2018 年 CNBC 继任安排专访
今天,星期二,2018 年 1 月 10 日。
WHEN: Today, Tuesday, January 10, 2018
地点CNBC 的“Squawk Box”节目。以下是伯克希尔·哈撒韦公司董事长兼首席执行官沃伦·巴菲特与 CNBC 的贝基·奎克在 CNBC“Squawk Box”节目(美国东部时间周一至周五早 6 点至 9 点)今天(2018 年 1 月 10 日星期二)的访谈完整非官方文字记录。本次访谈源于公司今早宣布,巴菲特已任命格雷格·阿贝尔和阿吉特·贾恩分别担任非保险业务和保险业务的副董事长。伯克希尔·哈撒韦副董事长查理·芒格于美国东部时间上午 8 点 45 分加入对话。伯克希尔·哈撒韦还宣布,巴菲特和芒格将继续担任各自职务,不过巴菲特指出,这是“为逐步完成继任计划迈出的一步”。完整访谈视频可在 CNBC.com 上观看:https://www.cnbc.com/video/2018/01/10/warren-buffett-may-be-slowly-passing-the-baton-at-berkshire-hathaway.html。所有引用必须注明出处为 CNBC。
WHERECNBC's "Squawk Box" Following is the full unofficial transcript of a CNBC interview with Berkshire Hathaway Chairman & CEO Warren Buffett and CNBC's Becky Quick on CNBC's "Squawk Box" (M-F, 6AM-9AM ET) today, Tuesday, January 10, stemming from the company's announcement this morning that Buffett has appointed Gregory Abel and Ajit Jain as vice chairman for non-insurance and insurance operations respectively. Vice-Chairman Of Berkshire Hathaway Charlie Munger joined the conversation at 8:45am ET. Berkshire Hathaway also announced that Buffett and Munger will continue their respective roles, although Buffett notes this is "part of a movement to succession over time." Video of the full interview is available on CNBC.com: https://www.cnbc.com/video/2018/01/10/warren-buffett-may-be-slowly-passing-the-baton-at-berkshire-hathaway.html. All references must be sourced the CNBC.
乔·科南伯克希尔·哈撒韦的董事会正在发生一些重大变动。让我们连线身在奥马哈的贝基·奎克。她与一位非常特别的嘉宾在一起。收益率,沃伦,我确定我们想听听你对此的看法。我觉得,保险公司有一大堆钱得拿去投资,对吧,贝基?我的意思是,也许这样会更好……
JOE KERNENBERKSHIRE HATHAWAY MAKING SOME BIG CHANGES TO ITS BOARD. LET'S GET TO BECKY QUICK IN OMAHA. SHE JOINS US NOW WITH A VERY SPECIAL GUEST. YIELDS, WARREN, I'M SURE WE'LL WANT TO WEIGH IN ON THAT. I THINK INSURANCE COMPANIES HAVE TO INVEST A BUNCH OF STUFF, DON'T THEY, BECKY? I MEAN, IT MIGHT BE BETTER TO GET –
贝基·奎克是这样。
QUICKTHEY DO.
乔·科南……收益率再高一点可能更好。
KERNENIT MIGHT BE BETTER TO GET A LITTLE BIT HIGHER.
贝基·奎克没错。低收益率对保险公司、对养老金基金一直都是相当痛苦的,所以,是啊,我猜那大概算是个好消息。
BECKY QUICKTHEY DO. AND LOW YIELDS HAVE BEEN VERY PAINFUL FOR THE INSURANCE COMPANIES, FOR THE PENSION COMPANIES, AND, YEAH, I'M GUESSING THAT'S PROBABLY GOOD NEWS.
乔·科南他真的就跟你在一起吗,说真的?
KERNENIS HE REALLY THERE WITH YOU, HONEST TO GOD?
贝基·奎克是。你想看看吗?想看吗?拍一个镜头给他。
QUICKYEP. YOU WANT TO SEE? YOU WANT TO SEE? TAKE A SHOT.
乔·科南真想不到。真没想到啊。
KERNENI'LL BE DARNED. I'LL BE DARNED.
贝基·奎克给沃伦一个镜头。他就在这儿。
QUICKTAKE A SHOT OF WARREN. HE'S HERE.
乔·科南那可不是汤姆·克鲁斯戴着那种人皮面具——这真是——
KERNENAND THAT'S NOT TOM CRUZ WITH ONE OF THOSE MASKS ON LIKE – THAT'S REALLY –
贝基·奎克对。又不是《碟中谍》。
QUICKNOPE. NOT LIKE MISSION IMPOSSIBLE.
乔·科南嗨,沃伦。谢谢你来做客。可别给我寄砖头啊。
KERNENHI, WARREN. THANKS FOR JOINING US. DON'T SEND ME A BRICK.
沃伦·巴菲特行,乔。我给你寄两块。这周我们有特价。
WARREN BUFFETTOK, JOE. YOU'LL GET TWO OF THEM. WE'VE GOT A SPECIAL THIS WEEK.
贝基·奎克乔,他今天早上来上节目前还在看你们的节目,他刚才已经说过了。
QUICKHE WAS WATCHING EARLIER THIS MORNING, JOE, HE HAS ALREADY MENTIONED.
乔·科南哦,他说了吗?他笑了。他现在还在笑呢。
KERNENOH, HE DID? HE'S SMILING. HE'S STILL SMILING.
贝基·奎克他确实在看。没错,他什么都听到了。各位,没错。伯克希尔·哈撒韦的董事长兼首席执行官沃伦·巴菲特今天早上和我们在一起,而就在今天早上,伯克希尔·哈撒韦发布了一条重磅消息。伯克希尔董事会迎来两项新任命:掌管伯克希尔·哈撒韦能源的格雷格·阿贝尔,以及掌管伯克希尔·哈撒韦再保险的阿吉特·贾恩。他们两人将被提升为副董事长,进入董事会,并各自负责公司内的一块业务。大家看到的这位 55 岁的格雷格·阿贝尔,将负责伯克希尔·哈撒韦所有非保险业务。而照片上这位 66 岁的阿吉特·贾恩,将负责伯克希尔·哈撒韦所有保险业务。沃伦,我们今天早些时候就聊过,这是我们所听到过的,伯克希尔·哈撒韦最接近继任计划的一件事。我们应该这样理解吗?
QUICKHE DID. YEAH HE WAS WATCHING. HE HEARD EVERYTHING. FOLKS, THAT'S RIGHT. WARREN BUFFETT, THE CHAIRMAN AND CEO OF BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY IS WITH US THIS MORNING, AND THIS IS ON A MORNING THAT BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY HAS SOME BIG NEWS. TWO NEW APPOINTMENTS TO THE BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY BOARD. GREG ABEL WHO RUNS BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY ENERGY AND AJIT JAIN WHO RUNS BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY RE-INSURANCE. THEY WILL NOW BE RESPONSIBLE – THEY WILL BOTH BE PROMOTED TO VICE CHAIRMAN, BE NAMED TO THE BOARD, AND WILL EACH HAVE THEIR OWN PORTFOLIO TO RUN IN THE COMPANY. GREG ABEL, YOU SEE THERE WHO IS 55 YEARS OLD, IS GOING TO BE RUNNING ALL THE NONINSURANCE PARTS OF BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY. AND AJIT JAIN, PICTURED HERE WHO IS 66 YEARS OLD, IS GOING TO BE RUNNING ALL THE INSURANCE PARTS OF BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY. AND WARREN, WE MADE A COMMENT ABOUT THIS EARLIER TODAY THIS IS THE CLOSEST THAT WE'VE EVER HEARD TO A SUCCESSION PLAN AT BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY. IS THAT HOW WE SHOULD BE READING THIS?
沃伦·巴菲特嗯,对。这是逐步向继任计划推进的一个举措,他们两位是伯克希尔的核心人物。这个安排五年前也同样合理。伯克希尔已融入他们的血液,他们热爱这家公司,对自己的业务了如指掌。所以,这对伯克希尔确实非常好,对我而言就更好了。
WARREN BUFFETTWELL, YEAH. IT'S PART OF A MOVEMENT TOWARDS SUCCESSION OVER TIME, AND THEY ARE THE TWO KEY FIGURES AT BERKSHIRE. THIS WOULD HAVE MADE SENSE FIVE YEARS AGO, TOO. THEY BOTH HAVE BERKSHIRE IN THEIR BLOOD. THEY LOVE THE COMPANY. THEY KNOW THEIR OPERATIONS LIKE THE BACK OF THEIR HAND. SO, IT'S REALLY, IT'S VERY GOOD FOR BERKSHIRE, AND IT'S EVEN BETTER FOR ME.
贝基·奎克您自己提到,这件事五年前就可以做了。
QUICKYOU MENTIONED YOURSELF THAT THIS COULD HAVE HAPPENED FIVE YEARS AGO.
巴菲特哦,当然。
BUFFETTOH, SURE.
贝基·奎克早在比那还要早得多的时候,就有人一直在催您公开您的继任计划。那么问题来了,为什么偏偏是现在?
QUICKTHERE HAVE BEEN PEOPLE WHO HAVE BEEN PUSHING YOU TO MAKE PUBLIC YOUR SUCCESSION PLANS FOR QUITE A BIT LONGER THAN THAT. WHICH RAISES THE QUESTION, WHY NOW?
沃伦·巴菲特嗯,就像你说的,这事可能几年前就该做了,但一切一直运转得挺好。另一方面,让他们俩都担任这些职位也有好处——可以让他们更熟悉那些以前没接触过的业务。我多少掌握一些公司的沿革,可以跟他们讲讲各个运营负责人的强项、弱点以及这样那样的情况。这只是一个过渡期,可能持续很长时间;或者万一我出了什么事,也可能很快就完成。时间点本身没什么神秘的。其实挺有意思,昨晚开这个会之前,我一个人一个人地跟董事们聊了这个提议,他们接受这个提议的踊跃程度,有点吓人。
BUFFETTWELL, LIKE YOU SAY, IT PROBABLY SHOULD HAVE BEEN DONE A FEW YEARS AGO, BUT EVERYTHING HAS BEEN WORKING FINE. ON THE OTHER HAND, THERE'S SOME VALUE IN HAVING BOTH OF THEM IN THOSE POSITIONS AND GETTING MORE FAMILIAR WITH THE ONES THEY HAVEN'T BEEN – THE OPERATIONS THEY HAVEN'T BEEN IN CONTACT WITH BEFORE. AND I'VE GOT A CERTAIN AMOUNT OF INSTITUTIONAL KNOWLEDGE AND I CAN TELL THEM THE STRONG POINTS AND THE WEAK POINTS AND THIS AND THAT OF THE VARIOUS OPERATORS. IT'S JUST A TRANSITION PERIOD THAT MAY LAST A LONG TIME OR IF SOMETHING HAPPENED TO ME, IT COULD HAPPEN VERY SOON. THERE'S NOTHING MAGIC ABOUT THE TIME. IT'S KIND OF INTERESTING, ACTUALLY, I TALKED TO THE DIRECTORS ONE AT A TIME BEFORE WE HAD THIS MEETING LAST NIGHT AND THE DEGREE TO WHICH THEY JUMPED AT THE SUGGESTION WAS A LITTLE ALARMING.
贝基·奎克盼着你赶紧宣布这个——
QUICKWANTING YOU TO GO AHEAD AND MAKE THE –
巴菲特哦,没错。完全不需要劝说。
BUFFETTOH YEAH. THERE WAS NO PERSUASION NEEDED.
贝基·奎克您刚才说,这有可能发生,可能持续很长时间,也可能很快就完成。大家应该担心您的健康状况吗?
QUICKYOU JUST SAID THAT THIS COULD HAPPEN, IT COULD LAST A LONG TIME, OR IT COULD HAPPEN MORE IMMEDIATELY. SHOULD PEOPLE BE CONCERNED ABOUT YOUR HEALTH?
沃伦·巴菲特没有。我身体相当好,尤其考虑到我过去的生活方式,这已经非常难得了。身体各方面都有点——平衡感不如以前了,耐力可能也不如以前,诸如此类。所以,我在这些方面都有所下滑,但我本来底子就不怎么样。正因为起点低,下滑的幅度也相当小。没有,我感觉棒极了。我热爱我所做的事。我每天早上等不及要去上班,这一点从来没有变过。另外,如果我的健康状况有任何变化——从我接手公司以来,我就一直是这样做的——我会立刻告诉股东。我谈论自己的健康没什么不对的。事实上,我觉得作为 CEO,你有责任这么做。
BUFFETTNO. I AM REMARKABLY IN GOOD HEALTH, PARTICULARLY CONCERNING THE LIFE I'VE LED. EVERYTHING PHYSICAL GETS A LITTLE – YOUR BALANCE ISN'T AS GOOD, AND YOUR ENDURANCE MAY NOT BE QUITE AS GOOD AND ALL OF THAT. SO, I HAVE SLIPPED IN ALL THESE VARIOUS WAYS, BUT I WASN'T MUCH TO START WITH. SO THE AMOUNT OF SLIPPAGE IS FAIRLY MINOR JUST BECAUSE I STARTED FROM A LOW BASE. NO, I FEEL TERRIFIC. I LOVE WHAT I DO. I CAN'T WAIT TO GO TO THE OFFICE IN THE MORNING, AND, NO, THERE'S BEEN NO CHANGE IN THAT. AND INCIDENTALLY, IF THERE WAS ANYTHING ABOUT MY HEALTH, AND THIS HAS BEEN TRUE SINCE I TOOK OVER, I WOULD TELL THE SHAREHOLDERS IMMEDIATELY. I'M NOT WRONG TO TALK ABOUT MY HEALTH. IN FACT, I THINK YOU HAVE A DUTY TO DO THAT WHEN YOU ARE CEO.
贝基·奎克那么这将如何改变伯克希尔的运营?您现在有三位副董事长——查理·芒格、阿吉特·贾恩和格雷格·阿贝尔。这意味着什么?
QUICKSO HOW WILL THIS CHANGE OPERATIONS AT BERKSHIRE? YOU WILL NOW HAVE THREE VICE CHAIRMAN. CHARLIE MUNGER, AJIT JAIN AND GREG ABEL. WHAT DOES THAT MEAN?
沃伦·巴菲特嗯,就实际运作而言,这没什么影响。阿吉特住在纽约,在康涅狄格州和纽约市工作。格雷格住在得梅因。他们不会改变任何事。我们的办公室不会有任何变动。首席财务官在奥马哈。奥马哈或其他任何地方都不会有人员变动,除了有人会升任伯克希尔·哈撒韦能源的负责人。
BUFFETTWELL, IT MEANS NOTHING IN TERMS OF PHYSICAL CHANGE. AJIT LIVES IN NEW YORK, WORKS IN CONNECTICUT, AND ALSO IN NEW YORK CITY. GREG LIVES IN DES MOINES. THEY WON'T CHANGE ANYTHING. THERE'S NO CHANGE IN OUR OFFICE. CFO IS IN OMAHA. THERE WONT BE A CHANGE IN ONE PERSON IN OMAHA OR REALLY ANY PLACE ELSE EXCEPT SOMEBODY WILL MOVE UP TO THE HEAD OF BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY ENERGY.
贝基·奎克那我猜问题就变成了——既然继任计划公开了,是不是意味着将来有一天,他俩会共同执掌伯克希尔·哈撒韦?有点像您当初在投资方面的安排,托德·库姆斯和泰德·韦施勒各管一摊,又一起运作。我们是不是该用那种方式来预期伯克希尔·哈撒韦首席执行官职务的继任计划?
QUICKI GUESS THE QUESTION BECOMES, IF THIS IS THE SUCCESSION PLANNING KIND OF OPENED UP, DOES THIS MEAN THAT THEY WOULD BOTH BE RUNNING BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY AT SOME POINT? SORT OF THE WAY YOU HAVE YOUR INVESTMENT POTENTIAL SET UP WITH TODD AND TED. TODD COMBS AND TED WESCHLER EACH RUNNING TWO THINGS AND KIND OF OPERATING TOGETHER. IS THAT HOW WE SHOULD ANTICIPATE SUCCESSION PLANNING AT BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY FOR THE CEO JOB?
沃伦·巴菲特不。我不当 CEO 之后,会有另一位 CEO。肯定会有一位 CEO。届时这位 CEO 怎么安排事情,由他来决定。他会找出最佳方式。变化不会太大。会有一点点变化,但不会太大。
BUFFETTNO. WHEN I'M NOT CEO, THERE WILL BE ANOTHER CEO. THERE WILL BE A CEO. AND HOW THAT CEO WILL ORGANIZE THINGS WILL BE UP TO HIM IN THIS CASE. AND HE WILL FIGURE OUT THE BEST WAY TO DO IT. AND IT WON'T CHANGE VERY MUCH. IT WILL CHANGE A LITTLE, BUT IT WON'T CHANGE VERY MUCH.
贝基·奎克您是否知道,如果这种情况在一夜之间发生,这两位中谁会担任首席执行官?
QUICKDO YOU KNOW WHICH OF THESE TWO WOULD BE CEO IF THIS WERE TO HAPPEN OVERNIGHT?
沃伦·巴菲特嗯,这种事你永远说不准。不过,我们的董事们知道,如果明天早上发生这种情况,他们会怎么做;但他们不知道,比方说四年后才发生,他们到时候会怎么处理。
BUFFETTWELL, YOU NEVER KNOW, BUT OUR DIRECTORS KNOW WHAT THEY WOULD DO TOMORROW MORNING IF IT HAPPENED, BUT THEY DON'T KNOW WHAT THEY WOULD DO FOUR YEARS FROM NOW, SAY IF IT HAPPENED THEN.
贝基·奎克这倒是引出了一个问题——这事儿会不会演变成一场争位的赛马?
QUICKI GUESS THAT RAISES THE QUESTION, DOES THIS RAISE A LITTLE BIT OF A HORSE JOCKEYING COMPETITION?
