addition, any statements concerning future financial performance (including future revenues, earnings or growth rates), ongoing business strategies or prospects, and possible future Company actions, which may be provided by management are also forward-looking statements as defined by the Act. Forward-looking statements are based on current expectations and projections about future events and are subject to risks, uncertainties, and assumptions about the Company, economic and market factors and the industries in which the Company does business, among other things. These statements are not guaranties of future performance and the Company has no specific intention to update these statements. Actual events and results may differ materially from those expressed or forecasted in forward-looking statements due to a number of factors. The principal important risk factors that could cause the Company’s actual performance and future events and actions to differ materially from such forward-looking statements, include, but are not limited to, changes in market prices of Berkshire’s significant equity investees, the occurrence of one or more catastrophic events, such as an earthquake, hurricane or an act of terrorism that causes losses insured by Berkshire’s insurance subsidiaries, changes in insurance laws or regulations, changes in Federal income tax laws, and changes in general economic and market factors that affect the prices of securities or the industries in which Berkshire and its affiliates do business, especially those affecting the property and casualty insurance industry.

73

73

1996 年 6 月,伯克希尔董事长沃伦·E·巴菲特向伯克希尔 A 类和 B 类股东发布了一本名为《所有者手册》的小册子。该手册旨在阐释伯克希尔运营方面的广泛经济原则。最新版本转载于本页及随后四页。

In June 1996, Berkshire’s Chairman, Warren E. Buffett, issued a booklet entitled “An Owner’s Manual” to Berkshire’s Class A and Class B shareholders. The purpose of the manual was to explain Berkshire’s broad economic principles of operation. An updated version is reproduced on this and the following four pages.

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

与所有者相关的经营原则

1983 年蓝筹印花合并时,我制定了 13 条与所有者相关的经营原则,我认为这些原则能帮助新股东理解我们的管理方式。既然是“原则”,这 13 条至今仍完全适用,现以斜体表述如下。

1. 虽然我们采取公司形式,但我们的态度是合伙制。查理·芒格和我把股东视为所有者-合伙人,把我们自己视为管理合伙人。(由于我们的持股规模,无论好坏,我们也是控股合伙人。)我们不把公司本身视为商业资产的最终所有者,而是把公司视为股东拥有这些资产的通道。

查理和我希望你不要仅仅把自己看作一张价格每天都在波动的纸片的所有者,一遇到令你紧张的经济或政治事件就可能将其卖出。我们希望你把自己想象成一家你打算无限期持有的企业的部分所有者,就像你和家人合伙拥有一个农场或公寓楼那样。就我们而言,我们不把伯克希尔的股东视为面目模糊、不断更迭的人群中的一员,而是视为将资金委托给我们、很可能伴随他们余生的共同投资人。

证据表明,大多数伯克希尔股东确实认同这种长期合伙理念。伯克希尔股票的年换手率只是其他美国大公司股票换手率的一小部分,即便把我持有的股份排除在计算之外,也是如此。

实际上,我们的股东对待伯克希尔股票的方式,很像伯克希尔对待其投资的公司。作为可口可乐或美国运通等公司的股东,我们认为伯克希尔是两个卓越企业的非管理合伙人,我们从这些公司的长期进展来衡量自己的成功,而不是以它们股票价格的月度波动来衡量。事实上,如果这些公司的股票好几年没有交易或报价,我们根本不会在意。如果我们的长期预期良好,短期价格变化对我们毫无意义,除非它们给我们提供了以有吸引力的价格增持的机会。

2. 与伯克希尔的所有者导向一致,我们的大多数董事将大部分净资产投资于公司。我们吃自己做的饭。

查理家族的净资产有 90% 或更多在伯克希尔股票里;我大约有 99%。此外,我的许多亲戚——比如我的姐妹和堂表亲——也将他们净资产的很大一部分放在伯克希尔股票里。

查理和我对这种把所有鸡蛋放在一个篮子里的局面感到完全安心,因为伯克希尔本身就拥有各种各样极为卓越的企业。事实上,我们相信,伯克希尔在拥有控股权益或重要少数权益的企业质量与多样性方面,几乎独一无二。

查理和我不能向你承诺结果。但我们可以保证,无论你选择作为我们合伙人的时间段有多长,你的财务命运将与我们同进同退。我们对高薪、期权或以其他任何方式获得对你们的优势毫无兴趣。我们只想跟着合伙人一起赚钱,而且比例完全相同。此外,当我做了蠢事时,我希望你能从我的财务损失与你的损失成比例这一事实中得到一些安慰。

  1. 我们的长期经济目标(受后面提到的某些条件限制)是最大化伯克希尔每股内在商业价值的年均增长率。我们不按伯克希尔的规模来衡量经济意义或表现;我们按每股进步来衡量。我们确信未来每股进步的速度会下降——资本基数的大幅扩大将使这一点成为必然。但如果我们的增长率不能超过美国大公司的平均增长率,我们会感到失望。
  2. 我们实现目标的首选方式是直接拥有一系列能产生现金并能持续获得高于平均资本回报率的多元化企业。次选方式是主要通过我们的保险子公司购买可流通普通股,来拥有类似企业的部分权益。企业的价格与可得性,以及保险资本的需求,决定了任何特定年份的资本配置。

*版权 © 1996 沃伦·E·巴菲特

保留所有权利

OWNER-RELATED BUSINESS PRINCIPLES At the time of the Blue Chip merger in 1983, I set down 13 owner-related business principles that I thought would help new shareholders understand our managerial approach. As is appropriate for “principles,” all 13 remain alive and well today, and they are stated here in italics. 1. Although our form is corporate, our attitude is partnership. Charlie Munger and I think of our shareholders as owner- partners, and of ourselves as managing partners. (Because of the size of our shareholdings we are also, for better or worse, controlling partners.) We do not view the company itself as the ultimate owner of our business assets but instead view the company as a conduit through which our shareholders own the assets. Charlie and I hope that you do not think of yourself as merely owning a piece of paper whose price wiggles around daily and that is a candidate for sale when some economic or political event makes you nervous. We hope you instead visualize yourself as a part owner of a business that you expect to stay with indefinitely, much as you might if you owned a farm or apartment house in partnership with members of your family. For our part, we do not view Berkshire shareholders as faceless members of an ever-shifting crowd, but rather as co-venturers who have entrusted their funds to us for what may well turn out to be the remainder of their lives. The evidence suggests that most Berkshire shareholders have indeed embraced this long-term partnership concept. The annual percentage turnover in Berkshire’s shares is a small fraction of that occurring in the stocks of other major American corporations, even when the shares I own are excluded from the calculation. In effect, our shareholders behave in respect to their Berkshire stock much as Berkshire itself behaves in respect to companies in which it has an investment. As owners of, say, Coca-Cola or American Express shares, we think of Berkshire as being a non-managing partner in two extraordinary businesses, in which we measure our success by the long-term progress of the companies rather than by the month-to-month movements of their stocks. In fact, we would not care in the least if several years went by in which there was no trading, or quotation of prices, in the stocks of those companies. If we have good long-term expectations, short-term price changes are meaningless for us except to the extent they offer us an opportunity to increase our ownership at an attractive price. 2. In line with Berkshire’s owner-orientation, most of our directors have a major portion of their net worth invested in the company. We eat our own cooking. Charlie’s family has 90% or more of its net worth in Berkshire shares; I have about 99%. In addition, many of my relatives — my sisters and cousins, for example — keep a huge portion of their net worth in Berkshire stock. Charlie and I feel totally comfortable with this eggs-in-one-basket situation because Berkshire itself owns a wide variety of truly extraordinary businesses. Indeed, we believe that Berkshire is close to being unique in the quality and diversity of the businesses in which it owns either a controlling interest or a minority interest of significance. Charlie and I cannot promise you results. But we can guarantee that your financial fortunes will move in lockstep with ours for whatever period of time you elect to be our partner. We have no interest in large salaries or options or other means of gaining an “edge” over you. We want to make money only when our partners do and in exactly the same proportion. Moreover, when I do something dumb, I want you to be able to derive some solace from the fact that my financial suffering is proportional to yours. 3. Our long-term economic goal (subject to some qualifications mentioned later) is to maximize Berkshire’s average annual rate of gain in intrinsic business value on a per-share basis. We do not measure the economic significance or performance of Berkshire by its size; we measure by per-share progress. We are certain that the rate of per-share progress will diminish in the future — a greatly enlarged capital base will see to that. But we will be disappointed if our rate does not exceed that of the average large American corporation. 4. Our preference would be to reach our goal by directly owning a diversified group of businesses that generate cash and consistently earn above-average returns on capital. Our second choice is to own parts of similar businesses, attained primarily through purchases of marketable common stocks by our insurance subsidiaries. The price and availability of businesses and the need for insurance capital determine any given year’s capital allocation. *Copyright © 1996 By Warren E. Buffett All Rights Reserved