沃伦·巴菲特这两个人之间根本不存在什么竞赛。他们彼此非常了解,相互也很欣赏。两人各有专长,我是说,格雷格不会想去管保险业务,阿吉特也不会去负责其他运营。他们在各自领域都极为出色。这两块业务差别很大,但分量大致相当。一边人手更多,但保险业务在净资产方面投入远超 1000 亿美元,同时还产生了超过 1000 亿美元的浮存金。所以,论盈利能力和重要性,两者几乎旗鼓相当。
BUFFETTTHERE'S NO HORSE RACE AT ALL IN THESE TWO FELLOWS. THEY KNOW EACH OTHER WELL. THEY LIKE EACH OTHER WELL. THEY BOTH HAVE THEIR AREAS OF SPECIALTY. I MEAN, GREG WOULD NOT WANT TO BE RUNNING INSURANCE AND AJIT WOULD NOT BE RUNNING THE OTHER OPERATIONS. THEY ARE EXTREMELY GOOD AT WHAT THEY DO. THOSE ARE TWO PRETTY DIFFERENT BUSINESSES. AND THEY'RE ROUGHLY EQUAL BUSINESSES. THERE ARE MORE PEOPLE ON ONE SIDE, BUT THE INSURANCE BUSINESS GENERATES OVER $100 BILLION OF FLOAT IN ADDITION TO HAVING WELL OVER $100 BILLION INVESTED IN IT IN TERMS OF NET WORTH. SO, THERE'S MORE OR LESS PARODY OF EARNING POWER AND IMPORTANCE.
贝基·奎克这正是我想问你的,因为我们今早也看了分析师对其中一些业务做的报告。如果把 2016 年的利润拆开来看,保险公司大概占整个业务的四分之一。至少那一年利润是这样,而保险利润显然波动很剧烈。但你看待它的角度有点不同。
QUICKTHAT'S WHAT I WAS GOING TO ASK YOU ABOUT BECAUSE WE'VE BEEN LOOKING AT SOME OF THE MEASURES THIS MORNING JUST FROM ANALYST'S NOTES ON SOME OF THESE THINGS. IF YOU LOOK AT 2016 PROFIT AND BREAK IT DOWN, THE INSURANCE COMPANY REPRESENTS ABOUT A QUARTER OF THE BUSINESS. AT LEAST FOR THE PROFITS FOR THAT YEAR AND OBVIOUSLY INSURANCE PROFITS CAN SWING PRETTY RAPIDLY. BUT YOU LOOK AT IT A LITTLE DIFFERENTLY.
巴菲特是的。如果我们拥有 1000 多亿美元的浮存金,那就意味着这些利息、股息以及相当数量的资本利得,会随着时间的推移从保险业务中产生。这两块业务确实重要性相当。我并不确定,假如我们要出售其中一方,哪一方能带来更多资金。两者对伯克希尔都极为重要。
BUFFETTYEAH. IF WE HAVE $100 BILLION PLUS A FLOAT, THAT MEANS THOSE INTERESTS IN DIVIDENDS AND A FAIR AMOUNT OF CAPITAL GAINS OVER TIME COME FROM THE INSURANCE OPERATION. THEY'RE REALLY OF PRETTY EQUAL IMPORTANCE. I'M NOT SURE IF WE WERE TO SELL ONE SIDE OR THE OTHER WHICH ONE WOULD BRING MORE MONEY. THEY BOTH ARE ENORMOUSLY IMPORTANT TO BERKSHIRE.
贝基·奎克关键在于——这多少算得上是伯克希尔·哈撒韦多年来背后的秘密。保险公司创造了浮存金,然后你就能转身用它来投资,要么收购其他企业,要么买入证券并纳入麾下。当负责统筹这一切的不是同一个人时,这怎么行得通?他们必须是能很好协作的人。
QUICKAND THE KEY IS – IT'S KIND OF THE SECRET BEHIND BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY FROM ALL THESE YEARS. THE INSURANCE COMPANY CREATING THE FLOAT THAT THEN YOU CAN TURN AROUND AND INVEST EITHER IN PURCHASING OTHER BUSINESSES OR IN PURCHASING SECURITIES AND BRINGING THEM IN. HOW DOES THAT WORK WHEN IT'S NOT THE SAME PERSON WHO IS KIND OF RESPONSIBLE FOR OVERSEEING ALL OF THAT? THEY WOULD HAVE TO BE PEOPLE WHO WORK WELL TOGETHER.
巴菲特嗯,他们确实必须了解彼此的业务。但资本配置由我来做,查理也和我一起做。不过在保险业务这块,GEICO 的托尼·奈斯利根本不会花五秒钟去考虑资金怎么投资,实际上,阿吉特也是一样。他们的工作是发展好的保险业务,随着时间的推移创造更多浮存金,而我的工作是去投资这些钱。我们公司实际上有三大职能:两类不同的运营业务,外加资金管理。
BUFFETTWELL, THEY CERTAINLY HAVE TO UNDERSTAND EACH OTHERS OPERATION. BUT I INVEST THE CAPITAL, AND CHARLIE DOES IT WITH ME. BUT IN OUR INSURANCE OPERATIONS, TONY NICELY OF GEICO, HE DOESN'T THINK FOR FIVE SECONDS ABOUT HOW THE MONEY IS GETTING INVESTED, AND ACTUALLY, THE SAME WAY WITH AJIT. THEIR JOB IS TO DEVELOP GOOD INSURANCE BUSINESS, CREATE MORE FLOW OVER TIME, AND MY JOB IS TO INVEST IT. THERE'S REALLY THREE FUNCTIONS IN THE BUSINESSES. TWO DIFFERENT TYPES OF OPERATIONS, AND THEN THERE'S THE MONEY.
贝基·奎克为什么你们好几年之前不这样做?当时的考虑是什么?
QUICKWHY DIDN'T YOU DO THIS YEARS AGO? WHAT WAS THE REASONING BEHIND THAT?
巴菲特可能近乎于懒散,甚至是怠惰那一类。当时也没什么特别的理由非要这么做,当然你可以说今天理由就充分了。但对我之后的任何继任者来说,能在一个大板块的全面管理上积累更多经验都是很有价值的——我们旗下有很多不同的——保险业务——我们在保险这块有很多不同的公司。保险这边的公司甚至比非保险业务还多。光从哪些经理人根本不需要任何人帮忙、哪些经理人在做补强收购时可能需要更多指导意见的历史来看,我们旗下各企业由形形色色的人管理,他们各有长短。随着时间的推移,无论是在保险侧还是非保险侧,这些人都会积累经验——一年后的他们,会比现在懂得多得多。
BUFFETTPROBABLY LETHERGY BORDERING ON SLOTH OR SOMETHING OF THE SORT. THERE WASN'T A REASON TO DO IT PARTICULARLY, YOU CAN SAY THERE IS A REASON TODAY. BUT IT WILL BE VALUABLE TO ANYBODY THAT SUCCEEDS ME TO HAVE HAD MORE EXPERIENCE IN THE OVERALL MANAGEMENT OF A LARGE AREA, AND WE HAVE SO MANY DIFFERENT – INSURANCE OPERATIONS – WE HAVE A LOT OF DIFFERENT ONES IN INSURANCE. WE HAVE EVEN MORE THAN THE OTHER OPERATIONS. JUST IN TERMS OF THE HISTORY OF WHICH MANAGERS REALLY DON'T NEED ANY HELP WHATSOEVER AND WHICH ONES IF THEY'RE DOING BOLT ON ACQUISITIONS MAY NEED MORE INPUT THAN OTHERS. THERE'S A LOT OF DIFFERENT INDIVIDUALS RUNNING OUR DIFFERENT BUSINESSES AND THEY HAVE DIFFERENT STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES. AND OVER TIME, ON BOTH THE INSURANCE SIDE AND THE NON-INSURANCE SIDE, EACH OF THOSE FELLOWS WILL PICK UP – THEY'LL KNOW A LOT MORE A YEAR FROM NOW THAN THEY KNOW NOW.
贝基·奎克那这些业务会向他们汇报吗?
QUICKAND THEY'LL HAVE THOSE BUSINESSES REPORTING THROUGH TO THEM?
沃伦·巴菲特向他们汇报。他们会决定下属的薪酬。我的意思是,某些人我们和他们签了终身有效的薪酬协议,因为收购时就定好了,但除了那些固定的之外,这些决定将由他们来做。小规模的补强收购可能也由他们决定,如果是大规模的补强收购,那我和查理就会参与进来。
BUFFETTTO THEM. AND THEY'LL DECIDE THE COMPENSATION OF THE PEOPLE UNDERNEATH. I MEAN, CERTAIN PEOPLE WE HAVE COMPENSATION ARRANGEMENTS WITH THAT WE WILL HAVE IN FORCE FOR THEIR LIFETIME BECAUSE WE MADE UP AT THE TIME OF ACQUISITION, BUT ASIDE FROM THE ONES THAT ARE FIXED, THOSE DECISIONS WILL BE THEIRS. AND SMALLER BOLT ON ACQUISITIONS WILL PROBABLY BE THEIRS IF THERE'S A LARGE BOLT ON ACQUISITION, THEN CHARLIE AND I WILL GET INVOLVED.
贝基·奎克你会参与做收购决策,不过我认为未来的收购最终都会——这些业务部门最终会归属到这两位先生中的一位名下。
QUICKYOU WILL GET INVOLVED IN MAKING THE ACQUISITION, BUT I WOULD ASSUME THAT ANY FUTURE ACQUISITIONS WOULD REPORT THROUGH – THOSE DIVISIONS WOULD REPORT THROUGH TO ONE OF THESE TWO GENTLEMEN.
巴菲特没错。
BUFFETTTHAT'S CORRECT.
贝基·奎克那会不会让你们更难做收购?因为过去一个很大的吸引力就是可以向沃伦·巴菲特汇报。
QUICKWILL THAT MAKE IT MORE DIFFICULT FOR YOU TO MAKE ACQUISITIONS BECAUSE ONE OF THE BIG LURES IN THE PAST HAS BEEN BEING ABLE TO REPORT TO WARREN BUFFETT?
巴菲特嗯,并不是说我就消失了。我会让这些同事把收到的统计数据发给我。站在我的角度,这就像看棒球比分之类的东西。所以我会继续获取信息,但不会负责设定薪酬。我的意思是,他们要么为阿吉特工作,要么为格雷格工作。不过我还是会像以前一样感兴趣。我身上的伯克希尔血液一滴都不会少。
BUFFETTWELL, IT ISN'T THAT I DISAPPEAR. I WILL TELL ALL THESE FELLOWS AND WOMEN TO SEND ME THE STATISTICAL INFORMATION THEY GET. IT'S LIKE LOOKING AT BASEBALL SCORES OR SOMETHING FROM MY STANDPOINT. SO I'LL KEEP GETTING INFORMATION, BUT I WILL NOT BE SETTING THE PAY. I MEAN, THEY WILL BE WORKING FOR EITHER AJIT OR GREG. BUT I'LL BE AS INTERESTED AS EVER. THERE'S NOT A DROP OF BERKSHIRE BLOOD THAT'S LEAVING MY BODY.
贝基·奎克你说过,这件事让你感觉很好。
QUICKYOU SAID THAT THIS IS SOMETHING THAT YOU FEEL GREAT.
巴菲特太好了。
BUFFETTTERRIFIC.
贝基·奎克您本人的健康状态极佳。
QUICKYOUR HEALTH IS IN PERFECT HEALTH.
巴菲特没错。
BUFFETTYEAH.
贝基·奎克同样的问题。您会觉得累吗?是不是不想再干这么多了?
QUICKSAME THING. ARE YOU TIRED? DO YOU NOT WANT TO BE DOING AS MUCH?
巴菲特不会。我星期六会去办公室。只要我在城里,每个星期六都去,除非有极不寻常的事。我喜欢这样。我热爱伯克希尔。每天早上都盼着去那里。这份工作实在——没有比我这个更好的工作了。现在我又让它变得更好了一点。
BUFFETTNO. I'M DOWN AT THE OFFICE ON SATURDAY. ANY SATURDAY I'M IN TOWN, UNLESS THERE'S SOMETHING VERY UNUSUAL GOING ON. I LOVE IT. I LOVE BERKSHIRE. I LOOK FORWARD EVERY MORNING TO BEING THERE. IT'S A GREAT – YOU COULDN'T HAVE A BETTER JOB THAN I'VE GOT. I'VE JUST MADE IT ONE NOTCH BETTER NOW.
贝基·奎克摩根大通去年 9 月有份报告,那位分析师指出,接班人问题始终是个大问号,下一位由谁接任始终是个巨大的悬念。但她也提到,就算看到你再执掌公司十年左右,她也不会意外。你有颗精算师般的头脑,会在心里把这些事盘算一遍。当你开始琢磨自己还会执掌伯克希尔多久时,心里怎么想?
QUICKTHERE'S A JPMORGAN REPORT FROM SEPTEMBER OF LAST YEAR AND THE ANALYST THERE POINTS OUT THAT SUCCESSION HAS ALWAYS BEEN A BIG QUESTION, THE NEXT LINK OF WHO IS GOING TO BE THERE HAS ALWAYS BEEN A HUGE QUESTION. BUT SHE ALSO POINTS OUT SHE WOULDN'T BE SURPRISED TO SEE YOU RUNNING THINGS FOR THE NEXT TEN YEARS OR SO. YOU HAVE AN ACTUARIAL BRAIN, YOU RUN THESE THINGS THROUGH. WHAT DO YOU THINK WHEN YOU START THINKING ABOUT HOW LONG YOU'LL BE RUNNING BERKSHIRE?
巴菲特十年可不算短,但我每次见到我的医生,都会说,只管跟我保证再干五年就行。这就像是我一路走来,边走边续。现在经营伯克希尔,跟十年前左右一模一样。哪里有交易,我离开这儿就会上飞机。我热爱在伯克希尔所做的一切。没有比这更想干的事了,因为如果我想换件别的事干,随时都可以。这比我想象的还要有乐趣。
BUFFETTTEN YEARS WOULD BE A LONG TIME, BUT EVERY TIME I SEE ONE OF MY DOCTORS, I SAY JUST GUARANTEE ME THE NEXT FIVE YEARS. IT'S SORT OF A RUNNING EXTENSION AS I GO ALONG. RUNNING IT NOW IS EXACTLY LIKE IT WAS LIKE IT WAS TEN YEARS AGO OR SO. IF THERE'S A DEAL SOME PLACE, I'LL GET ON A PLANE AS SOON AS I LEAVE HERE. I LOVE WHAT I DO AT BERKSHIRE. THERE'S NOTHING I WOULD RATHER BE DOING BECAUSE I COULD DO ANYTHING ELSE IF I WANTED TO DO SOMETHING DIFFERENTLY. IT'S MORE FUN THAN I THINK I COULD IMAGINE.
贝基·奎克那这个决定是怎么产生的?
QUICKAND HOW DID THIS DECISION COME ABOUT?
巴菲特我就是——我反复琢磨过好几次,到底该什么时候做这件事。大概六周前吧,我干脆想,为什么不现在呢?就像我说的,昨晚投票之前,我一个一个地单独跟董事们谈过,他们全都抢着支持。我本来还指望有人能提点反对意见之类的。结果昨天电话会议只用了大概 15 分钟。所以,现在做这件事合情合理。我知道,要是我站在那两位兄弟的立场,我也巴不得早点接手一些东西。我也希望自己能在最终接手之前,先积累一些管理整个企业集团的经验。
BUFFETTI JUST WAS – I'VE MOLDED VARIOUS TIMES EXACTLY WHEN I WOULD DO SOMETHING LIKE THIS. MAYBE SIX WEEKS AGO OR SO I JUST DECIDED WHY NOT NOW? AS I SAID, I TALKED TO THE DIRECTORS ONE AT A TIME INDIVIDUALLY BEFORE WE HAD THIS VOTE LAST NIGHT AND THEY JUMPED ALL OVER IT. I WAS HOPING THERE WOULD BE A LITTLE DISENT OR SOMETHING. AND THEN THE MEETING TOOK ABOUT 15 MINUTES YESTERDAY ON THE PHONE. SO, IT JUST MAKES SENSE NOW. I KNOW THAT IF I WERE IN THE POSITION OF THOSE TWO FELLOWS, I WOULD JUST AS SOON HAVE SOME OF THE STUFF. I WOULD LIKE TO GET SOME EXPERIENCE WITH SUPERVISING A WHOLE GROUP OF BUSINESSES BEFORE I EVENTUALLY TOOK OVER.
贝基·奎克对,而且可能还要确保他们对那些事也觉得踏实。查理·芒格马上也要共同担任副董事长这个头衔。他今天上午稍晚会加入我们。他对分享这个头衔是什么感觉?
QUICKYEAH AND POTENTIALLY MAKING SURE THEY FEEL COMFORTABLE WITH ALL OF THOSE ISSUES, TOO. CHARLIE MUNGER IS NOW GOING TO BE SHARING THE TITLE OF VICE CHAIRMAN. HE WILL BE JOINING US A LITTLE LATER THIS MORNING. HOW DOES HE FEEL ABOUT SHARING THAT TITLE?
巴菲特哦,其实这个头衔的主意是他出的。那会儿我第一句话才刚说到一半——这已经比我和查理平常交流时,他想到更好主意的速度要快了——他就直接说,咱们就设三个副董事长吧。
BUFFETTOH, IT WAS HIS IDEA, ACTUALLY, IN TERMS OF THE TITLE. I GOT ABOUT HALFWAY THROUGH THE FIRST SENTENCE, WHICH IS MORE THAN I USUALLY GET THROUGH WITH CHARLIE BEFORE HE COMES UP WITH A BETTER IDEA, AND HE JUST SAYS, LET'S JUST HAVE THREE VICE CHAIRMEN.