74

74

近几年来我们完成了一些收购。虽然也会有平淡的年份,但我们预期未来几十年里还会做更多收购,而且希望规模更大。如果这些收购的质量能接近我们过去所做的,伯克希尔将受益匪浅。

我们的挑战在于,如何以产生现金的速度快速产生投资想法。在这方面,低迷的股市很可能给我们带来显著优势。其一,它会压低整个公司可供收购的价格。其二,低迷的市况让我们的保险公司更容易以有吸引力的价格,买入优秀企业的小部分股权——包括我们已拥有的企业的额外股份。其三,一些同样优秀的企业,比如可口可乐,会持续回购自家股票,这意味着它们和我们都能因为更低的回购价格而受益。

总体而言,伯克希尔及其长期股东从下跌的股市中受益,就像经常购买食品的人从下跌的食品价格中受益一样。所以,当市场暴跌时——它时不时就会这样——既不要恐慌,也不要哀叹。这对伯克希尔来说是好事。

5. 由于我们持有企业所有权的双管齐下方式,也由于传统会计的局限性,合并报告利润可能很难反映我们真实的经济表现。查理和我作为所有者和管理者,几乎不予理会这些合并数字。但我们也会向你报告我们控制的每家主要企业的利润,这些数字我们认为非常重要。这些数据,连同我们提供的关于各家企业的其他信息,通常能帮助你作出判断。

简单来说,我们试图在年报中给你那些确实重要的数字和其他信息。查理和我非常关注我们各家企业的经营状况,我们也会努力了解每家企业所处的经营环境。比如,我们某家企业是享受行业顺风,还是面临逆风?查理和我必须确切知道是哪种情况,并相应调整我们的预期。我们也会把我们的结论传递给你们。

随着时间的推移,我们绝大多数企业的表现都超出了我们的预期。但有时也会有失望,我们会尽量坦诚地把这些情况告诉你,就像描述那些愉快的经历一样。当我们使用非传统指标来衡量进展时——比如,你会读到我们年报中关于保险“浮存金”的内容——我们会努力解释这些概念,以及我们为什么认为它们重要。换句话说,我们相信要告诉你我们是怎样思考的,这样你不仅能评估伯克希尔的企业,也能评估我们的管理和资本配置方法。

6. 会计后果不会影响我们的经营或资本配置决策。当收购成本相近时,我们更愿意买入 2 美元根据标准会计原则不可由我们报告的利润,而不是买入 1 美元可以报告的利润。这正是我们经常面临的抉择,因为整个企业(其利润将完全可报告)的售价常常是按比例买入小部分股权(其利润基本上不可报告)价格的两倍。从整体和长远来看,我们预计这些未报告的利润将通过资本利得完全反映在我们的内在价值中。

长期以来,我们发现,我们所投资企业未分配的利润,总体来说对伯克希尔的好处,完全不亚于它们分配给了我们(并因此被计入我们正式报告的利润中)。这种令人愉快的结果之所以出现,是因为我们投资的大部分企业从事的都是极为出色的业务,它们通常可以很有优势地运用增量资本,要么投入到业务中,要么回购自己的股份。显然,我们投资的企业做出的每一项资本决策并非都让我们作为股东受益,但总体而言,它们每留存 1 美元,我们就获得了远远超过 1 美元的价值。我们因此将透视盈余视为如实反映我们年度经营收益的指标。

7. 我们谨慎使用债务,而且当确实借款时,我们力求按长期固定利率来安排贷款。我们宁愿拒绝有吸引力的机会,也不愿过度杠杆化我们的资产负债表。这种保守做法拖累了我们的业绩,但考虑到我们对保单持有人、贷款人以及众多将异常高比例的净资产托付给我们的股东所承担的受托责任,这是唯一能让我们感到安心的行为。(正如一位印第安纳波利斯“500”大赛的获胜者所说:“要想第一个完赛,你必须先完赛。”)

查理和我所采用的财务盘算,绝不允许我们为了多赚几个百分点的回报而牺牲一个安稳的夜晚。我从不相信,为了追求家人和朋友没有也不需要的东西,而去冒险他们已经拥有并且需要的东西。

此外,伯克希尔拥有两种低成本、无风险的杠杆来源,使我们能够安全地持有比仅凭权益资本所能允许的更多资产:递延所得税和“浮存金”——即我们的保险业务在需要赔付之前收取的保费所持有的他人资金。这两种资金来源都增长迅速,目前合计约为 600 亿美元。

In recent years we have made a number of acquisitions. Though there will be dry years, we expect to make many more in the decades to come, and our hope is that they will be large. If these purchases approach the quality of those we have made in the past, Berkshire will be well served. The challenge for us is to generate ideas as rapidly as we generate cash. In this respect, a depressed stock market is likely to present us with significant advantages. For one thing, it tends to reduce the prices at which entire companies become available for purchase. Second, a depressed market makes it easier for our insurance companies to buy small pieces of wonderful businesses — including additional pieces of businesses we already own — at attractive prices. And third, some of those same wonderful businesses, such as Coca-Cola, are consistent buyers of their own shares, which means that they, and we, gain from the cheaper prices at which they can buy. Overall, Berkshire and its long-term shareholders benefit from a sinking stock market much as a regular purchaser of food benefits from declining food prices. So when the market plummets — as it will from time to time — neither panic nor mourn. It’s good news for Berkshire. 5. Because of our two-pronged approach to business ownership and because of the limitations of conventional accounting, consolidated reported earnings may reveal relatively little about our true economic performance. Charlie and I, both as owners and managers, virtually ignore such consolidated numbers. However, we will also report to you the earnings of each major business we control, numbers we consider of great importance. These figures, along with other information we will supply about the individual businesses, should generally aid you in making judgments about them. To state things simply, we try to give you in the annual report the numbers and other information that really matter. Charlie and I pay a great deal of attention to how well our businesses are doing, and we also work to understand the environment in which each business is operating. For example, is one of our businesses enjoying an industry tailwind or is it facing a headwind? Charlie and I need to know exactly which situation prevails and to adjust our expectations accordingly. We will also pass along our conclusions to you. Over time, the large majority of our businesses have exceeded our expectations. But sometimes we have disappointments, and we will try to be as candid in informing you about those as we are in describing the happier experiences. When we use unconventional measures to chart our progress — for instance, you will be reading in our annual reports about insurance “float” — we will try to explain these concepts and why we regard them as important. In other words, we believe in telling you how we think so that you can evaluate not only Berkshire’s businesses but also assess our approach to management and capital allocation. 6. Accounting consequences do not influence our operating or capital-allocation decisions. When acquisition costs are similar, we much prefer to purchase $2 of earnings that is not reportable by us under standard accounting principles than to purchase $1 of earnings that is reportable. This is precisely the choice that often faces us since entire businesses (whose earnings will be fully reportable) frequently sell for double the pro-rata price of small portions (whose earnings will be largely unreportable). In aggregate and over time, we expect the unreported earnings to be fully reflected in our intrinsic business value through capital gains. We have found over time that the undistributed earnings of our investees, in aggregate, have been fully as beneficial to Berkshire as if they had been distributed to us (and therefore had been included in the earnings we officially report). This pleasant result has occurred because most of our investees are engaged in truly outstanding businesses that can often employ incremental capital to great advantage, either by putting it to work in their businesses or by repurchasing their shares. Obviously, every capital decision that our investees have made has not benefitted us as shareholders, but overall we have garnered far more than a dollar of value for each dollar they have retained. We consequently regard look-through earnings as realistically portraying our yearly gain from operations. 7. We use debt sparingly and, when we do borrow, we attempt to structure our loans on a long-term fixed-rate basis. We will reject interesting opportunities rather than over-leverage our balance sheet. This conservatism has penalized our results but it is the only behavior that leaves us comfortable, considering our fiduciary obligations to policyholders, lenders and the many equity holders who have committed unusually large portions of their net worth to our care. (As one of the Indianapolis “500” winners said: “To finish first, you must first finish.”) The financial calculus that Charlie and I employ would never permit our trading a good night’s sleep for a shot at a few extra percentage points of return. I’ve never believed in risking what my family and friends have and need in order to pursue what they don’t have and don’t need. Besides, Berkshire has access to two low-cost, non-perilous sources of leverage that allow us to safely own far more assets than our equity capital alone would permit: deferred taxes and “float,” the funds of others that our insurance business holds because it receives premiums before needing to pay out losses. Both of these funding sources have grown rapidly and now total about $60 billion.

75

75

更妙的是,迄今为止这种资金来源常常是免费的。递延所得税负债不产生利息。而且,只要我们在保险承保上能实现盈亏平衡,从这项业务中产生的浮存金成本就是零。当然,这两项都不是股权;它们是真实的负债。但它们是既无契约限制也无到期日的负债。实际上,它们给了我们债务的好处——让我们拥有更多资产为我们工作的能力——却让我们免于背负债务的任何不利之处。

当然,我们无法保证未来还能以零成本获取浮存金。但我们感觉,实现这一目标的机会与保险业中的任何一家都不相上下。不仅过去我们达成了这个目标(尽管你们的董事长犯过不少重大错误),1996 年我们对 GEICO 的收购还大大提高了我们未来实现这一目标的前景。

8. 一份管理层的“愿望清单”不会以股东的利益为代价来兑现。我们不会以无视长期经济后果的控制权价格收购整个企业来搞多元化。我们只会用你们的钱做我们用自己的钱也会做的事,充分权衡你们通过直接在股市购买股票来分散自己投资组合所能获得的价值。

查理和我只对那些我们认为能提高伯克希尔每股内在价值的收购感兴趣。我们薪水的多少或办公室的大小,永远与伯克希尔资产负债表的规模无关。

9. 我们认为,善意的意图应定期与结果对照检验。我们检验留存收益是否明智,方法是评估长期来看,每留存 1 美元是否至少为股东带来了 1 美元的市场价值。到目前为止,这项检验都通过了。我们将继续以五年滚动周期进行检验。随着我们的净资产增长,明智地运用留存收益变得愈加困难。

我们仍然能通过检验,但要做到这一点的挑战已经变得更大了。如果我们到了无法通过留存收益创造额外价值的地步,我们就会将这些收益分配出去,让股东自己去部署资金。

10. 只有当我们获得的商业价值与付出的相等时,我们才会发行普通股。这一规则适用于所有形式的发行——不仅包括并购或公开发售股票,也包括债转股、股票期权和可转换证券。我们不会以与整个企业价值不一致的方式,出售你们公司的一小部分——而发行股票正是如此。

1996 年我们发行 B 股时,我们曾声明伯克希尔的股票没有被低估——有些人对此感到震惊。这种反应毫无道理。如果我们是在股票被低估时发行股票,那才应该令人震惊。那些在公开发售期间说或暗示自家股票被低估的管理层,通常是对真相过于吝啬,或是对现有股东的钱不够慷慨:如果管理者故意以 80 美分的价格出售实际价值 1 美元的资产,那么所有者就会不公平地受损。我们在发行 B 股时没有犯那种罪,我们永远也不会犯。(不过,我们在出售时并没有说股票被高估了,尽管许多媒体报道说我们说过。)

11. 你们应该充分了解查理和我共有的一个会损害我们财务表现的态度:无论价格如何,我们对出售伯克希尔拥有的任何优质业务毫无兴趣。只要我们还期望那些低于标准的业务至少能产生一些现金,并且我们对它们的经理和劳资关系感觉良好,我们也不愿意出售它们。我们希望不再重复那些导致我们陷入这些低于标准业务的资本配置错误。对于通过大规模资本支出就能让我们的差业务恢复满意盈利水平的建议,我们反应极为谨慎。(预测可能令人炫目,倡导者也很真诚,但说到底,在一个糟糕的行业里进行额外的大规模投资,通常就像在流沙中挣扎一样回报甚微。)

尽管如此,金拉米式的管理行为(每轮都丢掉你最没前途的业务)不是我们的风格。我们宁愿让整体结果因此吃一点亏,也不愿采取那种做法。

我们继续避免金拉米式的行为。没错,我们在 1980 年代中期关闭了纺织业务,在与它搏斗了 20 年之后,但那只是因为我们感觉它注定会无休止地产生经营亏损。不过,我们并没有考虑出售那些能卖出极高价钱的业务,也没有放弃我们的落后者,尽管我们专注于解决导致它们落后的那些问题。

12. 我们在向你们报告时会坦诚相告,着重强调评估商业价值时那些重要的正反两面。我们的准则是,如果我们交换位置,我们会想知道哪些商业事实,我们就告诉你们哪些。我们对你们理应如此。更何况,我们是一家拥有重要传媒业务的公司,如果在报道自己时用于报道别人的那种准确性、平衡性和洞察力标准都达不到,那是不可原谅的。我们也相信坦诚对我们管理者本身也有好处:在公开场合误导他人的 CEO,最终可能在私下里也会误导自己。

在伯克希尔,你们不会发现任何“大洗澡”式的会计手法或重组,也不会有任何对季度或年度结果的“粉饰”。我们会始终告诉你们我们在每一洞打了几杆,绝不在记分卡上做手脚。当数字是非常粗略的“猜测性估计”时(就像在保险准备金中必然会出现的那样),我们会力求在方法上既一致又保守。