贝基·奎克好的,查理·芒格今天上午稍晚会加入我们,聊聊他对这一系列安排的看法。我们在奥马哈稍作休息,之后还会继续采访沃伦·巴菲特。我们会问他今年年初在市场中看到了什么,与他对当前利率的看法,以及更多话题。再次提醒,我们此刻正在内布拉斯加州奥马哈,与伯克希尔·哈撒韦董事长兼首席执行官沃伦·巴菲特进行直播。今早的新闻及更多内容,稍作休息后马上回来。
QUICKWELL, WE WILL BE JOINED BY CHARLIE MUNGER LATER THIS MORNING TO TALK ABOUT HIS PERSPECTIVE ON ALL OF THIS AS WELL. WHEN WE COME BACK RIGHT HERE IN OMAHA, WE WILL HAVE MORE FROM WARREN BUFFETT. WE ARE GOING TO TALK TO HIM ABOUT WHAT HE SEES IN THE MARKETS AT THE BEGINNING PART OF THIS YEAR, WHAT HE THINKS ABOUT INTEREST RATES THIS MORNING AND MUCH MORE. AGAIN, WE ARE LIVE IN OMAHA, NEBRASKA, THIS MORNING WITH WARREN BUFFETT, THE CHAIRMAN AND CEO OF BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY. NEWS THIS MORNING AND MUCH MORE. WE'LL BE BACK WITH MORE AFTER A QUICK BREAK.
贝基·奎克欢迎各位回到《财经鸣钟》。我们今天上午在内布拉斯加州奥马哈,与伯克希尔·哈撒韦董事长兼首席执行官沃伦·巴菲特在一起。今早伯克希尔传来重磅消息,但很显然,大家也想知道,沃伦,你在任何时点对市场怎么看。尤其是现在,目睹了市场的表现之后。标普 500 指数迎来了自 1987 年以来最好的开年表现。股市持续上涨,这让人们既想参与其中,又觉得我们正目睹某种行情近尾声的迹象,正进入估值过高的区域。我知道你并不总是针对个案来评论市场,但如果单从一个宽泛的角度看,总的来说,市场在你眼里是不是显得估值偏高了?
QUICKWELCOME BACK TO "SQUAWK BOX" EVERYBODY. WE ARE LIVE IN OMAHA, NEBRASKA THIS MORNING WITH WARREN BUFFETT, WHO IS THE CHAIRMAN AND CEO OF BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY. BIG NEWS OUT OF BERKSHIRE THIS MORNING, BUT ALSO OBVIOUSLY PEOPLE WONDER, WARREN, WHAT YOU THINK ABOUT THE MARKETS AT ANY GIVEN POINT. PARTICULARLY NOW SEEING WHAT'S HAPPENED. THE S&P HAS HAD ITS BEST START TO THE YEAR SINCE 1987. STOCK MARKETS CONTINUE TO KEEP GOING UP AND ITS GOT PEOPLE BOTH WANTING TO PARTICIPATE AND THEN ALSO THAT WE ARE SEEING SOMETHING THAT THE END IS NEAR, THAT WE ARE GETTING INTO OVERPRICED TERRITORY. I KNOW THAT YOU DON'T ALWAYS LOOK AT MARKETS ON A CASE BY CASE BASIS BUT IF YOU'RE JUST LOOKING, BROADLY SPEAKING, DO THE MARKETS SEEM RICHLY VALUED TO YOU?
巴菲特你知道,相对于利率来说,它们并不算估值过高。股票——利率指的是长期利率。现在是 3%,而我们离退出点还差不少。长期利率是 7%。如果长期利率像 1982 年那样达到 15%,很多股票就会恐慌。所以,利率基本上就是价值的引力。从投资角度看,一切东西的价值都等于它未来所能带来的现金的现值。显然,如果利率上升,那个现值就会把今天的数字拉低。所以,我们已经在低利率环境下待了很长时间,而我们也经历了一轮牛市——其实是从 2009 年 3 月开始的。我当时上节目,乔问我为什么不在 12 美元时买更多美国运通,我告诉他我买的是我们不能说的东西。所以,市场发生的一切非常合乎情理。我的意思是,没人想到我们会长期处于这种利率水平。另外,还有税改法案,这对估值是一个巨大因素。我的意思是,如果你买了——我们现在在奥马哈,假设你像我们买下北伯林顿铁路公司一样,自己买下了联合太平洋铁路公司,如果你在一两年前买进,你可以买下 100% 的股票,但美国政府相当于持有一张超级股票,有权分走 35% 的收益。而他们刚刚改了那个比例,你没付他们一分钱,他们现在变成了持有 21% 的股票。实际上,你免费拿到了他们原先那 14%(相当于原份额的 40%)。这就像我免费把伯克希尔的 14% 股票还给伯克希尔一样。那会让剩下的股票变得更值钱吗?当然会。所以,美国企业那个沉默的股东发生了巨大变化,他之前一直满足于 35%——关于海外收益之类还有各种因素,但 35% 是针对基本业务的——我们基本业务的。而现在,他们不再从收益中获得 35% 的份额,而是 21%,这自然让剩下的股票变得更值钱了。
BUFFETTTHEY'RE NOT RICHLY VALUED RELATIVE TO INTEREST RATES, YOU KNOW. STOCKS ARE – INTEREST RATES ARE THE LONG-TERM RATE. IT'S 3%, AND WE'RE QUITE A BIT LESS THAN EXIT. THE LONG-TERM RATE IS 7%. THERE'S PANIC MANY IN STOCKS IF THE LONG-TERM RATE IS 15% LIKE IT WAS IN 1982. SO INTEREST RATES ARE THE GRAVITY TO VALUE BASICALLY. AND EVERYTHING IS WORTH IN AN INVESTMENT SENSE THE PRESENT VALUE OF WHAT IT'S GOING TO -- CASH IS GOING TO DELIVER IN THE FUTURE. AND OBVIOUSLY, IF RATES GO UP, THAT PRESENT VALUE BRINGS THE NUMBER TODAY DOWN. SO, WE'VE HAD LOW INTEREST RATES NOW FOR A VERY LONG PERIOD, AND WE'VE HAD A BULL MARKET SINCE – WELL, REALLY SINCE MARCH OF 2009. WHEN I WAS ON, AND JOE ASKED WHY I WASN'T BUYING MORE AMERICA EXPRESS AT 12, AND I TOLD HIM THAT I WAS BUYING THINGS THAT WE WEREN'T ALLOWED TO. SO, IT'S – WHAT HAS HAPPENED IN THE MARKET HAS BEEN VERY SENSIBLE. I MEAN, NOBODY THOUGHT WE WOULD HAVE THESE KIND OF INTEREST RATES FOR A LONG TIME. NOW, ADDITIONALLY, YOU HAD THE TAX ACT, WHICH IS A HUGE FACTOR IN VALUATION. I MEAN, IF YOU HAD BOUGHT – WE'RE IN OMAHA, LET'S SAY YOU HAD BOUGHT THE UNION PACIFIC RAILROAD YOURSELF, LIKE WE BOUGHT THE BNSF, AND IF YOU HAD BOUGHT IT A YEAR OR TWO AGO, YOU COULD HAVE BOUGHT 100% OF THE STOCK, BUT THE U.S. GOVERNMENT WOULD HAVE HAD A SUPER STOCK THAT WAS ENTITLED TO 35% OF THE EARNINGS. AND THEY HAD JUST CHANGED THAT WITHOUT YOU PAYING THEM A PENNY TO WHERE THERE'S – THEY NOW HAVE 21% OF THE STOCK. IN EFFECT, YOU BOUGHT IN THEIR 14%, 40% OF WHAT THEY HAD FOR NOTHING. I MEAN, IT'D BE LIKE I GAVE 14% OF BERKSHIRE BACK TO BERKSHIRE FOR NOTHING. WOULD THAT MAKE THE REMAINING SHARES MORE VALUABLE? OF COURSE IT WOULD. AND SO YOU'VE HAD THIS MAJOR CHANGE IN THE SILENT STOCKHOLDER IN AMERICAN BUSINESS WHO HAS BEEN CONTENT WITH 35% -- NOW THERE'S VARIOUS THINGS ABOUT FOREIGN EARNINGS AND ALL THAT, BUT 35% OF A BASIC – OUR BASIC BUSINESSES. AND NOW INSTEAD OF GETTING A 35% INTEREST ON THEIR EARNINGS THEY GET A 21%, AND THAT MAKES THE REMAINING STOCK MORE VALUABLE.
贝基·奎克我从没听任何人这样解释过。当你说出这样的话——你知道,我们总在问,这些是不是已经被市场消化了?这些是不是已经反映在股价里了?你这么一说,让我觉得并没有,这是一件比我们过去一个多月看到的上涨要更长期、更重大的事。
QUICKI HAVE NOT HEARD ANYBODY EXPLAIN IT JUST LIKE THAT. WHEN YOU SAY SOMETHING LIKE THAT, YOU KNOW, WE'RE CONSTANTLY ASKING IS THIS BAKED INTO THE MARKET? IS THIS REFLECTED IN THE MARKET? WHEN YOU SAY SOMETHING LIKE THAT, THAT MAKES ME THINK NO, THAT THIS IS A MUCH LONGER TERM, MUCH BIGGER DEAL THAN THE RUN-UP THAT WE'VE SEEN IN THE LAST MONTH OR SO.
巴菲特嗯,这事儿确实重大。至于其中有多少在市场预期要出税改法案、以及减税幅度能有多大时已被消化——我觉得 21% 这个税率是没有被提前消化的,那可是极其巨大的降幅。假如你我是生意的合伙人,你占 35%,我占 65%,然后有一天你跑来说,我把 35 个百分点里的 14 个点送给你,这下,我的权益就从 65% 变成了 79%。这意味着盈利能力的提升超过 20%,而这纯粹是你白送给我的。生意本身没有任何变化——这是个重大因素。当然,他们也可以再拿走,往反方向来。
BUFFETTWELL, IT'S A BIG DEAL. HOW MUCH OF IT HAS BEEN BAKED IN AS PEOPLE STARTED THINKING MAYBE THERE WOULD BE THE TAX BILL AND HOW BIG WOULD IT BE. I THINK THAT – 21% WAS NOT BAKED IN, THAT'S A HUGE, HUGE REDUCTION. IF YOU AND I WERE PARTNERS IN A BUSINESS AND YOU OWNED 35% OF IT AND I OWN 65% AND THEN YOU SHOWED UP ONE DAY AND SAID I'M GIVING YOU 14 OF MY 35 POINTS, NOW MY INTEREST HAS GONE FROM 65% TO 79%. THAT'S MORE THAN A 20% INCREASE IN THE EARNING POWER, AND YOU'VE JUST GIVEN IT TO ME. NOTHING HAS CHANGED IN THE BUSINESS THAT'S -- IT'S A BIG FACTOR. NOW, THEY CAN TAKE IT AWAY TOO. GO THE OTHER DIRECTION.
贝基·奎克这个新变化——你看,投资者还在逐家公司分析它到底对公司意味着什么。我们只是刚刚开始听到一些很初步的讨论。您基本上是在说,这对全体股东都是个好事,因为这件事有时被人们描述成是对 CEO 或公司高管的一种馈赠,大概是那一类说法。
QUICKTHEY – LOOK, WE'RE LOOKING AT THIS NEW CHANGE. IT'S JUST BEEN ON A CASE BY CASE BASIS THAT INVESTORS ARE TRYING TO FIGURE OUT WHAT THIS MEANS FOR COMPANIES. AND WE ARE JUST BEGINNING TO HEAR THE VERY EARLY PIECES OF THIS. YOU'RE BASICALLY SAYING THAT THIS IS GOOD NEWS FOR SHAREHOLDERS ACROSS THE BOARD BECAUSE SOMETIMES THIS IS PAINTED AS SOMETHING THAT'S A GIVE-AWAY TO CEOS OR CORPORATE EXECUTIVES, THINGS ALONG THOSE LINES.
沃伦·巴菲特持有这些企业的人,只是——他们现在拥有的国内盈利份额多了 20%。我的意思是,海外部分会复杂一些,但如果你也持有海外资产,那同样是好事,指海外盈利。伯克希尔恰好绝大多数业务都集中在美国。不过,这是个有意思的点。政府并不拥有企业的资产,我们拥有 BNSF 铁路 100% 的资产,但我们并不拥有其 100% 的利润。我们在 BNSF 的利润份额从 65% 提高到了 79%,这相当于——超过 20% 的增长。你想,在 65% 的基础上增加了 14 个百分点。所以,这影响相当大。
BUFFETTPEOPLE WHO OWN THE BUSINESSES HAVE JUST OWNED -- THEY NOW OWN 20% MORE OF THE DOMESTIC EARNINGS. I MEAN THE FOREIGN STUFF GETS MORE COMPLICATED, BUT IT'S GOOD IF YOU OWN THE FOREIGN STUFF, TOO. FOREIGN EARNINGS. WE HAPPEN TO BE OVERWHELMING U.S. ORIENTED AT BERKSHIRE. BUT IT'S AN INTERESTING POINT. THE GOVERNMENT DOESN'T OWN THE ASSETS OF THE BUSINESS, WE OWN 100% OF THE ASSETS OF BNSF, BUT WE DON'T OWN 100% OF THE PROFITS. AND WE WENT FROM 65% TO 79 PERCENT OF THE PROFITS AT BNSF, AND THAT IS A – MORE THAN A 20% INCREASE. YOU KNOW, THAT'S 14 POINTS ON 65. SO, IT'S A BIG DEAL.
贝基·奎克这对伯克希尔·哈撒韦具体意味着什么?有一位分析师杰伊·格尔布刚发布了一份报告,说这会立刻给伯克希尔带来 370 亿美元的账面价值增长。
QUICKWHAT DOES IT MEAN SPECIFICALLY FOR BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY? THERE WAS AN ANALYST WHO JUST PUT OUT A NOTE, JAY GELB, THAT SAID THAT IT'S A $37 BILLION BOOK VALUE INCREASE FOR BERKSHIRE INSTANTANEOUSLY.
巴菲特对,不过,这个数字今天一分钱现金都不是。但我们有巨额的递延所得税负债。举例来说,你可能——我现在是随口报个数字,要是差一点可别来告我。但我们持有的证券里,大概有 1000 亿美元的未实现增值。如果你持有上涨的证券,你不会因为股价涨了就得交税;可如果你卖出股票,税就得交。如果按会计准则记账,你得为未实现收益计提一笔纳税负债。那么,我们这 1000 亿美元未实现收益对应的税金是 350 亿美元,按新税法这个数字降到 210 亿美元。所以,任何拥有大量递延所得税负债的公司,账面价值都会大幅跃升。像花旗集团这样的公司,持有的是大额递延所得税资产,情况正好反过来,因为那笔税务资产没那么值钱了。它的作用是抵减未来年份的税款,而每 1 美元税款抵减,以前值 35 美分,现在就是 21 美分了。所以,结果取决于你持有的是大量递延所得税负债还是递延所得税资产——这只是众多因素之一,但对我们是很大的一项。
BUFFETTYEAH, WELL, IT DOESN'T MEAN A DIME OF CASH TODAY. BUT WE HAVE A HUGE OF AMOUNT OF DEFERRED TAX LIABILITIES. FOR EXAMPLE, YOU PROBABLY – I'M PULLING THESE FIGURES OUT. DON'T FILE A SUIT IF I'M OFF A LITTLE BIT. BUT WE HAVE PERHAPS $100 BILLION OF UNREALIZED APPRECIATION IN THE SECURITIES WE OWN. AND IF YOU OWN SECURITIES THAT HAVE GONE UP, YOU DON'T HAVE TO PAY A TAX JUST BECAUSE THEY'VE GONE UP, BUT IF YOU SAW THEM, YOU DO, AND IF YOU KEPT YOUR BOOKS ON AN ACCOUNTING BASIS, YOU SET UP A LIABILITY FOR THE TAX ON YOUR UNREALIZED GAIN. WELL, OUR TAX ON THE UNREALIZED GAIN ON $100 BILLION WOULD BE $35 BILLION, AND THEN THAT GOES DOWN TO $21 BILLION UNDER THE NEW TAX LAW. SO, ANYBODY THAT HAS A LOT OF DEFERRED TAX LIABILITIES GETS A BIG KICK UP IN BOOK VALUE. A COMPANY LIKE CITIGROUP HAS A BIG DEFERRED TAX ASSET. THE REVERSE IS TRUE THERE, BECAUSE THAT TAX ASSET IS NOT WORTH AS MUCH. WHAT IT DOES IS IT REDUCES THEIR TAXES IN IT FUTURE YEARS, AND THAT REDUCTION IS WORTH 21 CENTS ON THE DOLLAR INSTEAD OF 35 CENTS ON THE DOLLAR. SO, IT DEPENDS WHETHER YOU HAVE A LOT OF DEFERRED TAX LIABILITIES OR DEFERRED TAX ASSETS, AMONG OTHER THINGS, BUT THAT'S A BIG ONE WITH US.
贝基·奎克我的意思是,这只是一个会计上的变动,但从即刻来讲,它又意味着什么?还是说,它仅仅是对某种情况的一种描述——
QUICKI MEAN IT'S A CHANGE IN ACCOUNTING, BUT WHAT DOES IT MEAN INSTANTANEOUSLY? OR IT'S JUST A DESCRIPTION OF HOW –
巴菲特嗯,它确实意味着,如果我卖掉一些本来打算在 12 月卖掉的股票——当时想卖,但 12 月没卖——那笔利润就得交 35% 的税。而等到 1 月 1 日之后,比如我今天卖出,税率是按 21% 算。所以这个月,伯克希尔能拿到利润的 79%,要是上个月卖,只能拿到 65%。
BUFFETTWELL, IT DOES MEAN IF I SELL SOME STOCK THAT I WAS GOING TO SELL IN DECEMBER, AND I WANTED TO SELL IT BUT I DIDN'T SELL IT IN DECEMBER I WOULD HAVE HAD A 35% TAX ON THE PROFIT, AND BY WAITING UNTIL JANUARY 1st, IF I SELL IT TODAY, I HAVE A 21% TAX HIKE. SO I GET 79% OF THE PROFITS FOR BERKSHIRE THIS MONTH AND LAST MONTH I WOULD HAVE GOTTEN 65%.