Better yet, this funding to date has often been cost-free. Deferred tax liabilities bear no interest. And as long as we can break even in our insurance underwriting the cost of the float developed from that operation is zero. Neither item, of course, is equity; these are real liabilities. But they are liabilities without covenants or due dates attached to them. In effect, they give us the benefit of debt — an ability to have more assets working for us — but saddle us with none of its drawbacks. Of course, there is no guarantee that we can obtain our float in the future at no cost. But we feel our chances of attaining that goal are as good as those of anyone in the insurance business. Not only have we reached the goal in the past (despite a number of important mistakes by your Chairman), our 1996 acquisition of GEICO, materially improved our prospects for getting there in the future. 8. A managerial “wish list” will not be filled at shareholder expense. We will not diversify by purchasing entire businesses at control prices that ignore long-term economic consequences to our shareholders. We will only do with your money what we would do with our own, weighing fully the values you can obtain by diversifying your own portfolios through direct purchases in the stock market. Charlie and I are interested only in acquisitions that we believe will raise the per-share intrinsic value of Berkshire’s stock. The size of our paychecks or our offices will never be related to the size of Berkshire’s balance sheet. 9. We feel noble intentions should be checked periodically against results. We test the wisdom of retaining earnings by assessing whether retention, over time, delivers shareholders at least $1 of market value for each $1 retained. To date, this test has been met. We will continue to apply it on a five-year rolling basis. As our net worth grows, it is more difficult to use retained earnings wisely. We continue to pass the test, but the challenges of doing so have grown more difficult. If we reach the point that we can’t create extra value by retaining earnings, we will pay them out and let our shareholders deploy the funds. 10. We will issue common stock only when we receive as much in business value as we give. This rule applies to all forms of issuance — not only mergers or public stock offerings, but stock-for-debt swaps, stock options, and convertible securities as well. We will not sell small portions of your company — and that is what the issuance of shares amounts to — on a basis inconsistent with the value of the entire enterprise. When we sold the Class B shares in 1996, we stated that Berkshire stock was not undervalued — and some people found that shocking. That reaction was not well-founded. Shock should have registered instead had we issued shares when our stock was undervalued. Managements that say or imply during a public offering that their stock is undervalued are usually being economical with the truth or uneconomical with their existing shareholders’ money: Owners unfairly lose if their managers deliberately sell assets for 80¢ that in fact are worth $1. We didn’t commit that kind of crime in our offering of Class B shares and we never will. (We did not, however, say at the time of the sale that our stock was overvalued, though many media have reported that we did.) 11. You should be fully aware of one attitude Charlie and I share that hurts our financial performance: Regardless of price, we have no interest at all in selling any good businesses that Berkshire owns. We are also very reluctant to sell sub-par businesses as long as we expect them to generate at least some cash and as long as we feel good about their managers and labor relations. We hope not to repeat the capital-allocation mistakes that led us into such sub-par businesses. And we react with great caution to suggestions that our poor businesses can be restored to satisfactory profitability by major capital expenditures. (The projections will be dazzling and the advocates sincere, but, in the end, major additional investment in a terrible industry usually is about as rewarding as struggling in quicksand.) Nevertheless, gin rummy managerial behavior (discard your least promising business at each turn) is not our style. We would rather have our overall results penalized a bit than engage in that kind of behavior. We continue to avoid gin rummy behavior. True, we closed our textile business in the mid-1980’s after 20 years of struggling with it, but only because we felt it was doomed to run never-ending operating losses. We have not, however, given thought to selling operations that would command very fancy prices nor have we dumped our laggards, though we focus hard on curing the problems that cause them to lag. 12. We will be candid in our reporting to you, emphasizing the pluses and minuses important in appraising business value. Our guideline is to tell you the business facts that we would want to know if our positions were reversed. We owe you no less. Moreover, as a company with a major communications business, it would be inexcusable for us to apply lesser standards of accuracy, balance and incisiveness when reporting on ourselves than we would expect our news people to apply when reporting on others. We also believe candor benefits us as managers: The CEO who misleads others in public may eventually mislead himself in private. At Berkshire you will find no “big bath” accounting maneuvers or restructurings nor any “smoothing” of quarterly or annual results. We will always tell you how many strokes we have taken on each hole and never play around with the scorecard. When the numbers are a very rough “guesstimate,” as they necessarily must be in insurance reserving, we will try to be both consistent and conservative in our approach.

76

76

我们将通过多种方式与你们沟通。在年报中,我尽量在一份篇幅适中的文件里,向所有股东提供尽可能多有助于确定价值的信息。我们还会在互联网上发布季度报告,传达大量浓缩但重要的信息,不过那些报告不是我写的(每年讲一次就足够了)。另一个重要的沟通场合是年度股东大会,会上查理和我很乐意花上五个小时甚至更长时间,回答关于伯克希尔的问题。但有一种沟通方式我们做不到:一对一私下交流。考虑到伯克希尔有成千上万的股东,这并不现实。在所有沟通中,我们都力求不使任何一位股东获得信息优势:我们不遵循向分析师或大股东提供盈利“指引”或其他有价值信息的行业惯例。我们的目标是让所有股东在同一时间知悉最新情况。

13. 尽管我们奉行坦诚的政策,但只有在法律要求时,我们才会讨论我们在有价证券上的操作。好的投资点子,就像好的产品或企业并购点子一样,既稀缺又有价值,而且很容易被竞争对手搭便车。因此,我们通常不会谈论我们的投资想法。这一限制甚至延伸到我们已经卖出的证券(因为我们可能再买回来),以及那些市场误传我们正在买入的股票。如果我们否认那些传闻,却在其他场合说“不予置评”,那么“不予置评”便等同于证实。

虽然我们仍不愿谈论具体的股票,但我们很乐于自由探讨我们的商业和投资哲学。我从金融史上最伟大的导师本·格雷厄姆的思想慷慨中获益良多,并认为把我从他那里学到的东西传承下去是理所当然的,即便这会给伯克希尔培养出新的、有能力的投资竞争对手,正如本当年的教诲为他带来的一样。

一条补充原则

在可行范围内,我们希望每位伯克希尔股东在其持股期间记录的市场价值损益,能与公司在同一期间记录的每股内在价值损益成比例。要做到这一点,伯克希尔股票的内在价值与市场价格之间的关系必须保持恒定,而我们希望这一比例是 1:1。这也意味着,我们宁愿伯克希尔的股价处于公允水平,而不是高水平。显然,查理和我都无法控制伯克希尔的股价。但通过我们的政策和沟通,我们可以鼓励股东做出基于充分信息的理性行为,而理性的股东行为,反过来又往往会产生理性的股价。我们这种“高估和低估一样糟糕”的态度可能会令一些股东失望。但我们相信,这为伯克希尔提供了吸引长期投资者的最佳前景,这些投资者寻求的是从公司自身的成长中获利,而不是从其他合伙人的投资错误中获利。

内在价值

现在,让我们聚焦一个我之前提到过、且你们日后也会在年报中遇到的术语。

内在价值是一个至关重要的概念,它为评估投资和企业的相对吸引力提供了唯一符合逻辑的方法。内在价值可以简单定义为:一家企业在其剩余寿命期内能够产生的现金流的折现值。

不过,内在价值的计算就没那么简单了。正如我们的定义所示,内在价值是一个估计值,而非一个精确数字,而且如果利率变动或对未来现金流的预测做出修正,这个估计值也必须随之调整。此外,两个人面对同一组事实——这一点甚至适用于我和查理——也几乎不可避免地会得出至少略有不同的内在价值数字。这也是我们从不向你们提供我们内在价值估计值的原因之一。不过,我们的年报确实提供了我们自己用来计算这一价值的事实依据。

与此同时,我们定期报告每股账面价值,这是一个容易计算的数字,尽管用处有限。其局限性并非来自我们持有的有价证券,这些证券在账面上按当前市价列示。账面价值的不足在于我们控股的那些公司,它们在账面上记录的价值可能与其内在价值大相径庭。

这种偏差可能朝着任一方向。例如,在 1964 年,我们可以确定地说,伯克希尔的每股账面价值是 19.46 美元。然而,这个数字大幅高估了公司的内在价值,因为公司的全部资源都困在了一个盈利不佳的纺织业务中。我们的纺织资产,无论是持续经营价值还是清算价值,都达不到它们的账面价值。但今天,伯克希尔的情况恰恰相反:如今,我们的账面价值远远低估了伯克希尔的内在价值,这一点千真万确,因为我们控股的许多企业,其价值远超它们的账面价值。

尽管账面价值在说明情况上力有不逮,我们仍然向你们提供伯克希尔的账面价值数据,因为它如今可以作为追踪伯克希尔内在价值的一个粗略、尽管明显低估的指标。换句话说,在任何给定年份,账面价值的百分比变化很可能与当年内在价值的变化相当接近。

通过考察一种投资形式——大学教育,你们可以更深入地理解账面价值与内在价值之间的差异。把教育成本想象成它的“账面价值”。若要准确计算这一成本,应当把学生因选择上大学而非工作所放弃的收入包含在内。

We will be communicating with you in several ways. Through the annual report, I try to give all shareholders as much value-defining information as can be conveyed in a document kept to reasonable length. We also try to convey a liberal quantity of condensed but important information in the quarterly reports we post on the internet, though I don’t write those (one recital a year is enough). Still another important occasion for communication is our Annual Meeting, at which Charlie and I are delighted to spend five hours or more answering questions about Berkshire. But there is one way we can’t communicate: on a one-on-one basis. That isn’t feasible given Berkshire’s many thousands of owners. In all of our communications, we try to make sure that no single shareholder gets an edge: We do not follow the usual practice of giving earnings “guidance” or other information of value to analysts or large shareholders. Our goal is to have all of our owners updated at the same time. 13. Despite our policy of candor, we will discuss our activities in marketable securities only to the extent legally required. Good investment ideas are rare, valuable and subject to competitive appropriation just as good product or business acquisition ideas are. Therefore we normally will not talk about our investment ideas. This ban extends even to securities we have sold (because we may purchase them again) and to stocks we are incorrectly rumored to be buying. If we deny those reports but say “no comment” on other occasions, the no-comments become confirmation. Though we continue to be unwilling to talk about specific stocks, we freely discuss our business and investment philosophy. I benefitted enormously from the intellectual generosity of Ben Graham, the greatest teacher in the history of finance, and I believe it appropriate to pass along what I learned from him, even if that creates new and able investment competitors for Berkshire just as Ben’s teachings did for him. AN ADDED PRINCIPLE To the extent possible, we would like each Berkshire shareholder to record a gain or loss in market value during his period of ownership that is proportional to the gain or loss in per-share intrinsic value recorded by the company during that holding period. For this to come about, the relationship between the intrinsic value and the market price of a Berkshire share would need to remain constant, and by our preferences at 1-to-1. As that implies, we would rather see Berkshire’s stock price at a fair level than a high level. Obviously, Charlie and I can’t control Berkshire’s price. But by our policies and communications, we can encourage informed, rational behavior by owners that, in turn, will tend to produce a stock price that is also rational. Our it’s- as-bad-to-be-overvalued-as-to-be-undervalued approach may disappoint some shareholders. We believe, however, that it affords Berkshire the best prospect of attracting long-term investors who seek to profit from the progress of the company rather than from the investment mistakes of their partners. INTRINSIC VALUE Now let’s focus on a term that I mentioned earlier and that you will encounter in future annual reports. Intrinsic value is an all-important concept that offers the only logical approach to evaluating the relative attractiveness of investments and businesses. Intrinsic value can be defined simply: It is the discounted value of the cash that can be taken out of a business during its remaining life. The calculation of intrinsic value, though, is not so simple. As our definition suggests, intrinsic value is an estimate rather than a precise figure, and it is additionally an estimate that must be changed if interest rates move or forecasts of future cash flows are revised. Two people looking at the same set of facts, moreover — and this would apply even to Charlie and me — will almost inevitably come up with at least slightly different intrinsic value figures. That is one reason we never give you our estimates of intrinsic value. What our annual reports do supply, though, are the facts that we ourselves use to calculate this value. Meanwhile, we regularly report our per-share book value, an easily calculable number, though one of limited use. The limitations do not arise from our holdings of marketable securities, which are carried on our books at their current prices. Rather the inadequacies of book value have to do with the companies we control, whose values as stated on our books may be far different from their intrinsic values. The disparity can go in either direction. For example, in 1964 we could state with certitude that Berkshire’s per-share book value was $19.46. However, that figure considerably overstated the company’s intrinsic value, since all of the company’s resources were tied up in a sub-profitable textile business. Our textile assets had neither going-concern nor liquidation values equal to their carrying values. Today, however, Berkshire’s situation is reversed: Now, our book value far understates Berkshire’s intrinsic value, a point true because many of the businesses we control are worth much more than their carrying value. Inadequate though they are in telling the story, we give you Berkshire’s book-value figures because they today serve as a rough, albeit significantly understated, tracking measure for Berkshire’s intrinsic value. In other words, the percentage change in book value in any given year is likely to be reasonably close to that year’s change in intrinsic value. You can gain some insight into the differences between book value and intrinsic value by looking at one form of investment, a college education. Think of the education’s cost as its “book value.” If this cost is to be accurate, it should include the earnings that were foregone by the student because he chose college rather than a job.

77

77

在本次练习中,我们将忽略教育带来的重要非经济收益,只严格聚焦于它的经济价值。首先,我们必须估算这名毕业生一生将获得的收入,再从这一数字中减去如果他没有受过教育本可获得的收入估值。这就得出了一个超额收入数字,随后必须用适当的利率将其折现回毕业那天。计算出的美元结果,就等于这项教育的经济内在价值。

有些毕业生会发现,他们教育的账面价值超过了其内在价值,这意味着无论谁为教育付了钱,都没有物有所值。在另一些情况下,教育的内在价值将远超其账面价值,这一结果证明了资本得到了明智的配置。在所有这些情形里,有一点是清楚的:账面价值作为内在价值的指标毫无意义。

伯克希尔的管理

我想,以讨论伯克希尔当前和未来的管理来收尾是合适的。正如我们的第一条所有者相关原则告诉你的,查理和我是伯克希尔的管理合伙人。但我们把这项业务中的所有重活都分包给了我们子公司的经理们。事实上,我们几乎授权到了近乎撒手不管的地步:尽管伯克希尔约有 19 万名员工,但其中只有 17 人在总部工作。