贝基·奎克你知道,10 月份我们和你聊的时候,你就暗示过这一点,你说如果税率变了——当时你其实是少数押注税率会变的人之一,那跟主流看法相反——我记得最早是 10 月 3 日,上次我们坐下来聊,你就暗示了,你会因此决定卖或不卖哪些股票。你现在是在卖出股票吗?
QUICKYOU KNOW, YOU HINTED AT THIS IN OCTOBER WHEN WE TALKED TO YOU AND SAID IF THE TAX RATE CHANGED, AND YOU WERE ONE OF THE ONES THAT WAS ACTUALLY BETTING THAT IT WOULD AT THAT POINT, WHICH WAS AGAINST CONVENTIONAL WISDOM, AS EARLY AS, I THINK IT WAS OCTOBER 3rd THE LAST TIME WE SAT DOWN WITH YOU, AND HINTED AT THIS WHOLE IDEA OF WHAT YOU WOULD BE POTENTIALLY SELLING OR NOT SELLING AS A RESULT. ARE YOU SELLING STOCKS NOW THAT --
巴菲特净额算下来,我们是在买入。
BUFFETTNET, WE'RE BUYING.
贝基·奎克净额算下来,你是在买入。
QUICKNET, YOU'RE BUYING.
巴菲特对。净买入。美国历史上一共 44 位总统,我经历了其中 15 位,除了胡佛那届,每一位任内我都在买股票。那时候我还是个只会爬的小孩,还不到一岁。不过,贝基,我们本质上就是长期买入方。这不代表——在某些条件下我们也会卖出,但那不是——首先,资金在源源不断地进来,所以,我们基本一直在买。
BUFFETTYEAH. NET. I'VE LIVED UNDER 15 OF THE 44 PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES, AND I'VE BOUGHT UNDER EVERY SINGLE ONE OF THEM EXCEPT HOOVER. I WAS ONLY A TODDLER THEN, LESS THAN A YEAR. BUT, NO, WE'RE BASICALLY BUYERS OVER TIME, BECKY. THAT DOESN'T MEAN -- THERE COULD BE CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH WE'RE SELLERS, BUT THAT'S NOT -- FOR ONE THING, THE MONEY KEEPS COMING IN, YOU KNOW, SO WE BASICALLY KEEP BUYING.
贝基·奎克让我具体问一只股票,IBM,你是买家还是卖家?因为以前我们跟你聊的时候,你当时是在卖出。
QUICKLET ME ASK SPECIFICALLY ON ONE STOCK, IBM, ARE YOU A BUYER OR A SELLER OF THAT? BECAUSE WE'VE TALKED WITH YOU IN THE PAST WHEN YOU WERE SELLING.
巴菲特对。嗯,大概在二月中旬,我们必须披露第四季度的操作。呃,如果你持股有亏损,就有利——我们在 IBM 等一些股票上就有亏损——去年卖出比今年卖出更划算。
BUFFETTYEAH. WELL, AROUND THE MIDDLE OF FEBRUARY WE HAVE TO REPORT WHAT WE DID IN THE FOURTH QUARTER. AND WELL, IT WAS ADVANTAGEOUS IF YOU HAD A LOSS IN SHARES AND WE DID IN SOME, IBM, IT WAS ADVANTAGEOUS TO SELL LAST YEAR RATHER THAN THIS YEAR.
贝基·奎克那这是不是意味着你今年不会卖出 IBM?
QUICKSO DOES THAT MEAN YOU'RE NOT SELLING IBM THIS YEAR?
巴菲特嗯,这当然意味着,如果我们手里的 IBM 成本高,去年就会卖掉了;如果成本低,就会等到今年再卖,而我们这两种情况都有。
BUFFETTWELL IT WOULD CERTAINLY MEAN THAT IF WE HAD HIGH COST IBM, WE WOULD HAVE SOLD IT LAST YEAR, AND IF WE HAD LOW COST, WE WOULD HAVE WAITED UNTIL THIS YEAR, AND WE HAD SOME OF BOTH.
贝基·奎克听起来你这是不管成本高低都在卖的意思。
QUICKSO THAT SOUNDS LIKE YOU'RE SELLING ALL THE WAY AROUND.
巴菲特嗯,2 月 15 号那天,你会是第一个知道的。或者就是那个日期。大概是 2 月中旬。
BUFFETTWELL, ON FEBRUARY 15 AT, YOU'LL BE THE FIRST TO KNOW. OR WHATEVER THAT DATE IS. IT'S MID FEBRUARY.
贝基·奎克我尽力了,我真尽力了。赶紧回到税法话题上,对企业经营成本来说这到底意味着什么?是不是意味着伯克希尔会赚得更多?你们会涨价吗?
QUICKI TRIED. I TRIED. BACK TO THE TAX LAW VERY QUICKLY, WHAT DOES IT MEAN IN TERMS OF JUST WHAT IT WILL BE ON COST OF BUSINESS. IS IT GOING TO MEAN BERKSHIRE EARNS A LOT MORE? ARE YOU GOING TO RAISE?
巴菲特嗯,这要看是什么行业。如果你说的是公用事业监管,那成本根本不会经过我们,因为全部转嫁给客户了,而且本该如此。那么,在某些行业,这些成本会被竞争消化掉;而在另一些行业,就不太容易被竞争消化掉。它对不同行业的影响差别很大,你不能完全——
BUFFETTWELL, DEPENDS ON THE BUSINESS. IF YOU ARE TALKING ABOUT REGULATING UTILITY BUSINESS, NONE OF IT FLOWS THROUGH US BECAUSE ALL OF IT GOES TO THE CUSTOMER, AND AS IT SHOULD. THEN IN SOME BUSINESSES IT WILL TEND TO GET COMPETED AWAY, AND IN OTHER BUSINESSES, IT WILL BE LESS LIKELY TO BE COMPETED AWAY. THERE'S A BIG DIFFERENCE IN HOW IT AFFECTS DIFFERENT KINDS OF BUSINESSES, AND YOU CAN'T TOTALLY—
贝基·奎克——预料到了。
QUICK—ANTICIPATE IT.
巴菲特预料到了。没错。你知道,某些类型的生意——它们的护城河被侵蚀得相当快。而另一些生意——
BUFFETTANTICIPATE IT. EXACTLY. YOU KNOW THAT CERTAIN TYPES – IT TENDS TO GET COMPETED AWAY FAIRLY FAST. OTHER BUSINESSES—
贝基·奎克这些竞争优势会在哪类生意里流失掉?
QUICKWHAT TYPES OF BUSINESSES DOES IT GET COMPETED AWAY?
巴菲特嗯,就是那种人们盯着税后资本回报率来定价的情况。可能还有那些给重要公司供货的供应商,他们会说,你看你现在只交 21% 的税了,所以他们也想要分一杯羹——想要分走一部分。资本是有竞争性的,但在某些行业里竞争会比别的行业激烈得多。有些决策是基于税后资本回报率来做的,那些决策可能会用在更边缘的项目上。不过这种事儿不算多。
BUFFETTWELL IT'S THE – WELL IT'S THE ONE WHERE PEOPLE ARE LOOKING AT AFTER TAX RETURNS ON CAPITAL AND PRICING ACCORDINGLY – ACCORDINGLY. AND MAYBE WHERE THERE ARE SUPPLIERS TO IMPORTANT COMPANIES AND THOSE SUPPLIERS SAY, YOU KNOW, NOW YOU'RE ONLY PAYING 21% OF THE TAX, SO THEY WANT SOME OF THAT – THEY WANT A CUT OF IT. CAPITAL IS COMPETITIVE BUT IT'S MUCH MORE COMPETITIVE IN CERTAIN INDUSTRIES THAN OTHERS. AND SOME, THERE WILL BE DECISIONS MADE WHERE THERE ARE – SOME PEOPLE MAKE THEIR DECISIONS BASED ON AFTER TAX RETURN ON CAPITAL AND THOSE WILL BE MADE ON MORE MARGINAL PROJECTS PRESUMABLY. THERE'S NOT A LOT OF THAT.
贝基·奎克我本来以为铁路行业会更有定数,因为你虽然不是垄断,但如果人们要一直用那些线路——
QUICKI WOULD THINK IN THE RAILROADS IT'S A LITTLE MORE OF A SET IN STONE ISSUE BECAUSE YOU'RE NOT A MONOPOLY BUT IF PEOPLE WANT TO CONTINUE TO USE THOSE ROUTES –
巴菲特对,我们的竞争对手是卡车运输和其他铁路公司。我是说,两者都是。而且柴油燃料的成本更为重要。不过——这仍有待观察,但它肯定是一个显著的利好。如果你拥有那种人们别无选择、但又不受监管的业务——我是说,如果是公用事业之类的行业,那就会受到监管——你的税后利润率很可能会扩大。而且,对国内外业务来说,它们都可能会扩大。
BUFFETTYEAH OUR COMPETITION IS TRUCKERS AND OTHER RAILROADS. I MEAN, BOTH. AND THE COST OF DIESEL FUEL IS MORE IMPORTANT. BUT THAT – IT ALL REMAINS TO BE SEEN ON THAT, BUT THEN IT CERTAINLY IS A SIGNIFICANT PLUS. AND IF YOU OWN THE KIND OF BUSINESS WHERE PEOPLE REALLY HAVE NO CHOICE BUT IT ISN'T REGULATED, I MEAN, IT WOULD BE REGULATED IN CASE OF UTILITY OR SOMETHING, YOUR AFTER TAX MARGINS ARE LIKELY TO WIDEN OUT. AND THEY'RE LIKELY TO WIDEN OUT FOR FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC.
贝基·奎克这对美国整体经济意味着什么?我们谈到了股市以及这对股市的影响。从更广泛的层面来看,您认为这意味着什么?
QUICKWHAT DOES THIS MEAN FOR THE AMERICAN ECONOMY OVERALL? WE TALKED ABOUT THE STOCK MARKET AND WHAT THIS MEANS. WHAT DO YOU THINK IT MEANS ON A BROADER BASIS?
巴菲特这是个关键问题,我们走着瞧。我的意思是,我们本质上是在调整资产组合的构成。而且从某种程度上说,在美联储本来就要卖出(尽管数量不算大)的时候,我们却在增加赤字。在此之前,我们持续增加赤字很多年,但美联储一直在净买入大量国债。因此,早前私营部门需要买入的债务,实际少于财政部真正发行的量,因为美联储在那里买入。所以他们拿自己的资产负债表——
BUFFETTTHAT'S THE BIG QUESTION WE'LL FIND OUT. I MEAN, WE'RE ESSENTIALLY CHANGING THE MIX. AND TO SOME EXTENT, WE'RE ADDING TO THE DECEFIT AT A TIME WHEN THE THE FED ACTUALLY WAS GOING TO BE SELLING, THOUGH NOT IN HUGE QUANTITES. BEFORE WE ARE ADDING TO THE DECEFIT FOR YEARS, BUT THE FED WAS BUYING A LOT OF THE TREASURY ISSUANCE NET. SO THAT THE PURCHASING FROM THE PRIVATE SECTOR OF DEBT EARLIER NEEDED TO BE LESS THAN THE TREASURY WAS ACTUALLY RAISING BECAUSE THE FED WAS THERE BUYING. SO THEY TOOK THEIR BALANCE SHEET –
贝基·奎克我们实际上是在接管自己的业务。
QUICKWE'RE EFFECTIVELY TAKING OUR OWN.
巴菲特它们是在买入自己的资产。所以它们吸纳了——大约增加了 3.5 万亿美元,差不多是这个数。我的意思是,我认为总量大概是 300 万亿美元,而其中基本就是美联储在为美国政府的赤字部分提供资金。现在情况会反过来。美联储会非常温和地缩减规模,但不管怎样,它们不再是买家,而是卖家;与此同时,财政部会筹集更多资金,所以平衡关系已经变了。这最终会如何演变,我不知道。
BUFFETTTHEY WERE BUYING THEIR OWN STUFF. SO THEY TOOK -- THERE WAS $3.5 TRILLION OR THEREABOUTS ADDED. I MEAN, I THINK IT'S ABOUT $300 TRILLION, AND BASICALLY THAT WAS THE FED FUNDING PARTS OF THE DEFICIT OF THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT. NOW IT WILL BE THE OTHER WAY AROUND. A LITTLE BIT AS THE FED -- THE FED IS GOING TO TAKE IT DOWN VERY GENTLY, BUT NEVERTHELESS, INSTEAD OF BEING A BUYER, THEY'LL BE A SELLER, AND AT THE SAME TIME THE TREASURY WILL BE RAISING MORE MONEY SO YOU'VE CHANGED THAT EQUATION. HOW THAT PLAYS OUT, I DON'T KNOW.
贝基·奎克总体而言,至少从短期来看,我无法想象这会对美国经济或 GDP 造成损害。
QUICKNET-NET, I CAN'T IMAGINE THAT IT WILL HURT THE AMERICAN ECONOMY OR GDP AT LEAST OVER THE SHORT-TERM.
巴菲特宏观经济很难谈——这是我学到的一点。我从来不——我们从不想靠预测宏观经济来赚钱。我的意思是,税法调整确实会改变你能看到的数字,但宏观层面的东西极难预测。这些年你也看到,总有人跑来试图预测经济走向。查理和我做任何可流通证券的决策,或者收购整家企业时,从来不曾谈论过宏观经济。
BUFFETTIT'S HARD TO TELL THE ECONOMICS – THAT'S THE ONE THING I'VE LEARNED. I DO NOT – WE DO DON'T EVER TRY TO MAKE MONEY BY PREDICTING ECONOMICS. I MEAN, IT'S A TAX LAW CHANGE ACTUALLY CHANGES NUMBERS THAT YOU CAN SEE, BUT IT'S -- MACROSTUFF IS VERY HARD TO PREDICT. AND, YOU KNOW, YOU HAVE SEEN THAT IN THE YEARS WHEN PEOPLE COME ON AND TRY AND PREDICT WHAT THE ECONOMY IS GOING TO DO. IT'S – CHARLIE AND I HAVE NEVER MADE A MARKETABLE SECURITY DECISION OR THE PURCHASE OF AN ENTIRE BUSINESS WHERE WE'VE TALKED AT ALL ABOUT MACROECONOMICS.
贝基·奎克不,但我想,如果你在市场上投入资金并试图把它弄清楚,这些宏观决策会有巨大的影响。你刚刚说利率起到了重力般的作用,而税改法案会增加一些刺激,这当然会让持有任何股票都变得更有价值。
QUICKNO BUT I WOULD GUESS IF ARE YOU PUTTING MONEY TO WORK IN THE MARKETS AND TRYING TO FIGURE IT OUT, THOSE MACRODECISIONS WOULD HAVE A BIG IMPACT YOU JUST SAID INTEREST RATES ACT AS GRAVITY THE TAX BILL WILL ADD SOME STIMULUS, AND CERTAINLY MAKES IT MORE VALUABLE TO OWN ANY SHARES.
巴菲特嗯,你这话把核心逻辑给改了——你实际上是在改变谁获得价值——谁获得美国公司盈利的分配方式,而且改变幅度相当大。
BUFFETTWELL YOU CHANGED THE EQUATION THERE I MEAN, THAT -- YOU HAVE ACTUALLY CHANGED WHO GETS THE VALUE -- WHO GETS THE EARNINGS OF AMERICAN CORPORATIONS IN A FAIRLY MAJOR WAY
贝基·奎克所以,结果可能是你并没有买入一家公司或一项业务,但你可能会决定将更多资金配置到股票上。
QUICKSO YOU MAY NOT BUY A COMPANY OR A BUSINESS AS A RESULT, BUT YOU MAY DECIDE TO ALLOCATE MORE MONEY INTO STOCKS.
巴菲特但在经济学里,你从来不可能只做一件事。你知道,我的意思是,你做的每一件事都会产生蝴蝶效应,所以对于已经做出的那些举措,你永远无法确切知道结果会怎样。
BUFFETTBUT YOU NEVER CAN DO ONE THING IN ECONOMICS. YOU KNOW, I MEAN, EVERYTHING YOU DO, ITS THE BUTTERFLY EFFECT. YOU KNOW SO YOU NEVER KNOW EXACTLY WHAT'S GOING TO HAPPEN WITH MOVES THAT WERE MADE.
贝基·奎克对那些就该项法案投票的参议员和众议员,你会建议他们投赞成票还是反对票?
巴菲特:我会提出一项不同的法案。
QUICKWOULD YOU HAVE TOLD THE SENATORS AND CONGRESSMAN VOTING ON THAT BILL TO VOTE FOR OR VOTE AGAINST IT? BUFFETT I WOULD HAVE HAD A DIFFERENT BILL
贝基·奎克如果没得选,没有不同法案的选项,你面临的情况要么是维持现状不变,要么是降低企业税率——
QUICKIF YOU DIDN'T HAVE A CHOICE OF A DIFFERENT BILL AND YOU WERE LOOKING AT LEAVING THINGS EXACTLY AS IT WAS OR LOWERING THE CORPORATE RATE –
巴菲特如果我作为伯克希尔股东的代表来做这件事,我就必须投赞成票。我有一百万股东,他们对这个结果相当满意。不过,我自己会提出一份不同的法案。
BUFFETTIF I DID IT AS A REPRESENTATIVE OF BERKSHIRE SHAREHOLDERS, I WOULD HAVE TO VOTE FOR IT. IVE GOT A MILLION SHAREHOLDERS THAT ARE PRETTY MUCH HAPPY ABOUT THE FACT IT HAPPENED, BUT I WOULD HAVE HAD A DIFFERENT BILL MYSELF.