查理和我主要负责资本配置,以及对我们关键经理人的关怀与支持。这些经理人大都以被放手经营自己的业务为最大乐事,而这正是我们通常对待他们的方式。这让他们掌管所有经营决策,并将产生的多余现金送交总部。通过把钱交给我们,他们就不会因为要负责配置自己业务产生的现金而受到各种诱惑的干扰。此外,查理和我在投资这些资金时,所接触到的机会范围远比我们任何一位经理人在自己行业里能找到的广阔得多。

我们的大多数经理人都已各自实现财务独立,因此需要我们来营造一种氛围,鼓励他们选择与伯克希尔共事,而非去打高尔夫或钓鱼。这就要求我们公平地对待他们,并且是以我们若身处其位、也希望能被如此对待的方式。

至于资本配置,这是查理和我都喜欢的一项活动,我们也在其中积累了一些有用的经验。总的来说,在这片竞技场上,头发花白不是坏事:调动资金不需要良好的手眼协调能力,也不需要线条分明的肌肉(谢天谢地)。只要我们的头脑还能有效运转,查理和我就可以继续像过去那样把工作做下去。

我去世后,伯克希尔的所有权格局将会改变,但不会以一种破坏性的方式:我的股票一股都不必为了处理我已做出的现金遗赠或缴税而被迫出售。我的其他资产将用来满足这些需求。所有伯克希尔股票将留给一个或多个基金会。这样一来,伯克希尔将拥有一位长期、极为重大的股东,由与现在指引我们航向相同的理念和目标所引领。

到那个时候,巴菲特家族将不参与企业管理,只负责挑选和监督那些实际负责管理的经理人。至于那些经理人具体是谁,当然取决于我去世的时间。但我可以预见到管理架构会是怎样的:基本上我的工作将一分为二,一位高管负责投资,另一位担任首席执行官主管运营。如果涉及新业务的收购前景,两人将合作做出所需决策,当然,最终还需董事会批准。我们将继续拥有一支极其以股东利益为导向的董事会,其利益与你们的利益高度一致。

倘若我们需要立刻启用我刚描述的这套管理架构,我们的董事已知道我会推荐谁来担任这两个职务。所有候选人目前均已在伯克希尔任职,并且是我全然信赖的人。

我会继续就继任一事向董事们随时通报。鉴于伯克希尔股票几乎将构成我的全部遗产,而且在我去世后相当长一段时期,它也将在基金会的资产中占据相近的分量,你们可以放心,董事会和我已对继任问题深思熟虑,并准备妥当。你们同样可以确信,我们至今在经营伯克希尔中遵循的原则,将继续指引接替我的经理人。

为了避免以哀伤的调子收尾,我还想向你们保证,我从未感觉这么好过。我热爱经营伯克希尔,而如果享受生活能延年益寿,玛士撒拉的纪录恐怕就危险了。

For this exercise, we will ignore the important non-economic benefits of an education and focus strictly on its economic value. First, we must estimate the earnings that the graduate will receive over his lifetime and subtract from that figure an estimate of what he would have earned had he lacked his education. That gives us an excess earnings figure, which must then be discounted, at an appropriate interest rate, back to graduation day. The dollar result equals the intrinsic economic value of the education. Some graduates will find that the book value of their education exceeds its intrinsic value, which means that whoever paid for the education didn’t get his money’s worth. In other cases, the intrinsic value of an education will far exceed its book value, a result that proves capital was wisely deployed. In all cases, what is clear is that book value is meaningless as an indicator of intrinsic value. THE MANAGING OF BERKSHIRE I think it’s appropriate that I conclude with a discussion of Berkshire’s management, today and in the future. As our first owner- related principle tells you, Charlie and I are the managing partners of Berkshire. But we subcontract all of the heavy lifting in this business to the managers of our subsidiaries. In fact, we delegate almost to the point of abdication: Though Berkshire has about 190,000 employees, only 17 of these are at headquarters. Charlie and I mainly attend to capital allocation and the care and feeding of our key managers. Most of these managers are happiest when they are left alone to run their businesses, and that is customarily just how we leave them. That puts them in charge of all operating decisions and of dispatching the excess cash they generate to headquarters. By sending it to us, they don’t get diverted by the various enticements that would come their way were they responsible for deploying the cash their businesses throw off. Furthermore, Charlie and I are exposed to a much wider range of possibilities for investing these funds than any of our managers could find in his or her own industry. Most of our managers are independently wealthy, and it’s therefore up to us to create a climate that encourages them to choose working with Berkshire over golfing or fishing. This leaves us needing to treat them fairly and in the manner that we would wish to be treated if our positions were reversed. As for the allocation of capital, that’s an activity both Charlie and I enjoy and in which we have acquired some useful experience. In a general sense, grey hair doesn’t hurt on this playing field: You don’t need good hand-eye coordination or well-toned muscles to push money around (thank heavens). As long as our minds continue to function effectively, Charlie and I can keep on doing our jobs pretty much as we have in the past. On my death, Berkshire’s ownership picture will change but not in a disruptive way: None of my stock will have to be sold to take care of the cash bequests I have made or for taxes. Other assets of mine will take care of these requirements. All Berkshire shares will be left to one or more foundations. In this way, Berkshire will be left with a long-term, very substantial shareholder, guided by the same philosophy and objectives that now set our course. At that juncture, the Buffett family will not be involved in managing the business, only in picking and overseeing the managers who do. Just who those managers will be, of course, depends on the date of my death. But I can anticipate what the management structure will be: Essentially my job will be split into two parts, with one executive becoming responsible for investments and another, who will be CEO, for operations. If the acquisition of new businesses is in prospect, the two will cooperate in making the decisions needed, subject, of course, to board approval. We will continue to have an extraordinarily shareholder-minded board, one whose interests are solidly aligned with yours. Were we to need the management structure I have just described on an immediate basis, our directors know who I would recommend for both posts. All candidates currently work for Berkshire and are people in whom I have total confidence. I will continue to keep the directors posted on the succession issue. Since Berkshire stock will make up virtually my entire estate and will account for a similar portion of the assets of the foundation for a considerable period after my death, you can be sure that the directors and I have thought through the succession question carefully and that we are well prepared. You can be equally sure that the principles we have employed to date in running Berkshire will continue to guide the managers who succeed me. Lest we end on a morbid note, I also want to assure you that I have never felt better. I love running Berkshire, and if enjoying life promotes longevity, Methuselah’s record is in jeopardy.

沃伦·E·巴菲特

董事长

Warren E. Buffett Chairman

78

78

伯克希尔·哈撒韦公司

BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY INC.