贝基·奎克我们再聊聊利率,就说说今天的情况。你可以看到十年期国债收益率在往上走,到了 2.56%,今天早上还略高于这个数。这一波是今天一早日本十年期国债收益率开始攀升后引发的。我说攀升,你们得相对地看——早上我看到的时候它还只有 0.086%。但它确实涨了,原因是市场预期日本央行的购债力度不会像此前预期那么大。当你开始看到这类变动时,它说明了什么?
QUICKLET'S TALK ABOUT INTEREST RATES AGAIN AND JUST TALK ABOUT WHATS HAPPENING TODAY YOU CAN LOOK AT THE TEN-YEAR NOTE TOUCHING UP, GETTING 2.56% AND A LITTLE NORTH OF THAT THIS MORNING. THAT KICKED OFF EARLY THIS MORNING AFTER THE JAPANESE TEN-YEAR BOND STARTED CLIMBING AS WELL. WHEN I SAY CLIMBING, YOU HAVE TO LOOK AT THIS IN RELATIVE TERMS IT WAS 0.086% THIS MORNING WHEN I SAW IT BUT IT DID THAT BECAUSE THE YIELD MOVED UP BECAUSE THE JAPANESE CENTRAL BANK WAS EXPECTED TO NOT BE BUYING QUITE AS MUCH AS HAD EARLIER BEEN ANTICIPATED WHEN YOU START SEEING MOVES LIKE THAT, IT TELLS YOU WHAT?
沃伦·巴菲特这说明我对利率的了解并不比五年前、十年前多。悉尼·霍默写过一本书,他是这方面的专家。等你看完那本书就会明白,任何人对利率的预测我都不会在意,包括我自己的,甚至包括查理的。利率在很长、很长一段时间里都处于极低水平。这极大地推高了股市。人们在 2009 年和 2010 年时根本想不到利率会到目前这种水平。现在他们又在想,这是不是某种永久状态了?这是非常反常的局面。美联储说我们的目标是 2% 通胀,与此同时他们让人们去买收益率为 1.5% 的短期国债,还得为那点收益交税。政府等于是在告诉你:存钱不划算。他们一边说,如果一切按我们的意愿运行,我们会实现 2% 的通胀。如果你得到 2.8% 左右的名义回报,你得为它缴所得税。通过推迟今天的消费,你根本无法获得更多的购买力。那你为什么还要推迟消费?你是希望以后能有更多的消费,这才是储蓄的根本原因。而美联储这几年的意思基本就是:我们要确保你在推迟消费这件事上得不到任何净收益。
BUFFETTIT TELLS ME I DONT KNOW ANY MORE ABOUT INTEREST RATES THAN I DID FIVE YEARS AGO, TEN YEARS AGO. SYDNEY HOLDER WROTE A BOOK, HE WAS THE EXPERT ON IT AND WHEN YOU GET THROUGH THE BOOK, THERES NOBODY WHOSE PREDICTIONS ON INTEREST RATES I WOULD PAY ATTENTION TO, INCLUDING MINE EVEN INCLUDING CHARLIE INTEREST RATES ARE EXTRAORDINARILY – BEEN EXTRAORDINARILY LOW FOR A LONG, LONG TIME. THAT HAS -- THAT HAS ACTED TO BUOY THE STOCK MARKET VERY SIGNIFICANTLY. PEOPLE ORIGINALLY IN 2009 AND 2010 DIDNT THINK THEY WOULD BE AT THESE KIND OF LEVELS. NOW THEY WONDER IS THIS SORT OF PERMANENT? IT'S A VERY STRANGE SITUATION. THE FEDERAL RESERVE SAY OUR GOAL IS 2% INFLATION AND THEN THEY HAVE PEOPLE BUYING THE TREASURY BILLS AT 1.5% AND THEY PAY TAX ON IT. THE GOVERNMENT HAS ANNOUNCEDD TO YOU THAT IT DOESN'T PAY TO SAVE. THEY SAY IF WE CAN RUN THINGS THE WAY WE WANT TO WE ARE GOING TO HAVE 2% INFLATION. IF YOU GET A NOMINAL RETURN OF 2.8 OR SOMETHING, YOU ARE GOING TO PAY INCOME TAX ON THAT. YOU ARE GOING TO HAVE NOTHING IN THE WAY OF MORE PURCHASING POWER BY DEFERRING CONSUMPTION TODAY WHY DO YOU DEFER CONSUMPTION YOU ARE HOPING TO HAVE MORE CONSUMPTION LATER ON THATS THE REASON FOR SAVING ESSENTIALLY THE FEDERAL RESERVE HAS NOW SAID FOR A FEW YEARS THAT WE'RE GOING TO TRY AND MAKE SURE YOU DONT HAVE ANY NET GAIN IN CONSUMPTION
贝基·奎克那什么因素可能会碍事、把事情搅乱呢?我的意思是,听上去把钱投进股市像是稳赚不赔的买卖,而多年以来人们也一直把这当作一个行动信号。
QUICKSO WHAT COULD GET IN THE WAY AND MESS THINGS UP I MEAN, THAT SOUNDS LIKE A SURE BET FOR PUTTING MONEY IN EQUITIES AND PEOPLE HAVE TAKEN IT AS A CUE FOR YEARS AT THIS POINT.
巴菲特这就是为什么我长期以来一直说股票才是该去的地方。我是说,它们根本没法比——在我看来,看到养老金基金和那些人在本世纪头十年初期说“我们没有 30% 或 40% 的债券就没法比”,这简直荒谬。一种只付给你 2% 利息的债券,相当于以 50 倍的市盈率在卖,而且收益还不会增长,政府还告诉你,我们想通过让货币贬值来拿走你那 2%。持有这种东西简直荒谬——你可能出于法律原因或其他类似原因不得不持有它,但在过去十年里,把它作为一种自愿选择,而不是持有资产,在我看来绝对是愚蠢至极的。
BUFFETTTHAT'S WHY IVE SAID FOR A LONG TIME THAT EQUITIES WERE THE PLACE TO BE. I MEAN, THEYVE BEEN NO COMPARISON TO ME ITS JUST BEEN ABSURD TO SEE PENSION FUNDS AND THOSE PEOPLE IN THE EARLY TEENS OF THE CENTURY SAYING WE DONT HAVE 30% OR 40% BONDS THERES NO COMPARISON. A BOND THAT PAYS YOU 2% IS SELLING AT 50 TIMES EARNINGS, AND THE EARNINGS CAN'T GO UP AND THE GOVERNMENT HAS TOLD YOU WE WOULD LIKE TO TAKE THAT 2% AWAY FROM YOU BY DECREASING THE VALUE OF MONEY. THAT'S ABSURD TO OWN SOMETHING LIKE THAT YOU MAY HAVE TO OWN IT FOR LEGAL REASONS OR SOMETHING OF THE SORT, BUT TO MAKE THAT AS A VOLUNTARILY CHOICE IN THE LAST TEN YEARS AGAINST OWNING ASSETS HAS STRUCK ME AS ABSOLUTELY FOOLISH.
贝基·奎克那什么因素会改变这个等式?接下来会发生什么?
QUICKSO WHAT CHANGES THAT EQUATION WHAT HAPPENS
巴菲特利率上升。
BUFFETTYOU HAVE HIGHER INTEREST RATES.
贝基·奎克要上升才行。您说的不是 3% 的利率,而是 7% 或者更高。
QUICKHIGHER. YOU ARE NOT TALKING ABOUT 3% INTEREST RATES YOU ARE TALKING ABOUT 7% OR NORTH OF THAT.
巴菲特我不知道具体会是哪个水平,但 3%——作为个人,你要为那 3% 的收益缴纳 20% 左右的税,这样你就只剩 2.4% 了。然后政府又说,它还要通过不断削减你手里货币的购买力,从中再拿走 2%。
BUFFETTI DON'T KNOW WHAT IT WOULD BE BUT 3% IS A -- 3% -- YOU PAY 20% OR SOMETHING TAX ON THAT AS AN INDIVIDUAL NOW YOU ARE DOWN TO 2.4% AND THE GOVERNMENT SAYS IT IS GOING TO TAKE 2% OF THAT AWAY FROM YOU BY CLIPPING AWAY THE PURCHASING POWER OF THAT MONEY
贝基·奎克你知道的,当人们审视那些可能让股市陷入恐慌的因素时,多数时候会指向地缘政治问题——也许是贸易战,也许是真刀真枪的战争,比如朝鲜那边突然爆发冲突之类。你对这类担忧怎么看?
QUICKYOU KNOW PEOPLE WHEN THEY LOOK AT ISSUES THAT COULD THROW THE STOCK MARKET INTO A TIZZY THEY WILL POINT TO GEO POLITICAL ISSUES MOST OF THE TIME MAYBE IT IS A TRADE WAR MAYBE IT IS AN ACTUAL WAR OR SOMETHING THAT BREAKS OUT WITH NORTH KOREA OR SOMETHING OF THE SORT. WHAT DO YOU THINK OF THOSE KINDS OF CONCERNS?
巴菲特钱总得有个地方放。所以这对债券是好事吗?说到底,你得看未来随着时间的推移你能持续拿到的那笔现金流,那才是决定你现在该付多少钱的依据。问题在于,你对能拿到那笔现金有多大把握。债券的好处是你确切知道息票是多少。你看看美国企业,看看标普 500 指数,它们创造的——它们的盈利水平稳稳在百分之十五六甚至更高。比方说,它们对所投入资本的回报率为 15%,并且持续赚取这个水平,那这就相当于一张 15% 的债券。我的意思是,拿一张 15% 的债券去和 2.6% 或 3% 的债券比,两者其实差别巨大。
BUFFETTWELL YOU HAVE GOT TO HAVE YOUR MONEY SOMEPLACE. SO IS THAT GOOD FOR BONDS. IN THE END YOU HAVE TO LOOK AT THE UNDERLYING STREAM OF CASH YOU'RE GOING TO GET OVER TIME, AND THAT DETERMINES WHAT YOU SHOULD PAY NOW. NOW, THE QUESTION IS HOW SURE ARE YOU OF GETTING THE CASH. NICE THING ABOUT A BOND IS YOU KNOW EXACTLY WHAT THE COUPON IS. IF YOU LOOK AT AMERICAN BUSINESS, IF YOU LOOK AT THE S&P 500, THEY'RE EARNING – THEY'RE EARNING WELL INTO THE MID-TEENS OR HIGHER. LET'S SAY THEY'RE EARNING 15% ON ASSETS EMPLOYED, AND THEY CONTINUE TO EARN THAT'S A 15% BOND. I MEAN, IN COMPARISON BETWEEN A 15% BOND AND 2.6 OR 3% DOESN'T REALLY MAKE VERY MUCH DIFFERENCE
贝基·奎克没错,这还没算上因为税改法案及其他随之而来的因素,你能从这些收益中拿到的更大比例的那部分呢。
QUICKRIGHT EVEN BEFORE YOU TALK ABOUT THE BIGGER PERCENT OF THOSE EARNINGS THAT YOU GET BECAUSE OF THE TAX BILL AND WHATEVER ELSE COMES ALONG WITH IT.
沃伦·巴菲特现在他们提升了美国企业盈利的潜力,而美国企业在这之前的盈利本来就已经相当丰厚了。
BUFFETTNOW THEY INCREASED THE POTENTIAL FOR EARNINGS FOR BASICALLY AMERICAN BUSINESS AND AMERICAN BUSINESS WAS EARNING A HELL OF A LOT OF MONEY BEFORE.
贝基·奎克乔在演播室也有一个问题。乔。
QUICKJOE HAS A QUESTION FROM BACK AT THE STUDIO TOO. JOE.
乔·科南你知道我每次都这么问。嘿,“奥马哈先知”,很高兴见到你。你知道我总是问你同一个问题,因为保险对伯克希尔显然非常重要。我们刚听到那 1000 亿美元的数字,你确实很精明。我喜欢你做事的方式,保险这门生意太棒了,因为很多时候你可以预判可能发生什么,然后收取高于实际所需的保费——人们担心的事很可能根本不会发生,这简直就像印钞。我知道你深谙此道,所以这么多年来你一直是在这一行的天才。你还记得 2005 年我们大概经历了 12 场飓风之类的吧,我记得那之后你就是一副了然于胸的表情,因为你知道所有人都会预测这种情况会年年发生。接下来的 12 年里,你收取高昂的保费,因为大家觉得飓风还会再来,结果它再也没来,伯克希尔·哈撒韦的股价因此涨了五倍左右。我的问题是,我们刚刚经历了有史以来保险和非保险巨灾损失最惨重的一年。这会成为今后的常态吗?还是说你觉得这仍处于损失标准差的范围之内?你认为损失会回落吗?你现在需要上调费率吗?
KERNENYOU KNOW I ALWAYS DO. HEY, ORACLE MAN GOOD TO SEE YOU. YOU KNOW I ALWAYS ASK YOU THE SAME QUESTION CAUSE INSURANCE IS IMPORTANT TO BERKSHIRE I MEAN, OBVIOUSLY. WE JUST HEARD THAT $100 BILLION NUMBER YOU'RE VERY SAVVY. I LOVE THE WAY YOU DO THINGS INSURANCE IS SUCH A GREAT BUSINESS BECAUSE A LOT OF TIMES YOU CAN FIGURE OUT WHAT'S LIKELY TO HAPPEN AND CHARGE MORE THAN YOU REALLY NEED BECAUSE THE THINGS THAT PEOPLE WORRY ABOUT PROBABLY ARENT GOING TO HAPPEN SO IT IS JUST LIKE PRINTING MONEY. I KNOW YOU KNOW THIS AND THAT'S WHY YOU HAVE BEEN A GENIUS IN THAT FIELD FOR SO LONG. YOU REMEMBER 2005 WE HAD ABOUT 12 HURRICANES OR SOMETHING AND I REMEMBER RIGHT AFTERWARDS YOU WERE LIKE THIS, BECAUSE YOU KNEW EVERYONE WAS GOING TO PREDICT. THAT'S GOING TO BE EVERY YEAR. THEN FOR 12 YEARS YOU CHARGE THESE EXORBITANT RATES BECAUSE IT WAS GOING TO HAPPEN AGAIN, AND IT NEVER HAPPENED, AND BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY WENT UP FIVE FOLD OR SOMETHING BECAUSE OF THAT MY QUESTION IS WE JUST HAD THE WORST YEAR EVER FOR CATASTROPHIC LOSSES BOTH INSURED AND UNINSURED. IS THAT GOING TO BE THE NORM FROM HERE ON OUT, OR DO YOU THINK IT'S WITHIN THE RANGE OF STANDARD DEVIATIONS FOR LOSSES? DO YOU THINK IT GOES BACK DOWN? DO YOU NEED TO RAISE RATES?
沃伦·巴菲特就你所能了解到的情况而言,有关袭击美国本土的飓风,从 1800 年代早期就有相当完善的记录。如果你一直回溯到 1830 年或 1840 年,看起来确实相当随机。的确,在去年之前,我们经历了美国本土连续无飓风登陆的最长时期。这正好出现在卡特里娜飓风之后,还有我们遭遇雨果飓风和其他我已经记不清的飓风的那一年之后。
BUFFETTAS NEAR AS YOU CAN TELL, YOU'VE GOT PRETTY GOOD RECORDS BACK TO THE EARLY 1800s ON HURRICANES THAT HAVE HIT THE MAINLAND UNITED STATES IT LOOKS AWFULLY RANDOM IF YOU LOOK ALL THE WAY BACK TO 1830 OR 1840. IT'S TRUE THAT WE HAD THE LONGEST PERIOD HERE UP UNTIL LAST YEAR MOST CONSECUTIVE YEARS WITHOUT A HURRICANE HITTING THE MAIN LAND IN THE UNITED STATES. THAT CAME RIGHT AFTER KATRINA AND THE YEAR WHEN WE HAD HUGO AND I FORGET VARIOUS ONES.
乔·科南没错。
KERNENRIGHT.
沃伦·巴菲特看起来就是随机的,对吧?顺带一提,我们并没有——我们退出了我们所说的巨灾再保险业务——卡特里娜之后我们就退出了,因为费率一直在降、降、降、降。我们就是觉得拿到手的钱不够。最近几年我们完全没有涉足任何巨灾再保险业务。以前我们认为费率更合理的时候,这块业务我们做得非常大。但费率确实一直不高。
BUFFETTIT APPEARS RANDOM, DOESN'T IT? INCIDENTALLY, WE DID NOT – WE WENT AWAY FROM INSURING WHAT WE CALL SUPER CATS– WE MOVED AWAY FROM IT AFTER KATRINA BECAUSE THE RATES KEPT JUST COMING DOWN, DOWN, DOWN, DOWN. WE JUST THOUGHT WE WERE NOT GETTING PAID ENOUGH. WE HAVE NOT BEEN IN THE SUPER CAT BUSINESS TO ANY DEGREE AT ALL IN RECENT YEARS. WE USED TO BE IN IT VERY BIG TIME WHEN WE THOUGHT THE RATES WERE MORE APPROPRIATE. WE THE RATES HAVE NOT BEEN HIGH.
乔·科南你可是驳回了每一位股东。每年你都会收到股东提案,要求你得开始考虑气候变化,你得卖掉所有化石燃料持仓,你得做这做那——你每年都不肯答应。
KERNENYOU ARGUED AGAINST EVERY SHAREHOLDER. EVERY YEAR YOU GET SHAREHOLDER PROPOSALS THAT YOU GOT TO START, YOU KNOW, TAKING INTO ACCOUNT CLIMATE CHANGE YOU GOT TO SELL ALL YOUR FOSSIL FUEL HOLDINGS. YOU GOT TO DO ALL THAT YOU DONT GO FOR IT EVERY YEAR
沃伦·巴菲特不,但我们——这个提案进入了投票环节,今年还会再次进入投票。由于我们现在对股东大会进行网络直播,全球有大量观众收看,我确信会有很多人继续推动——我想今年投票中有两项提案。几年前我已经解释过我们对此的立场。在这个世界上,你最需要担心的是大规模杀伤性武器。这并不意味着你不能担心其他事情,但大规模杀伤性武器才是最大的忧患,自 1945 年 8 月以来一直如此。
BUFFETTNO, BUT WE -- IT GOES ON THE BALLOT IT WILL BE ON THE BALLOT AGAIN THIS YEAR, AND SINCE WE NOW WEB CAST OUR MEETING AND WE GET LOTS OF VIEWERS AROUND THE WORLD, IM SURE WELL HAVE A LOT OF PEOPLE TO KEEP PUTTING -- I THINK WE HAVE TWO PROPOSALS ON THE BALLOT THIS YEAR. I EXPLAINED OUR POSITION ON IT A COUPLE OF YEARS AGO. THE BIG THING YOU NEED TO WORRY ABOUT IN THIS WORLD IS WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION DOESN'T MEAN YOU CAN'T WORRY ABOUT OTHER THINGS BUT WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION , THATS THE BIG WORRY ITS BEEN THE WORRY EVER SINCE AUGUST OF 1945
乔·科南我同意,福岛核电站以及与之相关的、500 年内都无法消除的那个问题,可能比二氧化碳更让人担心。这只是我个人的看法。梅丽莎有——
KERNENI AGREE FUKUSHIMA AND WHATEVER NUMBER IS ATTACHED TO IT THAT DOESNT GO AWAY FOR 500 YEARS MIGHT BE MORE OF A WORRY THAN CO2. I DON'T KNOW THAT'S JUST ME. MELISSA HAS --
沃伦·巴菲特好吧。我得说,在九月份厄玛和哈维飓风的时候,确实出现了一点追赶效应。
BUFFETTOKAY. I WOULD SAY THAT THERE WAS A LITTLE CATCH-UP IN SEPTEMBER WHEN WE HAD IRMA AND -- HARVEY AND --
乔·科南是啊,毫无疑问。
KERNENYEAH. NO DOUBT.
沃伦·巴菲特不过我们那时并未承保巨灾再保险。我们在一般业务上的风险敞口确实不小,但并不涉及巨灾再保险。
BUFFETTBUT WE WERE NOT INSURING SUPER CATS. WE HAD A FAIR AMOUNT OF EXPOSURE JUST GENERALLY, BUT NOT SUPER CATS.
乔·科南我不知道你会把话题扯回到一个 40 亿岁行星上的 1800 年去,我还以为我们只能看最近 15 年的事呢。你这人真怪。
KERNENI DIDN'T KNOW YOU WERE GOING TO GO ALL THE WAY BACK TO 1800 ON A 400 BILLION-YEAR-OLD PLANET I THOUGHT ALL WE COULD LOOK AT WAS THE LAST 15 YEARS. YOU'RE WHACKY.
沃伦·巴菲特我还可以告诉你过去 100 年里,加利福尼亚发生过多少次 6.0 级或以上的地震,但这并不能告诉我明天会发生什么。
BUFFETTI CAN TELL YOU HOW MANY EARTHQUAKES HAVE BEEN IN CALIFORNIA OVER A 6.0 OR OVER IN THE LAST 100 YEARS TOO BUT IT DOESN'T TELL ME WHAT IS GOING TO HAPPEN TOMORROW.
乔·科南你当时在场?
KERNENYOU WERE THERE?
沃伦·巴菲特没错,如果你想了解南北战争或者类似的事,我就是你要找的人。
BUFFETTTHAT'S TRUE IF YOU WANT TO KNOW ANYTHING ABOUT THE CIVIL WAR OR ANYTHING LIKE THAT IM THE GUY TO COME TO.
李嘿,沃伦,我有一个关于比特币的问题。杰米·戴蒙去年 10 月把它称为骗局,随后你在 12 月也发表了评论,说你觉得那是个幻影。杰米·戴蒙昨天又收回了他那些称比特币是骗局的言论。你重新思考过自己对比特币的立场了吗?如果你投资组合里的某些银行想为比特币做市、想交易比特币、想把比特币交易做成一项生意,你会怎么想?
LEEHEY, WARREN, I HAVE A QUESTION ABOUT BITCOIN JAIME DIMON CALLED IT A FRAUD BACK IN OCTOBER YOU FOLLOWED UP WITH COMMENTS IN DECEMBER SAY YOU THOUGHT IT WAS A MIRAGE. JAIME DIMON YESTERDAY BACKED AWAY FROM THOSE COMMENTS SAYING THE BITCOIN IS A FRAUD HAVE YOU RETHOUGHT YOUR POSITION ON BITCOIN, AND HOW WOULD YOU FEEL IF SOME OF YOUR PORTFOLIO BANKS WANTED TO MAKE A MARKET IN BITCOIN, WANTED TO TRADE BITCOIN, WANTED TO MAKE A BUSINESS OUT OF BITCOIN TRADING?
沃伦·巴菲特我们从不告诉投资组合里的银行该怎样经营,但就加密货币而言,我几乎可以确定地说,它们终将走向糟糕的结局。至于什么时候发生、怎么发生,或其他种种,我不知道,但我知道一点:如果我能买长期看跌期权,给每一种加密货币各买一份五年期看跌期权,我很乐意这么做——但我一毛钱也不会去做空。
BUFFETTWE DON'T TELL THE BANKS IN THE PORTFOLIO ANYTHING ABOUT THEIR OPERATIONS BUT IN TERMS OF CRYPTO CURRENCIES GENERALLY I CAN SAY ALMOST WITH CERTAINTY THAT THEY WILL COME TO A BAD ENDING NOW, WHEN IT HAPPENS OR HOW OR ANYTHING ELSE, I DONT KNOW, BUT I KNOW THIS. IF I CAN BUY LONG-TERM PUTS, I COULD BUY A FIVE-YEAR PUT ON EVERY ONE OF THE CRYPTO CURRENCIES, I WOULD BE GLAD TO DO IT, BUT I WOULD NEVER SHORT A DIMES WORTH
李你有没有考虑过操作期货,在比特币上建立空头头寸?
LEEHAVE YOU THOUGHT ABOUT TRADING THE FUTURES TO TAKE A NEGATIVE POSITION OF BITCOIN
巴菲特不。
BUFFETTNO.
李你不会那么做?
LEEYOU WOULD NOT DO THAT?
巴菲特不。没理由。没理由。我对自己觉得多少懂一点的东西都惹过够多麻烦了,凭什么要对自己一无所知的东西去做多或做空?我们不需要知道可可豆或加密货币会怎样,只需要盯住 8 到 10 只股票,也就是那些我们觉得生意还不错的公司。但我觉得现在这些事最终肯定会以糟糕收场——几乎所有人都在……周五有 11 所学校要来,问题肯定会是比特币,而我不知道答案。
BUFFETTNO. THERE'S NO REASON. THERES NO REASON. I GET INTO ENOUGH TROUBLE WITH THINGS I THINK I KNOW SOMETHING ABOUT. WHY IN THE WORLD SHOULD I TAKE A LONG OR SHORT POSITION OF SOMETHING I DON'T KNOW ANYTHING ABOUT? WE DON'T HAVE TO KNOW WHAT COCOA BEANS ARE GOING TO DO OR CRYPTO CURRENCIES WE JUST HAVE TO FOCUS ON 8 OR 10 STOCKS THAT BUSINESSES BASICALLY THAT WE THINK ARE DECENT BUSINESSES BUT I THINK WHAT'S GOING ON I THINK IT WILL DEFINITELY COME TO A BAD ENDING YOU HAVE VIRTUALLY EVERYBODY -- I HAVE 11 SCHOOLS COMING ON FRIDAY THE QUESTIONS WILL BE ON BITCOIN, AND I WONT KNOW THE ANSWERS.
贝基·奎克不过,沃伦,我们坐下来的时候,你确实说过,我今天早上本该宣布我们介入了比特币。
QUICKALTHOUGH, WHEN WE SAT DOWN, WARREN, YOU DID SAY I SHOULD HAVE ANNOUNCED WE WERE GETTING INVOLVED IN BITCOIN THIS MORNING.
巴菲特确实——对在座各位来说,要是我们明天就发行一整套加密货币,那要有趣得多,但我们不会,请相信我。我们不持有任何加密货币,不做空任何加密货币,也永远不会持有任何头寸。
BUFFETTTHATS TRUE TO -- THAT WOULD BE MUCH MORE INTERESTING TO THE AUDIENCE THAT WE WERE GOING TO ISSUE A WHOLE SERIES OF CRYPTO CURRENCIES TOMORROW BUT WE AREN'T BELIEVE ME AND WE DON'T OWN ANY WE DON'T SHORT ANY WE WILL NEVER HAVE A POSITION.
贝基·奎克我快速问您几个问题,几分钟后我们会接通查理·芒格的电话。在那之前,我还想跟您聊几只股票。您已经谈过 IBM,不管您愿不愿意多说——说到苹果,您的仓位很大,是苹果前五大股东之一。从我们目前所见、所做的渠道检查等了解到的情况来看,他们这个假日季销售相当旺。到了这个时点,您仍然觉得它是一家出色的消费品公司吗?
QUICKLET ME ASK YOU A COUPLE OF QUESITONS VERY QUICKLY WE ARE GOING TO HAVE A CALL COMING IN FROM CHARLIE MUNGER IN JUST A FEW MINUTES. BEFORE WE GET TO THAT, I WANT TO RUN THROUGH A COUPLE OF STOCK ISSUES WITH YOU TOO. YOU ALREADY SPOKE ABOUT IBM, WHATEVER YOU WOULD OR WOULDN'T TELL US ABOUT THAT -- WHEN IT COMES TO APPLE, THERES A HUGE POSITION YOU ARE ONE OF THE TOP FIVE SHAREHOLDERS IN APPLE. THEY HAVE A BIG HOLIDAY SEASON FROM WHAT WE'VE BEEN SEEING, WHAT WE'VE BEEN WATCHING WITH SOME OF THE CHANNEL CHECKS AND BEYOND YOU STILL FEEL LIKE IT'S A GREAT CONSUMER PRODUCTS BUSINESS AT THIS POINT
巴菲特从我们已发布的所有资料来看,我们一直在持续增持,这一直延续到所有已发布的报告期,我们还会发布更多——你看,iPhone 的市场还没饱和呢。我只是想指出这一点。蒂姆·库克今年又给我寄了圣诞贺卡,说今年要卖我一部 iPhone,等我真的买了,那就完了,各位。最后一个也买到手了。
BUFFETTFROM ALL THE STUFF WE PUBLISHED, WE'VE ADDED TO OUR HOLDINGS CONSISTENTLY UP THROUGH ALL THE PUBLISHED REPORTS, AND WE'LL PUBLISH SOME MORE ON -- SEE, THE MARKET IS NOT YET SATURATED FOR iPHONES. I JUST WANT TO POINT THAT OUT. WHEN TIM COOK SENT ME A CHRISTMAS CARD AGAIN THIS YEAR SAYING HE WAS GOING TO SELL ME AN iPHONE THIS YEAR, WHEN I ACTUALLY BUY IT, ITS ALL OVER, FOLKS. THE LAST PERSON HAS BOUGHT IT
贝基·奎克你还在用的那部三星翻盖手机——
QUICKA SAMSUNG FLIP PHONE THAT YOU STILL HAVE –
巴菲特对。
BUFFETTYEAH.
贝基·奎克你仍然看好它吗?你将会——当你买入它的时候,它本质上是不是已经是强弩之末了?
QUICKYOU'RE STILL POSITIVE ON IT YOU'RE GOING TO BE -- WHEN YOU BUY IT, IT'S JUMPING THE SHARK ESSENTIALLY?
巴菲特请原谅。
BUFFETTPARDON ME.
贝基·奎克当你买一部智能手机的时候,这算是好日子到头了,那就是走到头了?
QUICKWHEN YOU BUY A SMARTPHONE, IT'S JUMPING THE SHARK THAT'S THE END OF THE RUN?
巴菲特我不知道。也许我年底会买一部。他每年圣诞节都寄提醒函给我。
BUFFETTI DON'T KNOW. I, MAYBE I WILL BUY ONE LATE IN THE YEAR. HE KEEPS SENDING ME REMINDERS EVERY CHRISTMAS.
贝基·奎克吉姆·克莱默也来信提了一个问题。他想知道,您认为通用电气的股价是否存在一个代表价值的点位。
QUICKJIM CRAMER WROTE IN TOO HE HAS A QUESTION. HE WANTS TO KNOW IF THERE IS A POINT WHERE YOU THINK GENERAL ELECTRIC SHARES REPRESENT VALUE.
巴菲特嗯,总得有个价——这对几乎任何一家公司来说都是如此。不同的人对价格会有不同看法,但我是说,如果你来找我,说我们愿意把整个通用电气公司卖给你,而 X 是一个合适的数字,那我们就会想买下它。如果我们在市场上一点一点地买,这就是我们的思考方式。
BUFFETTWELL, THERE HAS TO BE THERE ALWAYS IS FOR ALMOST ANY COMPANY. DIFFERENT PEOPLE WILL HAVE DIFFERENT VIEWS ON WHAT THE PRICE WOULD BE, BUT, I MEAN, IF YOU CAME TO ME AND SAID WE'LL SELL YOU THE WHOLE GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY AND X WAS THE RIGHT NUMBER, WE WOULD LIKE TO BUY IT IF WE BUY LITTLE PIECES IN THE MARKET, THAT'S THE WAY WE THINK ABOUT IT
贝基·奎克我觉得他可能想问的是,如果你有目标价的话,具体是多少?
QUICKI THINK HE MAY HAVE BEEN SPECIFICALLY ASKING WHAT IS THAT PRICE TARGET IF YOU HAVE ONE
巴菲特对。这还得看其他股票卖什么价。说到底,我的工作就是把伯克希尔的资本投到我们自认为了解得相当透彻、估值又有吸引力的企业里。不过,我们没法轻易在大仓位之间腾挪——要从我们想卖的东西换成我们想买的东西,得有相当大的价差才有动力。通用电气是一家规模庞大、实力雄厚的公司。
BUFFETTYEAH. WELL, THAT WOULD DEPEND ALSO ON WHAT OTHER STOCKS WERE SELLING IN THE END MY JOB IS TO HAVE THE CAPITAL OF BERKSHIRE INVESTED IN BUSINESSESTHAT WE THINK WE UNDERSTAND PRETTY WELL, AND THAT ARE AN ATTRACTIVE VALUATION. NOW, WE CAN'T MOVE AROUND IN BIG POSITIONS THAT EASILY. IT TAKES A PRETTY BIG DISPARITY FROM SOMETHING WE WANT TO SELL TO MOVE TO SOMETHING WE WANT TO BUY. GENERAL ELECTRIC IS A BIG STRONG COMPANY.
贝基·奎克伯克希尔目前手头有多少现金?
QUICKHOW MUCH CASH DOES BERKSHIRE HAVE ON HAND RIGHT NOW
沃伦·巴菲特嗯,我们大概有 1000 亿美元多一点,几乎全部投在国库券上。我想全球大概有 1.7 万亿美元国库券,美国的国库券。我们持有其中的 12%。实际上,会有交易商打电话来,因为他们需要某只券——比如他们需要 4 月 12 日到期的 2 亿美元国库券,就会来找我们。
BUFFETTWELL, WE HAVE SOMETHING A LITTLE OVER $100 BILLION IT'S ALMOST ALL IN TREASURY BILLS. I THINK THERES ABOUT 1.7 TRILLION TREASURY BILLS IN THE WORLD. U.S. TREASURY BILLS. WE OWN 12% OF THEM WE ACTUALLY GET THE CALLS FROM DEALERS WHO NEED A BILL FOR THIS -- IF THEY NEED 200 MILLION APRIL 12th OR SOMETHING. THEY COME TO US WHERE.
贝基·奎克因为你把它随手塞在沙发垫里了。
QUICKBECAUSE YOU HAVE IT SITTING AROUND IN THE COUCH CUSHIONS.
巴菲特是的。我们——我们通常在周一买入大约 40 亿美元的国库券,但期限非常短,所以会滚动续投。我们得小心一点,因为所罗门兄弟公司——25 年前我曾参与过那里——有一条规则,你不能买入超过发行量 35% 的券,这条规则叫“莫齐尔规则”,因为所罗门那个家伙特别喜欢违反它。他后来因此蹲了几个月监狱。所以我们投标时对数量非常小心。我们从来不——我们不持有商业票据,不依赖银行授信额度,那些我们都不做。当 2008、2009 年那种情况来临时,我们希望手上有短期国库券——如果我们买入短期国库券的唯一目的就是流动性。
BUFFETTYEAH. WE – WE ARE USUALLY ON MONDAY WE'RE USUALLY BUYING ABOUT FOUR BILLION OR SO OF BILLS, BUT THEY'RE VERY SHORT, SO THEY ROLL WE HAVE TO BE A LITTLE CAREFUL BECAUSE SOLOMON BROTHERS, WHICH WAS I WAS INVOLVED IN 25 YEARS AGO, THERES A RULE YOU CAN'T BUY MORE THAN 35% OF THE ISSUING THATS THE -- THAT RULE WAS CALLED THE MOZIER RULE BECAUSE THE GUY THERE SOLOMON LOVED BREAKING IT. HE WENT TO JAIL FOR A FEW MONTHS AFTERWARDS WE'RE VERY CAREFUL ABOUT HOW MANY WE BID FOR. WE NEVER -- WE DONT OWN COMMERCIAL PAPER WE DONT COUNT ON BANK LINES WE DONT DO ANY OF THAT. WHEN 2008, 2009 COMES ALONG, WE WANT TO HAVE SHORT BILLS IF THE ONLY THING WE BUY FOR SHORT BILLS IS LIQUIDITY.