普通股

COMMON STOCK

概况

伯克希尔拥有两类普通股,分别称为 A 类普通股和 B 类普通股。

每股 A 类普通股可由持有者选择转换为 30 股 B 类普通股。

B 类普通股不可转换为 A 类普通股。

股票过户代理人

General Berkshire has two classes of common stock designated Class A Common Stock and Class B Common Stock. Each share of Class A Common Stock is convertible, at the option of the holder, into 30 shares of Class B Common Stock. Shares of Class B Common Stock are not convertible into shares of Class A Common Stock. Stock Transfer Agent

富国银行(Wells Fargo Bank, N.A.),通讯地址:明尼苏达州圣保罗市 64854 号信箱,邮编 55164-0854,担任本公司普通股的过户代理人与登记人。相关函件可按上述地址寄往富国银行,或访问 wellsfargo.com/shareownerservices。电话垂询请致电股东关系部,号码 1-877-602-7411,服务时间为中部时间上午 7:00 至晚上 7:00。要求重新签发或办理过户的股票证书,应按上述地址寄往过户部门。

希望将 A 类普通股转换为 B 类普通股的在册股东,可书面联系富国银行。股东应将相关股票证书连同具体的书面指示一并交给富国银行,说明拟转换的股份数量以及 B 类股票的登记方式。我们建议您在寄送股票证书和书面指示时,使用保价信函或挂号信函。

如果 A 类股票以“街名”持有,希望转换全部或部分持股的股东应联系其券商或银行名义持有人。转换请求必须由该名义持有人提出。

股东

截至 2006 年 3 月 1 日,伯克希尔 A 类普通股约有 6,800 户在册持有人,B 类普通股约有 16,200 户在册持有人。在册持有人中包括了代实益但非在册所有人持有至少 50 万股 A 类普通股和 800 万股 B 类普通股的名义持有人。

普通股价格区间

伯克希尔的 A 类和 B 类普通股均在纽约证券交易所上市交易,交易代码分别为 BRK.A 和 BRK.B。下表列出了在所示期间内,纽约证券交易所综合行情系统报告的每股最高和最低成交价:

Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., P. O. Box 64854, St. Paul, MN 55164-0854 serves as Transfer Agent and Registrar for the Company’s common stock. Correspondence may be directed to Wells Fargo at the address indicated or at wellsfargo.com/shareownerservices. Telephone inquiries should be directed to the Shareowner Relations Department at 1-877-602-7411 between 7:00 A.M. and 7:00 P.M. Central Time. Certificates for re-issue or transfer should be directed to the Transfer Department at the address indicated. Shareholders of record wishing to convert Class A Common Stock into Class B Common Stock may contact Wells Fargo in writing. Along with the underlying stock certificate, shareholders should provide Wells Fargo with specific written instructions regarding the number of shares to be converted and the manner in which the Class B shares are to be registered. We recommend that you use certified or registered mail when delivering the stock certificates and written instructions. If Class A shares are held in “street name,” shareholders wishing to convert all or a portion of their holding should contact their broker or bank nominee. It will be necessary for the nominee to make the request for conversion. Shareholders Berkshire had approximately 6,800 record holders of its Class A Common Stock and 16,200 record holders of its Class B Common Stock at March 1, 2006. Record owners included nominees holding at least 500,000 shares of Class A Common Stock and 8,000,000 shares of Class B Common Stock on behalf of beneficial-but-not-of-record owners. Price Range of Common Stock Berkshire’s Class A and Class B Common Stock are listed for trading on the New York Stock Exchange, trading symbol: BRK.A and BRK.B. The following table sets forth the high and low sales prices per share, as reported on the New York Stock Exchange Composite List during the periods indicated:

季度2005 A 股最高2005 A 股最低2005 B 股最高2005 B 股最低2004 A 股最高2004 A 股最低2004 B 股最高2004 B 股最低
第一季度92,000 美元84,500 美元3,067 美元2,805 美元95,700 美元84,000 美元3,195 美元2,795 美元
第二季度88,900 美元82,000 美元2,948 美元2,733 美元95,650 美元85,100 美元3,189 美元2,830 美元
第三季度85,450 美元78,800 美元2,848 美元2,612 美元90,750 美元83,400 美元3,024 美元2,782 美元
第四季度91,200 美元82,100 美元3,032 美元2,728 美元89,500 美元81,150 美元2,994 美元2,685 美元

2005 2004 Class A Class B Class A Class B High Low High Low High Low High Low First Quarter $92,000 $84,500 $3,067 $2,805 $95,700 $84,000 $3,195 $2,795 Second Quarter 88,900 82,000 2,948 2,733 95,650 85,100 3,189 2,830 Third Quarter 85,450 78,800 2,848 2,612 90,750 83,400 3,024 2,782 Fourth Quarter 91,200 82,100 3,032 2,728 89,500 81,150 2,994 2,685

股息

伯克希尔自 1967 年以来从未宣告过现金股息。

Dividends Berkshire has not declared a cash dividend since 1967.

纽约证券交易所公司治理相关事项

NEW YORK STOCK EXCHANGE CORPORATE GOVERNANCE MATTERS

作为在纽约证券交易所(NYSE)上市的公司,伯克希尔必须遵守纽交所和/或美国证券交易委员会(SEC)规定的公司治理标准。除其他要求外,根据纽交所上市规则第 303A.12(a)条,伯克希尔的首席执行官必须每年向纽交所认证,截至认证之日,他是否知晓公司存在任何违反纽交所公司治理上市标准的行为。2005 年 5 月 10 日,伯克希尔的首席执行官沃伦·E·巴菲特向纽交所提交了此类认证,声明其未发现伯克希尔有任何违反纽交所公司治理上市标准的行为。

2005 年 3 月 15 日,伯克希尔向 SEC 提交了 2004 年 10-K 表,其中包含《萨班斯-奥克斯利法案》第 302 条所要求的 CEO 和 CFO 认证,作为附件 31.1 和 31.2。截至 2006 年 3 月 4 日,伯克希尔尚未提交其 2005 年 10-K 表。

As a listed Company with the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”), Berkshire is subject to certain Corporate Governance standards as required by the NYSE and/or the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Among other requirements, Berkshire’s CEO, as required by Section 303A.12(a) of the NYSE Listing Company Manual, must certify to the NYSE each year whether or not he is aware of any violations by the Company of NYSE Corporate Governance listing standards as of the date of the certification. On May 10, 2005, Berkshire’s CEO Warren E. Buffett, submitted such a certification to the NYSE which stated that he was not aware of any violation by Berkshire of the NYSE Corporate Governance listing standards. On March 15, 2005, Berkshire filed its 2004 Form 10-K with the SEC, which included as Exhibits 31.1 and 31.2 the required CEO and CFO Sarbanes-Oxley Act Section 302 certifications. As of March 4, 2006, Berkshire has not filed its 2005 Form 10-K.

79

79

伯克希尔·哈撒韦公司

BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY INC.

运营公司

OPERATING COMPANIES

公司 员工 公司 员工

Acme Building Brands 2,963 Justin Brands 960

Adalet (1) 161 The Kansas Bankers Surety Company 17

Altaquip (1) 346 Kern River Gas Transmission Company (2) 166

Ben Bridge Jeweler 740 Kingston (1) 210

Benjamin Moore 2,968 Kirby (1) 534

伯克希尔·哈撒韦住宅保险公司 282 Larson-Juhl 1,891

伯克希尔·哈撒韦再保险部门 29 McLane Company 15,115

Borsheim’s Jewelry 226 Medical Protective Corporation 355

《布法罗新闻》 892 Meriam Instrument (1) 62

CalEnergy (2) 488 MidAmerican Energy Company (2) 3,181

Campbell Hausfeld (1) 822 MidAmerican Energy Holdings Company 719

Carefree of Colorado (1) 244 MiTek Inc. 1,524

Central States Indemnity Co. 277 国民赔偿公司各子公司 791

Clayton Homes, Inc. 13,605 内布拉斯加家具城 2,432

Cleveland Wood Products (1) 91 NetJets 6,049

CORT Business Services 2,467 Northern Natural Gas (2) 969

CTB International 1,200 Northern and Yorkshire Electric (2) 2,365

Dairy Queen 2,446 Northland (1) 141

Douglas/Quikut (1) 86 The Pampered Chef 851

Fechheimer Brothers 963 Precision Steel Warehouse 198

FlightSafety International 3,617 Other Scott Fetzer Companies 270

Forest River, Inc. 5,402 喜诗糖果 2,300

France (1) 156 Shaw Industries 30,192

Fruit of the Loom 29,907 Stahl (1) 329

Garan 4,375 Star Furniture 719

GEICO 20,417 United Consumer Finance Company (1) 220

通用再保险公司 3,003 United States Liability Insurance Group 430

H. H. Brown Shoe Group 1,480 Wayne Water Systems (1) 174

Halex (1) 114 西科金融公司 13

Helzberg’s Diamond Shops 2,373 Western Enterprises (1) 469

HomeServices of America (2) 3,530 R. C. Willey Home Furnishings 2,567

Johns Manville 7,947 World Book (1) 212

Jordan’s Furniture 1,276 XTRA 677

运营公司合计 191,995

公司总部 17

192,012

Company Employees Company Employees Acme Building Brands 2,963 Justin Brands 960 Adalet (1) 161 The Kansas Bankers Surety Company 17 Altaquip (1) 346 Kern River Gas Transmission Company (2) 166 Ben Bridge Jeweler 740 Kingston (1) 210 Benjamin Moore 2,968 Kirby (1) 534 Berkshire Hathaway Homestate Companies 282 Larson-Juhl 1,891 Berkshire Hathaway Reinsurance Division 29 McLane Company 15,115 Borsheim’s Jewelry 226 Medical Protective Corporation 355 The Buffalo News 892 Meriam Instrument (1) 62 CalEnergy (2) 488 MidAmerican Energy Company (2) 3,181 Campbell Hausfeld (1) 822 MidAmerican Energy Holdings Company 719 Carefree of Colorado (1) 244 MiTek Inc. 1,524 Central States Indemnity Co. 277 National Indemnity Companies 791 Clayton Homes, Inc. 13,605 Nebraska Furniture Mart 2,432 Cleveland Wood Products (1) 91 NetJets 6,049 CORT Business Services 2,467 Northern Natural Gas (2) 969 CTB International 1,200 Northern and Yorkshire Electric (2) 2,365 Dairy Queen 2,446 Northland (1) 141 Douglas/Quikut (1) 86 The Pampered Chef 851 Fechheimer Brothers 963 Precision Steel Warehouse 198 FlightSafety International 3,617 Other Scott Fetzer Companies 270 Forest River, Inc. 5,402 See’s Candies 2,300 France (1) 156 Shaw Industries 30,192 Fruit of the Loom 29,907 Stahl (1) 329 Garan 4,375 Star Furniture 719 GEICO 20,417 United Consumer Finance Company (1) 220 General Re Corporation 3,003 United States Liability Insurance Group 430 H. H. Brown Shoe Group 1,480 Wayne Water Systems (1) 174 Halex (1) 114 Wesco Financial Corp. 13 Helzberg’s Diamond Shops 2,373 Western Enterprises (1) 469 HomeServices of America (2) 3,530 R. C. Willey Home Furnishings 2,567 Johns Manville 7,947 World Book (1) 212 Jordan’s Furniture 1,276 XTRA 677 Operating Companies total 191,995 Corporate Office 17 192,012

(1)

一家斯科特-费泽旗下公司

(2)

一家中美能源控股公司旗下公司

(1) A Scott Fetzer Company (2) A MidAmerican Energy Holdings Company

80

80

伯克希尔·哈撒韦公司

BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY INC.

董事

沃伦·E. 巴菲特,伯克希尔董事长兼首席执行官

查尔斯·T. 芒格,伯克希尔副董事长

霍华德·G. 巴菲特,巴菲特农场及摄影出版公司 BioImages 总裁

高管

沃伦·E. 巴菲特,董事长兼首席执行官

马克·D. 汉堡,副总裁、财务主管

丹尼尔·J. 杰克西奇,财务总监

福雷斯特·N. 克鲁特,秘书

DIRECTORS OFFICERS WARREN E. BUFFETT, WARREN E. BUFFETT, Chairman and CEO Chairman and CEO of Berkshire CHARLES T. MUNGER, Vice Chairman CHARLES T. MUNGER, Vice Chairman of Berkshire MARC D. HAMBURG, Vice President, Treasurer HOWARD G. BUFFETT, DANIEL J. JAKSICH, Controller President of Buffett Farms and BioImages, a photography and publishing company. FORREST N. KRUTTER, Secretary

董事

马尔科姆·G·蔡斯,罗德岛州社区银行 BankRI 董事会主席

威廉·H·盖茨三世,微软公司(一家软件公司)董事会主席

大卫·S·戈茨曼,第一曼哈顿公司(一家投资咨询公司)高级董事总经理

夏洛特·古曼,学术医疗中心 UW Medicine 董事会财务委员会主席

唐纳德·R·基奥,投资银行公司艾伦公司董事长

托马斯·S·墨菲,大都会/美国广播公司前董事会主席兼首席执行官

罗纳德·L·奥尔森,芒格、托尔斯与奥尔森律师事务所合伙人

沃尔特·斯科特 Jr.,Level 3 通信公司董事长(该公司承接了彼得·基维特之子公司的部分业务,从事电信和计算机外包服务)

高管

丽贝卡·K·阿米克,内部审计总监

马克·D·米拉德,金融资产总监

乔·艾伦·里克,税务总监

MALCOLM G. CHACE, Chairman of the Board of Directors of BankRI, a community bank located in the State of Rhode Island. WILLIAM H. GATES III, Chairman of the Board of Directors of Microsoft Corp, a software company. DAVID S. GOTTESMAN, Senior Managing Director of First Manhattan Company, an investment advisory firm. CHARLOTTE GUYMAN, Chairman of Finance Committee of the Board of Directors of UW Medicine, an academic medical center. REBECCA K. AMICK, DONALD R. KEOUGH, Director of Internal Auditing Chairman of Allen and Company Incorporated, an investment banking firm. MARK D. MILLARD, Director of Financial Assets THOMAS S. MURPHY, Former Chairman of the Board and CEO of Capital JO ELLEN RIECK, Cities/ABC. Director of Taxes RONALD L. OLSON, Partner of the law firm of Munger, Tolles & Olson LLP. WALTER SCOTT, JR., Chairman of Level 3 Communications, a successor to certain businesses of Peter Kiewit Sons’ Inc. which is engaged in telecommunications and computer outsourcing.

伯克希尔 1977 年至 2005 年各年年报中的股东信、季报、新闻稿及其他信息,可通过互联网 berkshirehathaway.com 获取。伯克希尔 2006 年季报计划于 5 月 5 日、8 月 4 日及 11 月 3 日在互联网上发布。伯克希尔 2006 年年报计划于 2007 年 3 月 1 日在互联网上发布。

Letters from Annual Reports (1977 through 2005), quarterly reports, press releases and other information about Berkshire may be obtained on the Internet at berkshirehathaway.com. Berkshire’s 2006 quarterly reports are scheduled to be posted on the Internet on May 5, August 4 and November 3. Berkshire’s 2006 Annual Report is scheduled to be posted on the Internet on March 1, 2007.