贝基·奎克您说过喜欢手头留 250 亿美元现金,那也就是还剩 800 亿美元可用于并购。眼下有什么看中的目标吗?
QUICKYOU'VE SAID THAT YOU LIKE TO HAVE 25 BILLION IN HAND, SO THAT LEAVES $80 BILLION FOR ACQUISITIONS. ANYTHING YOU HAVE YOUR SIGHTS SET ON RIGHT NOW?
巴菲特没有,不过我倒是挺想的。是的。
BUFFETTNO, BUT I WOULD LIKE TO. YEAH.
贝基·奎克说到这,我们现在立刻连线伯克希尔·哈撒韦副董事长查理·芒格,他正从加州通过 Squawk 新闻热线打来,加州时间才清晨 5:45。查理,感谢你今天连线加入我们。
QUICKON THAT NOTE, LET'S BRING IN RIGHT NOW CHARLIE MUNGER, THE VICE CHAIRMAN OF BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY, WHO IS JOINING US ON THE SQUAWK NEWS LINE FROM CALIFORNIA AT THE VERY EARLY HOUR OF 5:45 A.M. CALIFORNIA TIME. CHARLIE, I WANT TO THANK YOU FOR JOINING US TODAY AND CALLING IN.
查理·芒格好,我很乐意。
CHARLIE MUNGERWELL, I'M GLAD TO DO IT.
贝基·奎克您今早和我们在一起,是因为伯克希尔·哈撒韦有重大新闻。公告宣布格雷格·阿贝尔和阿吉特·贾恩都被任命为伯克希尔·哈撒韦副董事长。作为伯克希尔的第一位副董事长——顺便说一句,您仍担任这一职位——您对此怎么看?关于格雷格和阿吉特,您能跟我们谈些什么?您对他们被推上这些位置——晋升到这些职位——有什么看法?
QUICKYOU ARE WITH US THIS MORNING BECAUSE OF THE BIG NEWS AT BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY. THE ANNOUNCEMENT THAT BOTH GREG ABEL AND AJIT JAIN HAVE BEEN NAMED TO VICE CHAIRMEN OF BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY AS WELL. AS THE FIRST VICE CHAIRMAN OF BERKSHIRE WHO IS BY THE WAY, STAYING IN THAT POSITION, WHAT DO YOU THINK ABOUT THIS? WHAT CAN YOU TELL US ABOUT GREG AND AJIT AND WHAT YOU THINK ABOUT THEM BEING PUSHED INTO THESE POSITIONS – PROMOTED TO THESE POSITIONS?
查理·芒格嗯,我觉得这是个非常好的主意,所有伯克希尔股东都应该为此感到非常高兴。你几乎找不出地球上还有比这两个人更有资格得到提拔、获得更多认可的人了。这项举措实际上也将在某些方面下放更多权力。而且,有些事情这两人做得比沃伦还好。
MUNGERWELL, I THINK THIS IS A VERY GOOD IDEA, AND ALL OF THE BERKSHIRE SHAREHOLDERS SHOULD BE VERY HAPPY ABOUT IT. YOU CAN HARDLY FIND TWO MORE QUALIFIED PEOPLE ON EARTH TO BE PROMOTED TO MORE RECOGNITION AND SO FORTH. AND ONE IS ACTUALLY GOING TO DEVOLVE A LITTLE MORE POWER IN SOME DIRECTIONS. AND THESE PEOPLE DO SOME THINGS BETTER THAN WARREN DOES.
巴菲特好多了。
BUFFETTA LOT BETTER.
查理·芒格对伯克希尔来说,这么做是个巨大的加分,也是对那些理应获得更多认可的人应有的认可。所以我当然很喜欢这个主意。
MUNGERIT'S A HUGE PLUS FOR BERKSHIRE TO DO IT AND IT'S A DESERVED RECOGNITION COMING TO PEOPLE WHO SHOULD GET MORE RECOGNITION. SO OF COURSE I LIKE IT.
贝基·奎克您说您认为这是个很棒的主意。沃伦刚才告诉我们,实际上,当他来找您提到所有这些时,这其实是您的想法。是您想出来的。
QUICKYOU SAID THAT YOU THINK IT'S A GREAT IDEA. WARREN TOLD US JUST A LITTLE BIT AGO THAT IT WAS ACTUALLY YOUR IDEA WHEN HE CAME TO YOU AND MENTIONED ALL OF THIS. THAT YOU WERE THE ONE WHO CAME UP WITH THE IDEA.
查理·芒格没错,我倒不介意有点特立独行。你看,三位副董事长看起来是有点怪。但伯克希尔一直看起来与众不同,而且它做得比——
MUNGERYEAH, WELL I DON'T MIND A LITTLE PECULIARITY. YOU KNOW, THREE VICE CHAIRMEN LOOKS PECULIAR. BUT BERKSHIRE HAS ALWAYS LOOKED PECULIAR AND IT'S DONE BETTER THAN –
巴菲特是啊,94 岁的人了。
BUFFETTYEAH, 94 YEAR OLDS.
贝基·奎克查理,我们刚才一直在跟沃伦聊未来,聊你觉得接下来会怎样、会发生什么。我们也跟沃伦提到,长期以来一直有人催他拿出接班计划,因为他已经 87 岁了。你刚过完 94 岁生日——我几个小时前才想起来,之前我一直还以为你 93 岁。你也刚过完 94 岁,那你怎么看未来?也聊聊你自己的参与情况吧。
QUICKCHARLIE, WE HAVE BEEN TALKING WITH WARREN JUST ABOUT THE FUTURE, WHAT YOU SEE COMING, WHAT YOU SEE HAPPENING, AND WE'VE POINTED OUT TO WARREN THAT FOR A LONG TIME PEOPLE HAVE BEEN PUSHING FOR A SUCCESSION PLAN BECAUSE HE IS 87. YOU JUST TURNED 94, I FORGOT THAT UNTIL A COUPLE OF HOURS AGO. I WAS STILL THINKING YOU WERE 93. YOU JUST TURNED 94, SO WHAT DO YOU SEE IN THE FUTURE? AND JUST TALK ABOUT YOUR INVOLVEMENT.
查理·芒格嗯,有一批——向股东们展示一下,沃伦大概还能再给他们带来七年甚至更多的好年景。
MUNGERWELL, A BUNCH – DEMONSTRATE TO THE SHAREHOLDERS, THEY PROBABLY GOT SEVEN OR MORE GOOD YEARS COMING OUT OF WARREN.
贝基·奎克查理,你还能再贡献多少个好年头?
QUICKAND HOW MANY MORE GOOD YEARS COMING OUT OF YOU, CHARLIE?
查理·芒格嗯,没多少了。我得面对现实。不过伯克希尔在认清现实方面是很在行的。
MUNGERWELL, NOT VERY MANY. I HAVE TO FACE REALITY. BUT BERKSHIRE IS GOOD AT REALITY RECOGNITION.
贝基·奎克能跟我们稍微聊聊市场吗?我们刚才——不好意思,您先讲。
QUICKCAN YOU TALK TO US A LITTLE BIT ABOUT THE MARKETS? WE'VE JUST – I'M SORRY, GO AHEAD, SIR.
查理·芒格嗯,股东——我们或许该换个话题了。
MUNGERWELL, SHAREHOLDER – WE SHOULD PROBABLY GO ON TO SOME DIFFERENT SUBJECT.
贝基·奎克我们再稍微聊聊大市吧,因为你对外面的情况总有一些大思路。刚才我们一直在谈股价,谈现在的股价到底算不算贵。你看着股市几乎每天都在创新高,今年年初又是标普 500 指数自 1987 年以来最强劲的开局,你心里是怎么想的?
QUICKLET'S TALK A LITTLE BIT ABOUT THE BROADER MARKETS, TOO, BECAUSE YOU ALWAYS HAVE SOME BIG THOUGHTS ABOUT WHAT YOU SEE OUT THERE. WE'VE BEEN TALKING ABOUT SHARE PRICES AND WHETHER SHARE PRICES LOOK EXPENSIVE OR NOT HERE. WHAT DO YOU THINK WHEN YOU LOOK AT THE STOCK MARKET AND SEE NEW RECORDS SET ALMOST EVERY DAY AND JUST FOR THE BEGINNING OF THIS YEAR, THE STRONGEST START FOR THE S&P SINCE 1987.
查理·芒格嗯,我觉得股价并没有疯。你想,债券的收益率现在还不到 3%。
MUNGERWELL, I DON'T THINK SHARE PRICES ARE CRAZY. YOU KNOW, WHERE BONDS STILL YIELD LESS THAN 3%.
贝基·奎克你看市场的时候,有没有什么让你担心的事?因为这正是我们一直听到的问题——那些迟迟不肯入市的人总说,嗯,这将来可能是个大麻烦。
QUICKARE THERE THINGS THAT CONCERN YOU WHEN YOU LOOK AT THE MARKETS BECAUSE IT'S PART OF WHAT WE GET ALL THE TIME. PROCRASTINATORS SAYING, WELL THIS COULD BE A BIG ISSUE DOWN THE ROAD.
查理·芒格是啊,泡沫总有破裂的时候,最终都会很惨。
MUNGERYEAH, THERE ARE ALWAYS BUBBLES – YOU KNOW GOING TO END BADLY.
贝基·奎克你说的是比特币吗?
QUICKARE YOU TALKING ABOUT BITCOIN?
查理·芒格不,我说——对,没错。还有风险投资也是。
MUNGERNO, I'M TALKING – YEAH SURE. AND VENTURE CAPITAL, TOO.
贝基·奎克不好意思,风险投资?
QUICKI'M SORRY, VENTURE CAPITAL?
查理·芒格对,那里也有泡沫。
MUNGERYEAH, THERE ARE BUBBLES THERE.
巴菲特对。
BUFFETTYEAH.
贝基·奎克你在风险投资领域看到了什么让你担忧?
QUICKWHAT DO YOU SEE IN VENTURE CAPITAL THAT CONCERNS YOU?
查理·芒格泡沫。钱太多了。
MUNGERBUBBLES. TOO MUCH MONEY.
贝基·奎克怎么衡量?还有,这只是你认为这个行业本身已经变得过于庞大了吗?
QUICKAS MEASURED HOW? AND IS THIS JUST SOMETHING THAT YOU THINK THAT THE ARENA ITSELF HAS GOTTEN TOO BIG?
查理·芒格嗯,市场上总是有这样那样的过度和泡沫。它们只是——我们在不同时期有不同的泡沫。想想 2000 年的泡沫吧。那一年,他们大可以把 500 亿美元扔进一个大筐里烧掉,结果也差不了多少。
MUNGERWELL, THERE ARE ALWAYS THESE EXCESSES AND BUBBLES. THEY'RE JUST – WE HAVE DIFFERENT BUBBLES AT DIFFERENT TIMES. THINK OF THE BUBBLE BACK IN 2000. IN THAT YEAR, THEY COULD HAVE TAKEN $50 BILLION INTO A BUSHEL BASKET AND BURNED IT AND IT WOULD HAVE GOTTEN THE SAME RESULTS.
贝基·奎克是什么特别的事让你开始思考风险投资的?这是你过去一年才想到的,还是已经想了更长时间?
QUICKWHAT IN PARTICULAR STARTED YOU THINKING ABOUT VENTURE CAPITAL? IS THAT SOMETHING YOU'VE JUST THOUGHT IN THE LAST YEAR OR LONGER?
查理·芒格嗯,沃伦和我什么事都会琢磨。但大多数时候我们只是躲得远远的。我们不——
MUNGERWELL, WARREN AND I THINK ABOUT EVERYTHING THAT IS GOING ON. MOSTLY WE JUST STAY AWAY FROM IT. WE DON'T –
贝基·奎克那你现在喜欢什么?
QUICKSO WHAT DO YOU LIKE RIGHT NOW?
查理·芒格呃,我其实挺喜欢伯克希尔拿到的这次减税。我毫不掩饰地欣赏它。
MUNGERWELL, I ACTUALLY LIKE THIS TAX REDUCTION THAT BERKSHIRE HAS GOTTEN. I'M AN UNABASHED APPRECIATOR.
贝基·奎克你总体怎么看这个税改方案?你会投票支持它吗?
QUICKWHAT DO YOU THINK ABOUT THE TAX PLAN OVERALL? THIS IS SOMETHING YOU WOULD HAVE VOTED FOR?
查理·芒格嗯,我比沃伦更有可能投赞成票。
MUNGERWELL, I WOULD BE MORE LIKELY TO VOTE FOR IT THAN WARREN.
贝基·奎克你认为更广泛的影响是什么,对美国企业界意味着什么,对市场意味着什么,对经济又意味着什么?
QUICKWHAT DO YOU THINK THE BROADER IMPLICATIONS ARE, WHAT THIS MEANS FOR CORPORATE AMERICA, WHAT THIS MEANS FOR THE MARKETS AND WHAT IT MEANS FOR THE ECONOMY?
查理·芒格我认为它有机会运转得相当不错。
MUNGERI THINK THERE'S A CHANCE THAT IT MAY WORK QUITE WELL.
贝基·奎克你在说——
QUICKYOU'RE TALKING –
查理·芒格在印度,一个非常贫困的国家,资本利得税是零,股息所得税也是零,这可是个实实在在的穷国。这简直难以想象。而印度的富人又极其富有。这确实相当奇特,比美国的情况奇特得多。而且我完全不确定印度这样做是错的。
MUNGERIN INDIA, WHICH IS A VERY POOR NATION, THE CAPITAL GAINS TAX IS ZERO AND THE INCOME TAX ON DIVIDENDS IS ZERO AND REALLY POOR NATION. THAT SEEMS JUST INCONCEIVABLE. AND THE RICH IN INDIA ARE VERY RICH. THAT IS REALLY PECULIAR, IT'S A LOT MORE PECULIAR THAN THE UNITED STATES. AND I'M NOT AT ALL SURE THAT INDIA IS WRONG IS DOING WHAT IT'S DOING.
贝基·奎克因为?
查理·芒格:因为我觉得,他们这样做经济可能会比不那么善待——善待那些投钱的人时增长得更好。
QUICKBECAUSE? MUNGER BECAUSE I THINK THEIR ECONOMY MAY GROW BETTER DOING WHAT THEY ARE DOING THAN IT WOULD IF THEY WERE LESS FRIENDLY TO THEIR -- TO THE PEOPLE THAT INVEST THE MONEY.
贝基·奎克您认为我们的经济增长会怎样?这是所有这些问题里的大问题。您觉得因为减税,美国 GDP 会出现大幅增长吗?
QUICKWHAT DO YOU THINK HAPPENS TO OUR ECONOMIC GROWTH? THIS IS THE BIG QUESTION IN ALL OF THIS. DO YOU THINK GDP HERE WILL SEE BIG GAINS BECAUSE OF THE TAX CUT?
查理·芒格不会。我认为,那些确信减税行不通的人,大概——不该这么笃定。
MUNGERNO. I THINK THE PEOPLE THAT ARE SURE IT WON'T WORK ARE PROBABLY – SHOULDN'T BE QUITE SO SURE.
贝基·奎克沃伦,你怎么看?
QUICKWARREN, WHAT DO YOU SAY TO THAT?
沃伦·巴菲特嗯,这一点我同意查理。我觉得——预测经济会怎么走,我当年在哥伦比亚大学上过一门计量经济学课,当时他们以为找到了答案。但靠听经济学家的,从来没法在股市里赚到钱,甚至也没法在商业上做出什么了不起的决策。
BUFFETTWELL, I AGREE WITH HIM ON THAT. I THINK IT'S -- PREDICTING WHAT THE ECONOMY IS GONNA DO, WHEN I WENT TO COLOMBIA, I TOOK A COURSE IN ECONOMETRICS AND THEY THOUGHT THEY WERE GETTING THE ANSWER. YOU HAVE NOT BEEN ABLE TO MAKE MONEY IN THE STOCK MARKET OR EVEN MAKE GREAT DECISIONS IN BUSINESS BY LISTENING TO ECONOMISTS.
贝基·奎克你知道,沃伦,你和查理都是资本配置者,你们审视伯克希尔的资金,琢磨该在市场上投向哪里。查理,我们跟沃伦聊过一点他喜欢和不喜欢的东西。当你环顾股市时,有没有哪些股票、哪些板块是你觉得确实很有吸引力、值得投的地方?
QUICKYOU KNOW, WARREN, YOU AND CHARLIE BOTH ARE ALLOCATORS WHO LOOK AND TAKE BERKSHIRE'S MONEY AND TRY TO FIGURE OUT THE BEST PLACE TO BE PUTTING THOSE IN THE MARKET. CHARLIE, WE'VE SPOKEN WITH WARREN A LITTLE BIT ABOUT WHAT HE LIKES AND DOESN'T LIKE. WHEN YOU LOOK AROUND AT THE STOCK MARKET, ARE THERE STOCKS, ARE THERE SECTORS THAT YOU THINK ARE REALLY INTERESTING PLACES TO BE?
查理·芒格嗯,显然,现在股票的整体估值比很久以前高多了,在市盈率 20 倍的市场里想赚大钱,比市盈率 15 倍的市场难得多。但这并不意味着你就该把所有钱都投到利率 2% 或 3% 的长期债券里。在这点上我完全同意沃伦。我认为,对投资者来说,正确的做法是——大量延迟满足,并且能够忍受相当程度的痛苦,通过坚持持仓——就是买入股票,然后熬过下跌。
BUFFETTWELL, OBVIOUSLY, STOCKS ARE VALUED HIGHER THAN THEY WERE A LONG TIME AGO AND IT'S HARDER TO MAKE A LOT OF MONEY IN THE STOCK MARKET THAT SELLS AT 20 TIMES EARNINGS THAN ONE THAT SELLS AT 15. AND SO -- BUT THAT DOES NOT MEAN THAT YOU SHOULD PUT ALL OF YOUR MONEY IN LONG TERM BONDS AT 2 OR 3%. I AGREE WITH WARREN TOTALLY ON THIS STUFF. I THINK YOU'RE -- THE RIGHT ANSWER FOR INVESTORS, A LOT OF DEFERRED GRATIFICATION AND BEING WELL TO SUFFER A FAIR AMOUNT OF AGONY BY JUST RIDING OUT -- HAS US BUYING EQUITIES AND RIDING OUT THE DECLINES.
贝基·奎克我想乔也有个问题要问您,查理。
QUICKI THINK JOE HAS A QUESTION FOR YOU AS WELL, CHARLIE.
乔·科南我愿意试试。我们这边到你那边有延迟,电话也有延迟,还有其他各种问题。大家多担待,我们就是这情况。不过,查理,就我看来,你对税收政策、政府角色和私营部门的关系,理解得相当到位。我好奇的是,沃伦比你年轻不少。人年轻的时候都那样,更理想主义。你觉得等他再成熟点,最终会不会接受你那一套税收政策?还是说你另有想法,或者他就是没救了?你倾向于哪种看法?他是——也许他能想明白。
KERNENWILLING TO TRY. WE'VE GOT DELAYS FROM HERE TO YOU AND DELAYS ON THE PHONE AND EVERYTHING ELSE. SO JUST PEOPLE CAN BEAR WITH US, THAT'S WHAT WE'RE DEALING WITH. BUT CHARLIE, YOU SEEM TO HAVE A REALLY GOOD GRASP AS FAR AS I'M CONCERNED OF TAX POLICY AND THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT AND THE PRIVATE SECTOR, AND I WAS JUST WONDERING, WARREN IS QUITE A BIT YOUNGER THAN YOU. WHEN PEOPLE ARE YOUNG, THEY ARE LIKE THAT, MORE IDEALISTIC. AND DO YOU THINK THAT EVENTUALLY AS HE GROWS UP, HE'LL ADHERE TO YOUR TAX POLICY OR YOU'RE THINKING MORE OR IS HE JUST HOPELESS? WHERE DO YOU COME DOWN ON THAT? HE'S GOT – MAYBE HE CAN FIGURE IT OUT.
查理·芒格我们不必在每件事上都意见完全一致。意见不完全一致说不定反而更好。
MUNGERWE DON'T HAVE TO AGREE PERFECTLY ON EVERYTHING. IT'S PROBABLY BETTER IF WE DON'T.
乔·科南我想也是,但我只是——通常人年纪越大,越会意识到少即是多这个道理——沃伦,还有希望吗?你还有几年时间,会不会有一天改变关于资本利得和企业降低税率那些主张,还是说没得改了?
KERNENI GUESS SO, BUT I'M JUST -- USUALLY WITH AGE COMES SORT OF THE REALIZATION THAT MAYBE LESS IS MORE IN TERMS OF -- WARREN, IS THERE ANY HOPE? YOU'VE GOT A FEW YEARS WHERE YOU HAVE THE IDEA ABOUT CAPITAL GAINS AND LOWER TAX RATES FOR CORPORATIONS OR ARE YOU HOPELESS?
沃伦·巴菲特我——我 1940 年帮威尔基拉过选票。威尔基和麦克纳里那个组合。1948 年我还当过宾夕法尼亚大学青年共和党俱乐部的主席。所以嘛——
BUFFETTI – I CAMPAIGNED FOR WILLKIE IN 1940. WILLKIE AND MCNARY AND I WAS HEAD OF THE YOUNG REPUBLICANS CLUB AT THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA IN 1948. SO—
乔·科南你是反过来走的。越活越退回去了。
KERNENYOU WENT THE REVERSE. YOU WENT BACKWARDS.
沃伦·巴菲特没错,我就是一台时间倒转机。
BUFFETTYEAH, I'M A TIME REVERSAL MACHINE.
查理·芒格嗯,我也是。我当年投票给了肯尼迪——后来我也变了。我们俩在往一起靠拢。只不过这过程所需的时间,比我们这辈子能活的年头还长。
MUNGERWELL, I AM TOO. I VOTED FOR KENNEDY AND – I CHANGED TOO. WE'RE COMING TOGETHER. IT JUST TAKES MORE TIME THAN LIFE IS GOING TO GIVE US.
乔·科南肯尼迪也是主张减税的。
KERNENKENNEDY WAS A TAX CUTTER.
查理·芒格是啊。顺便说一句,他当时减税,我是真心喜欢。
MUNGERYEAH. BY THE WAY, I REALLY LIKE THAT, WHEN HE DID IT.
贝基·奎克查理,你大致提到股票比债券更值得投资,但具体来看,你最近有没有特别关注哪些股票,或者觉得有什么值得指出的?
QUICKCHARLIE, YOU MENTIONED BROADLY THAT STOCKS ARE THE PLACE TO BE NOT BONDS, BUT WHEN YOU LOOK PARTICULARLY, ANY STOCKS THAT HAVE CAUGHT YOUR EYE RECENTLY OR ANYTHING YOU THINK WOULD BE WORTH POINTING OUT?
查理·芒格这个嘛,我不想具体讨论个股。
MUNGERWELL, I DON'T WANT TO GET INTO TALKING ABOUT SPECIFIC STOCKS.
QUICKTRIED. LET'S TALK ABOUT OTHER BUBBLES THEN. IF YOU THINK PRIVATE EQUITY OR I'M SORRY, VENTURE CAPITAL IS POTENTIALLY A PLACE WHERE YOU SEE BUBBLES –
QUICKTRIED. LET'S TALK ABOUT OTHER BUBBLES THEN. IF YOU THINK PRIVATE EQUITY OR I'M SORRY, VENTURE CAPITAL IS POTENTIALLY A PLACE WHERE YOU SEE BUBBLES –
查理·芒格比特币和其他加密货币也都是泡沫。
MUNGERAND BITCOIN AND THE OTHER CRYPTOCURRENCIES ARE ALSO BUBBLES.
贝基·奎克那你是怎么判断的?我想到的是千禧一代,那些年轻投资者,他们对这样的东西特别兴奋。你会对他们说什么?你想传达什么信息?
QUICKAND WHAT TELLS YOU THAT? I'M JUST THINKING OF THE MILLENNIALS THE YOUNG INVESTORS WHO GET SO EXCITED ABOUT SOMETHING LIKE THIS. WHAT WOULD YOU TELL THEM? WHAT WOULD YOUR MESSAGE BE?
查理·芒格嗯,他们之所以兴奋,是因为眼下行情在涨,这东西听起来又有点时髦,而且我敢肯定,其中涉及的计算机科学确实既难又有趣。所以你能理解他们为什么会兴奋。但我不兴奋。
MUNGERWELL THEY'RE EXCITED BECAUSE THINGS ARE GOING UP AT THE MOMENT AND IT SOUNDS VAGUELY MODERN AND I THINK I'M SURE THE COMPUTER SCIENCE INVOLVED IS DIFFICULT AND INTERESTING. SO YOU CAN UNDERSTAND WHERE THEY GET EXCITED. BUT I'M NOT EXCITED.
巴菲特如果你在买入某样东西——
BUFFETTIF YOU'RE BUYING SOMETHING –
查理·芒格那就去别的地方说吧。
MUNGERAND GO ON SOMEWHERE ELSE.
巴菲特如果你买某样东西只是因为昨天或上周它涨了,那这根本就不是买入的理由,时间一长你就会惹上麻烦。
BUFFETTIF YOU'RE BUYING SOMETHING BECAUSE IT WENT UP YESTERDAY OR LAST WEEK, THAT IS NOT A GOOD REASON FOR BUYING ANYTHING IT WILL GET YOU IN TROUBLE OVER TIME.
贝基·奎克昨天比尔·米勒上了 CNBC,聊了聊他对市场走向的看法。他说他认为市场存在一波“疯涨”的可能。他拿 2013 年的情况作比——当时市场涨幅超过 30%——还说如果十年期国债收益率接近 3%,他觉得出现这种情况的可能性更大。我没太完全理解这里面的逻辑,也没跟上他的思路。您对这种可能性怎么看?
<<<END P 10>>>
QUICKYESTERDAY BILL MILLER WAS ON CNBC AND HE TALKED A LITTLE BIT ABOUT WHAT HE SEES HAPPENING HE SAYS THERE'S A POTENTIAL HE THINKS FOR A MARKET MELT-UP. HE POINTED BACK TO WHAT HAPPENED IN 2013 WHERE YOU SAW 30% PLUS GAINS IN THE MARKET AND SAID THAT HE WOULD THINK THAT IS MORE LIKELY IF THE 10-YEAR GETS CLOSER TO 3% I DIDN'T QUITE UNDERSTAND OR FOLLOW THAT BUT WHAT DO YOU THINK ABOUT THAT POTENTIAL?
巴菲特我认为这毫无意义——如果人们持有债券,利率上升时他们的债券就会下跌。
BUFFETTI THINK IT'S POINTLESS THAT PEOPLE -- IF THEY OWN BONDS, THEIR BONDS WOULD BE GOING DOWN AS RATES GO UP.
贝基·奎克它们就会亏钱。
QUICKTHEY WOULD BE LOSING MONEY.
巴菲特毫无疑问,市场确实有惯性。当这种惯性足够大时,它会压倒一切。我是说,这就是泡沫形成的方式。本·格雷厄姆曾说过,一个好想法比一个坏想法更容易让你陷入麻烦,因为好想法最初让人们觉得股票总体上比债券更便宜,但过了一段时间,股票本身的上涨行情变得比基本面原因更重要,而基本面原因消失了,人们买入某只股票仅仅因为它正在上涨。当人们因为某只股票涨了而买入时,谁都说不准它能涨到多高,但你可以相当肯定,结局会很糟糕。
BUFFETTTHERE'S NO QUESTION THAT MARKETS HAVE MOMENTUM. AND THAT WHEN THERE IS ENOUGH MOMENTUM, IT TAKES OVER EVERYTHING, I MEAN, WHEN YOU -- THAT'S HOW YOU GET BUBBLES BEN GRAHAM USED TO SAY YOU GET IN MORE TROUBLE WITH A GOOD IDEA THAN A BAD IDEA BECAUSE THE GOOD IDEA ORIGINALLY HAD THE IDEA THAT STOCKS WERE CHEAPER THAN BONDS GENERALLY, AFTER A WHILE, THE VERY ACTION OF THE STOCKS BECOMES MORE IMPORTANT THAN THE FUNDAMENTAL REASONS AND THE FUNDAMENTAL REASONS DISAPPEAR AND PEOPLE BUY SOMETHING BECAUSE IT'S GOING UP. WHEN PEOPLE BUY SOMETHING BECAUSE IT'S GONE UP THERES NO TELLING HOW FAR IT WILL GO BUT YOU CAN BE PRETTY SURE THERE WILL BE A BAD ENDING.
贝基·奎克查理,最近市场和新闻里有没有你特别关注的事情?你已经观察了很久,这次有没有什么你觉得不一样的地方?
QUICKCHARLIE ANYTHING TO YOU THAT REALLY JUMPS OUT IN THE MARKETS AND IN THE NEWS THESE DAYS? YOU'VE BEEN WATCHING THIS A LONG TIME IS THERE ANYTHING YOU THINK MAY BE DIFFERENT THIS TIME AROUND?
查理·芒格嗯,整个局面确实相当诡异。谁能想到,那么多发达国家能把实际利率压到零持续二十年之久。谁能想到,我们印了那么多钱,通胀却还能这么低。我对经济形势的态度向来是怀疑——我觉得这些人压根儿不知道自己在搞什么名堂。
MUNGERWELL, THE WHOLE SITUATION IS QUITE WEIRD. WHOEVER WOULD HAVE GUESSED THAT YOU COULD HAVE 20 YEARS OF REAL INTEREST RATES AT ZERO A LOT OF DIFFERENT ADVANCED NATIONS. WHO WOULD HAVE GUESSED WE COULD PRINT AS MUCH MONEY AS WE DID AND HAVE AS LOW INFLATION AS WE DID. MY ATTITUDE TOWARDS THE ECONOMIC SITUATION HAS ALWAYS BEEN ONE OF SKEPTICISM I DON'T THINK ANY OF THESE PEOPLE KNOW WHAT THE HELL THEY ARE DOING.
贝基·奎克这些人里都有谁?
QUICKANY OF THESE PEOPLE BEING WHO?
查理·芒格经济学这个行当,他们一直——他们一直对各种各样的公式信心十足,但经济学不是物理学,同一个公式在这一个十年里管用,下一个十年就不灵了。经济学是一门很难的学问。过去二十年里,经济学界大量过度自信被打掉了。他们确实相当惊讶。
MUNGERECONOMICS PROFESSION. THEY'VE BEEN -- THEYVE BEEN CONFIDENT IN VARIOUS FORMULAS BUT ECONOMICS IS NOT PHYSICS THE SAME FORMULA THAT WORKS IN ONE DECADE DOESN'T WORK IN THE NEXT ECONOMICS IS A DIFFICULT SUBJECT. AND A LOT OF OVER CONFIDENCE HAS BEEN REMOVED FROM THE ECONOMICS PROFESSION OVER THE LAST 20 YEARS. THEY'VE BEEN REALLY SURPRISED.
贝基·奎克沃伦,你的看法呢?
QUICKAND WARREN, YOUR COMMENT?
巴菲特我想指出一点,现在的国债规模是我出生那天的 1000 倍。如果你告诉我父母什么的,告诉我那个在候诊室里的父亲,说在他儿子的有生之年国债会涨 1000 倍,他肯定会说,一切都要变成南瓜和老鼠了。当然,按实际值计算的人均 GDP 是当时的 6 倍,诸如此类。在经济学问题上,很难固执己见。我要说的是,在我一生中,一味强调债务在增长,这完全是搞错了靶子。我自己也是,早年还在当年轻共和党人的时候,我到处说,每增加一美元国债,就可能威胁我们的未来,如此之类的话。在经济学上,你不该固执己见。
BUFFETTWELL, I'M GOING TO POINT OUT, THE NATIONAL DEBT NOW IS 1,000 TIMES WHAT IT WAS WHEN I WAS BORN AND NOW IF YOU TOLD MY PARENTS OR ANYTHING, MY DAD IN THE WAITING ROOM THAT THE NATIONAL DEBT WOULD GO UP 1,000 TIMES DURING HIS SONS LIFETIME, HE WOULD HAVE SAID, EVERYTHING IS GOING TO TURN INTO PUMPKINS AND MICE AND OF COURSE GDP AND REAL TERMS IN SIX TIMES PER CAPITAL WHAT IT WAS THEN AND EVERYTHING. IT'S HARD TO GET DOGMATIC IN ECONOMIC MATTERS PEOPLE THAT -- I WOULD SAY THAT THE -- JUST THE WHOLE EMPHASIS ON THE DEBT GOING UP DURING MY LIFETIME HAS BEEN WAY OFF THE MARK AND I'VE BEEN WAY OFF THE MARK WHEN I WAS BACK IN MY YOUNG REPUBLICAN DAYS, I WAS GOING AROUND SAYING ANOTHER DOLLAR OF NATIONAL DEBT WAS LIKELY TO THREATEN OUR FUTURE OR SOMETHING OF THE SORT. YOU DON'T WANT TO GET DOGMATTIC IN ECONOMICS.
贝基·奎克嗯,沃伦,非常感谢你今天接受我们的采访。查理,也谢谢你打来电话。能和你们二位交谈非常愉快,我们由衷感谢你们抽出时间。乔,我们把画面交还给你。如需更多信息,请联系:Jennifer Dauble,CNBC,电话:201.735.4721,手机:201.615.2787,邮箱:[email protected];Emma Martin,CNBC,电话:201.735.4713,邮箱:[email protected]。关于 CNBC:凭借在美国的 CNBC、在亚太地区的 CNBC、在欧洲、中东和非洲的 CNBC,以及 CNBC World,CNBC 是公认的全球商业新闻领导者,为全球超过 4.09 亿个家庭(其中包括美国和加拿大的超过 9100 万户家庭)提供实时金融市场报道和商业信息。CNBC 还每天为中国境内 4 亿个家庭提供商业资讯更新。该电视网每天在北美洲播出 15 小时的直播商业节目(工作日美国东部时间凌晨 4:00 至晚上 7:00),节目在新泽西州恩格尔伍德克里夫斯的 CNBC 全球总部制作,并包含来自 CNBC 全球新闻分社的报道。CNBC 晚间节目则融合了全新真人秀节目、为 CNBC 独家制作且大获成功的系列节目,以及多部独具特色的内部纪录片。此外,CNBC 还拥有庞大的数字产品组合,通过多种平台提供实时金融市场新闻和信息,包括:CNBC.com;CNBC PRO(一款高级集成桌面/移动服务,提供对 CNBC 节目的实时访问、独家视频内容以及全球市场数据和分析);一系列 CNBC 移动产品,包括适用于 iOS、Android 和 Windows 设备的 CNBC 应用程序;以及面向 Apple Watch 和 Apple TV 的 CNBC 应用程序等其他产品。媒体成员可通过 NBCUniversal Media Village 网站(http://www.nbcumv.com/programming/cnbc)获取关于 CNBC 及其节目的更多信息。欲了解关于 NBCUniversal 的更多信息,请访问 http://www.NBCUniversal.com。有保密新闻线索?我们期待您的分享。订阅免费新闻通讯,将更多 CNBC 内容发送至您的收件箱,获取发送至您收件箱的此内容以及关于我们产品和服务的更多信息。© 2026 Versant Media, LLC. 保留所有权利。一家 Versant Media 公司。数据为实时快照 *数据至少延迟 15 分钟。
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